ENCOURAGE    勸勸

ADVISE someone IN ORDER TO TRY to PERSUADE that HUMAN to ACT in a way one BELIEVES to be PROFITABLE FOR THAT HUMAN. 
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Old Chinese Criteria
1. The dominant current word is quàn 勸 (ant. jǔ 沮 "try to stop") which refers to all kinds of encouragement, both from inferiors and from superiors. 2. Miǎn 勉 focusses on the effort needed in doing what one is encouraged to do. 3. Qū 驅 "drive on hard" refers to "encouragement" by threat of force from the part of superiors. 4. Lì 勵 refers to a superior encouraging others to strive hard for the ideals they already have. 5. Cù 趣 refers to encouraging others to make greater speed in doing what they are already doing or aiming to do. 6. Jí 急 refers to an urgent request to speed up what one is doing in a concrete way. 7. Xù 勗 is an elavated archaic word which was quite current in SHANGSHU and reappeared as an archaism in Han times.
Modern Chinese Criteria
勸告 refers to spoken formal advice and encouragement. 相勸 refers to an informal offer of encouragement and advice. 規勸 refers formally to encouragement along regular or conventional lines of morality. 奉勸 refers formally to insistent encouragement. 勸導 refers rather formally to encouragement as guidance. 勸化 refers to typically religious exhortation and moral encouragement, typically with a view to conversion. 勸戒 refers to religious encouragement and exhortation against transgressions of any kind. 勸助 refers to the offer of hopefully helpful encouragement. 勸誘 refers to a typically reprehensible form of encouragement in the form of inducement. 勸說 refers to encouragment by way of friendly persuasion. rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／
Hyponym
  • INCITE　ENCOURAGE INTENSELY TO IMMEDIATE ACTION. (anc: 17/0, child: 0)
Antonym
  • FORBIDCOMMAND NOT to ACT:do something.
See also
  • SEDUCECAUSE OTHERS to ACT:do something one DESIRES them to ACT:do by CAUSING them to be DELIGHTED.
Hypernym
  • ADVISE　ADDRESS someone INTENDing to HELP  his/her PLANing.  (anc: 15/0, child: 2)
  • ADDRESS　SPEAK OR WRITE INTENDING ANOTHER TO HEAR OR READ AND TO REACT to IT.  (anc: 14/0, child: 23)
  • WRITE　PRODUCE a DOCUMENT. (anc: 13/0, child: 4)
Other Hypernyms
  • ADVISEnew-8be5fe3e-d52c-4af7-a5fe-3ed52c1af7d7　ADDRESS someone INTENDing to HELP  his/her PLANing.  (anc: 14/1, child: 2)
  • ADDRESSnew-b2b104ff-6112-4947-b104-ff611229470d　SPEAK OR WRITE INTENDING ANOTHER TO HEAR OR READ AND TO REACT to IT.  (anc: 13/0, child: 23)
  • SPEAK　ACT so as to USE WORDS FOR SHOWING MEANING.*Speech by speaker X, directed towards audience Y, in order to communicate message Z. (anc: 12/0, child: 32)
  • Lateinische Synonyme und Etymologien ( DOEDERLEIN 1840) p.

    ENCOURAGE/URGE

    incitare refers to the urging an inactive person by merely bidding, speaking to, and calling upon him, to an action, often of a laudable kind.

    hortari refers to urging an inactive person by merely bidding, speaking to, and calling upon him, to an action, the action always being presumed to be of the laudable kind.

    instigare refers to the spurring on of a reluctant person by vehement exhortations, promises, threats, to engage in an adventurous undertaking.

    irritare refers to inciting a generally quiet person, by rousing passions, ambitions, to engage in a violent and adventurous course of action.

    ADMONISH Dum 1665

    hortatio refers to an admonition that is addressed directly to the will and resolution of the person admonished, and the aim of hortatio is always an action.

    monere refers to an admonition and warning regarding the future which is directed almost entirely to the consciousness of the person adminished, and to his judgment, and the aim of monitio is always a way of thinking about things, where this way of thinking may or may not result in action. Monitio may be among equals.

    admonere refers to admonitions and warnings regarding the past.

    obiurgare refers to a reproach or reprimand from a superior.

  • Anthologia sive Florilegium rerum et materiarum selectarum ( LANGIUS 1631) p.

    ADMONITIO

    EXHORTATIO

  • Lateinische Synonