ARMY    軍隊軍

BIG GROUP of SOLDIERS TYPICALLY CONTROLLED by a RULER OR GOVERNMENT.
ARMED FORCEMILITARY FORCELAND FORCEMILITARYSOLDIERYINFANTRYMILITIATROOPSSOLDIERS
Old Chinese Criteria
[ARCHAIC/CURRENT] [GENERAL/SPECIFIC] [IMPERSONAL/PERSONIFIED] [MOBILE/STATIONARY] [LARGE/SMALL] 1. Bīng 兵 "armed force" focusses on the weapons ready for use and may refer to any military grouping. [GENERAL] 2. Jūn 軍 is a complete army as a unit, from Spring and Autumn times onwards, normally attached to an army camp. Complete parts of an army are always jūn 軍, rarely shī 師. Hence the expressions sān jūn 三軍, zhōng jūn 中軍, shàng jūn 上軍, xià jūn 下軍. An army is counted by the number of jūn 軍 in it, where each jūn 軍 is said to be 10 000 men, at least in the Qi system. Systems have varied in different states. For detals of the early history see the monograph by KOLB. [IMPERSONAL], [LARGE], [OFFICIAL] 3. Shī 師 refers generally to troops a military force on a campaign, not necessarily a complete army. ZUO Ding 4.1.6 commentators quantify an armed force as consisting of 2500 men, in one exceptional context. One often speaks of 三軍之師, never of 三師之軍. One asks for troops 請／乞師, and not for jūn 軍 which would be asking for the whole army of a friendly state. The troops of another state one uses are always shī 師 (e.g. 衛人以燕師伐鄭 ), one's own troops can be described as jūn 軍 or shī 師 almost indifferently. One offers food to the enemy shī 師, not to their jūn 軍. (HF 23.27:01) There are ruì shī 銳師 "crack troops" but no ruì jūn 銳軍 "crack army". Similarly, 楚師之良. The shī 師 may be said to hear about something 師聞之, not the jūn 軍. [GENERAL], [MOBILE], [PERSONIFIED!] 4. Lu# 旅 is an archaic word for armed forces in any combatant or non-combatant function, and in ZUO Ding 4.1.6 it is quantified to consist of 500 men, and. [ARCHAIC], [SMALL] 5. Duì 隊 is common in Han texts for a division in the army, the size of this division could vary, but did not exceed the hundreds. SEE ALSO BATALLION [SMALL]
黄金貴：古漢語同義詞辨釋詞典
HUANG JINGUI 2006 WARFARE 2. 師，商周軍隊的高級編制單位，以後不採用。 軍，從春秋起成為軍隊的高級編制單位。 旅，師以下編制單位，只用於商周時代。三者均可作軍隊的泛稱。
Modern Chinese Criteria
軍隊 is the current modern word for an army. 武裝部隊 is a formal bureaucratic way of referring to an army. 武裝力量 is an abstract analytic way of referring to military forces of any kind. 武裝 is a formal way of referring to military forces. 槍桿 (obs) is an old-fashioned way of referring to armed units. 武力 is a westernised way of referrring to armed forces. 行伍 (lit) is a traditionalist way of referring to army units. 部隊 "the military" is a general way of referring to the army of a country. 隊伍 refers to the troops making up an army. 人馬 is an old-fashioned way of referring to military forces. 大軍 is an honorific way of referring to the army. 三軍 is a traditional way of referring to all of the military forces of a state. 師旅 (lit) is a classical way of referring to armed forces. 軍 identifies army units. 師 旅 戎 first rough draft to identify synonym group members for future analysis, based on Cilin. 18.11.2003. CH/
Part of
Hypernym
  • GROUP　CATEGORY of PEOPLE OR THINGS which COOPERATE, MUTUALLY RESEMBLE OR are TOGETHER IN ONE PLACE. (anc: 16/0, child: 19)
  • CATEGORY　ABSTRACT CONCEPT REFERRING TYPICALLY to MANY THINGS with RESEMBLING FEATURES. (anc: 15/0, child: 3)
  • CONCEPT　ABSTRACT DEFINED IDEA of OBJECTS of THOUGHT. (anc: 14/0, child: 2)
  • A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages ( BUCK 1988) p. 20.15

  • Lateinische Synonyme und Etymologien ( DOEDERLEIN 1840) p.

    ARMY

    caterva refers to a limited host of troops in military formation.

    cohors refers to a military formation insofar as it is under the command of a military commander.

    agmen refers to an army as a solemn procession.

    ARMY

    exercitus refers to an army which consists of legions.

    copiae refers to an armed force which consists of cohorts.

  • 韓非子同義詞研究 ( HANFEI TONGYI 2004) p. 67

  • Anthologia sive Florilegium rerum et materiarum selectarum ( LANGIUS 1631) p.

    MILITIA

  • Lateinische Synonymik ( MENGE) p. 155

  • Dictionnaire culturel en langue francaise ( REY 2005) p. 1.491

  • "Sachwoerterbuch zum Alten China" ( UNGER SACH) p.

    MITTLERE ARMEE

  • 王力古漢語字典 ( WANG LI 2000) p. 1388

    軍，師

    1. WL maintains that in terms of size ju1n 軍 is larger than shi1 師. This is misleading because shi1 師 "armed forces" is quite general and quite standardly is specified in terms to the three armies that make up a formal array of such armed forces:

    ZUO Xuan 12.2.1 (597 B.C.); Ya2ng Bo2ju4n 721; Wa2ng Sho3uqia1n 521; tr. Watson 1989:86; revised tr. CH

    夏六月， In summer, in the sixth month,

    晉師救鄭。 the Ji4n army came to the rescue of Zhe4ng.

    荀林父將中軍， Xu2n Li2nfu3 led the central army,

    先縠佐之； Xia1n Gu3 assisted him.

    士會將上軍， Shi4 Hui4 led the upper army,

    郤克佐之； an Xi4 Ke4 assisted him.

    趙朔將下軍， Zha4o Shuo4 led the lower army,

    欒書佐之。 Lua2n Shu1 assisted him..

  • Handbook of Greek Synonymes, from the French of M. Alex. Pillon, Librarian of the Bibliothèque Royale , at Paris, and one of the editors of the new edition of Plaché's Dictionnaire Grec-Français, edited, with notes, by the Rev. Thomas Kerchever Arnold, M.A. Rector of Lyndon, and late fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge ( PILLON 1850) p. no.374

    • Words (39 items)

    師  shī OC: sril MC: ʂi 130 Attributions

    Shī 師 refers generally to troops a military force on a campaign, not necessarily a complete army. ZUO Ding 4.1.6 commentators quantify an armed force as consisting of 2500 men, in one exceptional context. One often speaks of 三軍之師, never of 三師之軍. One asks for troops 請／乞師, and not for jūn 軍 which would be asking for the whole army of a friendly state. The troops of another state one uses are always shī 師 (e.g. 衛人以燕師伐鄭), one's own troops can be described as jūn 軍 or shī 師 almost indifferently. One offers food to the enemy shī 師, not to their jūn 軍. (HF 23.27:01) There are ruì shī 銳師 "crack troops" but no ruì jūn 銳軍 "crack army". Similarly, 楚師之良. The shī 師 may be said to hear about something 師聞之, not the jūn 軍. [GENERAL], [MOBILE], [PERSONIFIED!]

      Word relations
    • Epithet: 銳/SHARP Ruì 銳 refers to sharpness as pointedness, and typically a sign of excellence.
    • Assoc: 旅/ARMY Lu# 旅 is an archaic word for armed forces in any combatant or non-combatant function, and in ZUO Ding 4.1.6 it is quantified to consist of 500 men, and . [ARCHAIC], [SMALL]
    • Assoc: 軍/ARMY Jūn 軍 is a complete army as a unit, from Spring and Autumn times onwards, normally attached to an army camp. Complete parts of an army are always jūn 軍, rarely shī 師. Hence the expressions sān jūn 三軍, zhōng jūn 中軍, shàng jūn 上軍, xià jūn 下軍. An army is counted by the number of jūn 軍 in it, where each jūn 軍 is said to be 10 000 men, at least in the Qi system. Systems have varied in different states. For detals of the early history see the monograph by KOLB. [IMPERSONAL], [LARGE], [OFFICIAL]
    • Synon: 軍/ARMY Jūn 軍 is a complete army as a unit, from Spring and Autumn times onwards, normally attached to an army camp. Complete parts of an army are always jūn 軍, rarely shī 師. Hence the expressions sān jūn 三軍, zhōng jūn 中軍, shàng jūn 上軍, xià jūn 下軍. An army is counted by the number of jūn 軍 in it, where each jūn 軍 is said to be 10 000 men, at least in the Qi system. Systems have varied in different states. For detals of the early history see the monograph by KOLB. [IMPERSONAL], [LARGE], [OFFICIAL]

      Syntactic words
    • n(post-N)the army of the contextually determinate N; army; OBI: military camp, encampment. Troops, armed force, division of the armed forces, regular armed forces; (obsolescent after Qin) HF 1.2: (several hundred thousand) organised armed personnel (should probably be npost-N)
    • n-Nan army or section of an army (of so-and-so many men or of such-and-such a place)
    • n=Nprarmy Npr
    • n[post-N]one's (own) army, the army of the subject of the clause in which the word occurs (Note that this use is particularly common in object position: n[post-N.]post-Vt
    • nabautonymarmy
    • nadV師行to move with an army; to travel like marching with army ??
    • nccarmy 二師 "the two armies"
    • ncollectivearmy; section of an army; the members of the army (traditionally 2500 men)
    • npost-NprNpr=statethe army of NprCH
    • npost-V{NUM}army as a counted unit
    • vtoNmarshall (an army division)
    兵  bīng OC: praŋ MC: pɣaŋ 61 Attributions

    Bīng 兵 "armed force" focusses on the weapons ready for use and may refer to any military grouping. [GENERAL]

      Word relations
    • Object: 休/REST Xiū 休 (ant. láo 勞 "work hard") refers to brief break in a working process.
    • Object: 發/MOBILISE Fā 發 refers to a political act of deploying a military force that is all ready to be deployed.
    • Object: 舉/MOBILISE Jǔ 舉 always refers to an administrative official act of raising an army of some size and/or deploying this force.
    • Object: 起/MOBILISE The current general term for raising an army was qǐ 起. The army may be of any size, and the person raising the army may or may not be raising the army in an official capacity.
    • Assoc: 甲/ARMOUR The dominant general term is jiǎ 甲 and this armour is typically made of rhinoceros leather. [GENERAL]

      Syntactic words
    • n(post-N)the army of the contextually determinate NLZ
    • n[post-N]one's army; his armyCH
    • nmtroops, an armed force, armed forces; military force
    • nm[post-N]one's own armyCH
    • nmpost-NN's armyDS
    • npost-N{PLACE}army of NDS
    軍  jūn OC: kun MC: ki̯un 55 Attributions

    Jūn 軍 is a complete army as a unit, from Spring and Autumn times onwards, normally attached to an army camp. Complete parts of an army are always jūn 軍, rarely shī 師. Hence the expressions sān jūn 三軍, zhōng jūn 中軍, shàng jūn 上軍, xià jūn 下軍. An army is counted by the number of jūn 軍 in it, where each jūn 軍 is said to be 10 000 men, at least in the Qi system. Systems have varied in different states. For detals of the early history see the monograph by KOLB. [IMPERSONAL], [LARGE], [OFFICIAL]

      Word relations
    • Object: 引/LEAD Jiāng 將 and yǐn 引refer to leading an informal group, large or small, occasionally even a single person.
    • Epithet: 三/THREE The general word for "three" is sān 三 and this word has great syntactic flexibility, and only in a small minority of such usages can the graph be replaced by 參.
    • Assoc: 師/ARMY Shī 師 refers generally to troops a military force on a campaign, not necessarily a complete army. ZUO Ding 4.1.6 commentators quantify an armed force as consisting of 2500 men, in one exceptional context. One often speaks of 三軍之師, never of 三師之軍. One asks for troops 請／乞師, and not for jūn 軍 which would be asking for the whole army of a friendly state. The troops of another state one uses are always shī 師 (e.g. 衛人以燕師伐鄭), one's own troops can be described as jūn 軍 or shī 師 almost indifferently. One offers food to the enemy shī 師, not to their jūn 軍. (HF 23.27:01) There are ruì shī 銳師 "crack troops" but no ruì jūn 銳軍 "crack army". Similarly, 楚師之良. The shī 師 may be said to hear about something 師聞之, not the jūn 軍. [GENERAL], [MOBILE], [PERSONIFIED!]
    • Assoc: 旅/ARMY Lu# 旅 is an archaic word for armed forces in any combatant or non-combatant function, and in ZUO Ding 4.1.6 it is quantified to consist of 500 men, and . [ARCHAIC], [SMALL]
    • Synon: 師/ARMY Shī 師 refers generally to troops a military force on a campaign, not necessarily a complete army. ZUO Ding 4.1.6 commentators quantify an armed force as consisting of 2500 men, in one exceptional context. One often speaks of 三軍之師, never of 三師之軍. One asks for troops 請／乞師, and not for jūn 軍 which would be asking for the whole army of a friendly state. The troops of another state one uses are always shī 師 (e.g. 衛人以燕師伐鄭), one's own troops can be described as jūn 軍 or shī 師 almost indifferently. One offers food to the enemy shī 師, not to their jūn 軍. (HF 23.27:01) There are ruì shī 銳師 "crack troops" but no ruì jūn 銳軍 "crack army". Similarly, 楚師之良. The shī 師 may be said to hear about something 師聞之, not the jūn 軍. [GENERAL], [MOBILE], [PERSONIFIED!]
    • Relat: 帥/GENERAL Shuài 帥 is sometimes used to refer to any officer in charge of a given army.
    • Oppos: 身/SELF Shēn 身 typically refers to the subject in a contrastive way, and the word is often hard to distinguish from the nominal concept of a person. Adverbially, the word is different from PERSONALLY in that it does not connote distinction in the agent.

      Syntactic words
    • narmyCH
    • n(post-N)army of the contextually determinate N; his armyDS
    • n[post-N](one's) armyCH
    • nadNmilitary (law, equipment) 軍志 "military records"
    • nccfrom Qin times onwards: regular army; overall armed forces (could consist of up to a million men) 一軍
    • npost-Nthe armed forces of N; the army of NCH
    • viactform an army
    中軍  zhōng jūn OC: krluŋ kun MC: ʈuŋ ki̯un 26 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPCentral Army (often commandeered by the ruler or the duke); Central Army Command
    三軍  sān jūn OC: saam kun MC: sɑm ki̯un 20 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NP{vadN}the combined military forces of a state (composed of three constituent forces)
    上軍  shàng jūn OC: ɡljaŋs kun MC: dʑi̯ɐŋ ki̯un 13 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPUpper Army
    下軍  xià jūn OC: ɢraaʔ kun MC: ɦɣɛ ki̯un 12 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPLower Army; Rear Army
    軍旅  jūn lǚ OC: kun raʔ MC: ki̯un li̯ɤ 12 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPadNmilitary
    • NPadVin the army
    • NPpluralthe troops
    • NP{N1=N2}actmilitary pursuits; military affairs in general; the conduct of military work
    眾  zhòng OC: tjuŋs MC: tɕuŋ 9 Attributions

      Word relations
    • Object: 帥 / 率/LEAD Shuài 率/帥 places stronger emphasis on leadership in a certain campaign than on general guidance.

      Syntactic words
    • npluralOBI: hosts; numerous armed forces; the numerous armes forces; also: armed forces of an individual household
    戎  róng OC: njuŋ MC: ȵuŋ 8 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nadNmilitary, pertaining to warfare
    • nadVin the military manner (dressing up etc); in military style
    • nmmilitary force
    旅  lǚ OC: raʔ MC: li̯ɤ 8 Attributions

    Lu# 旅 is an archaic word for armed forces in any combatant or non-combatant function, and in ZUO Ding 4.1.6 it is quantified to consist of 500 men, and . [ARCHAIC], [SMALL]

      Word relations
    • Assoc: 師/ARMY Shī 師 refers generally to troops a military force on a campaign, not necessarily a complete army. ZUO Ding 4.1.6 commentators quantify an armed force as consisting of 2500 men, in one exceptional context. One often speaks of 三軍之師, never of 三師之軍. One asks for troops 請／乞師, and not for jūn 軍 which would be asking for the whole army of a friendly state. The troops of another state one uses are always shī 師 (e.g. 衛人以燕師伐鄭), one's own troops can be described as jūn 軍 or shī 師 almost indifferently. One offers food to the enemy shī 師, not to their jūn 軍. (HF 23.27:01) There are ruì shī 銳師 "crack troops" but no ruì jūn 銳軍 "crack army". Similarly, 楚師之良. The shī 師 may be said to hear about something 師聞之, not the jūn 軍. [GENERAL], [MOBILE], [PERSONIFIED!]
    • Assoc: 軍/ARMY Jūn 軍 is a complete army as a unit, from Spring and Autumn times onwards, normally attached to an army camp. Complete parts of an army are always jūn 軍, rarely shī 師. Hence the expressions sān jūn 三軍, zhōng jūn 中軍, shàng jūn 上軍, xià jūn 下軍. An army is counted by the number of jūn 軍 in it, where each jūn 軍 is said to be 10 000 men, at least in the Qi system. Systems have varied in different states. For detals of the early history see the monograph by KOLB. [IMPERSONAL], [LARGE], [OFFICIAL]

      Syntactic words
    • narmed forces; army (of 500 soldiers?)
    • n[post-N]one's military troopDS
    師旅  shī lǚ OC: sril raʔ MC: ʂi li̯ɤ 6 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NP{N1=N2}pluralarmed forces, armies
    甲兵  jiǎ bīng OC: kraab praŋ MC: kɣap pɣaŋ 5 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPmarmed forces, military forces
    行  háng OC: ɢaaŋ MC: ɦɑŋ 5 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • ndivision in an army of Jìn, one on the right, one on the left, one in the middle
    拒  jù OC: ɡaʔ MC: gi̯ɤ 5 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nvan; part of a battle formation
    卒  zú OC: skuud MC: tsuot 4 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nbatallion of 100 men; personal troops (of king)
    兵革  bīng gé OC: praŋ krɯɯɡ MC: pɣaŋ kɣɛk 4 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NP{N1&N2}armed forces
    隊  duì OC: ɡ-luuls MC: duo̝i 3 Attributions

    Duì 隊 is common in Han texts and refers to a division in the army, the size of this division could vary, but did not exceed the hundreds. [SMALL]

      Syntactic words
    • nregular military formation; group within an army
    右  yòu OC: ɢʷɯʔ MC: ɦɨu 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nright wing of an army; Army of the Right
    左師  zuǒ shī OC: skaalʔ sril MC: tsɑ ʂi 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPLeft Army
    左  zuǒ OC: skaalʔ MC: tsɑ 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nleft wing of an army; Army of the Left
    簡師  jiǎn shī OC: kreenʔ sril MC: kɣɛn ʂi 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NParmy of chosen crack troops
    右師  yòu shī OC: ɢʷɯʔ sril MC: ɦɨu ʂi 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPRight Army
    軍師  jūn shī OC: kun sril MC: ki̯un ʂi 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NParmy
    兵刃  bīng rèn OC: praŋ njins MC: pɣaŋ ȵin 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPmcollectivearmed force, army in general
    師兵  shī bīng MC: srij pjaeng OC: sril praŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post-N]one's encamped armyCH
    兵戎  bīng róng OC: praŋ njuŋ MC: pɣaŋ ȵuŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPnonreferentialarmed forces
    軍眾  jūn zhòng OC: kun tjuŋs MC: ki̯un tɕuŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPsoldiers of the army
    分數  fēn shù MC: pjun srjuH OC: pɯn sqros 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPsubdivisions in the organisation of military troops, see HDCDS
    大軍  dà jūn MC: dajH kjun OC: daads kun 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NP(post-N)our big armyDS
    軍陣  jūn zhèn OC: kun ɡrliŋs MC: ki̯un ɖin 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NParmy; army in action
    卒伍  zú wǔ OC: skuud ŋaaʔ MC: tsuot ŋuo̝ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPordinary army unit; rank and file
    乘白  shèng bái MC: -- baek OC: ɢjɯŋs braaɡ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NP= sheng4bó 乘伯: troops of various size, various kinds of troopsLZ
    臿  chā OC: skhreeb MC: ʈʂhɣɛp 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nvanguard (of an army)
    鋒  fēng OC: phoŋ MC: phi̯oŋ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • ncollectivevanguard of a military formation
    驅  qū OC: kho MC: khi̯o 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • ncolumn of an army (ZUO)
    鴈  yàn OC: ŋraans MC: ŋɣan
    雁  yàn OC: ŋraans MC: ŋɣan 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nadVin a military goose formation
    儀  yí OC: ŋral MC: ŋiɛ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nXUN, jundao: straight column
      Click here to add pinyin MC:  OC: 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post-N]one's encamped armyCH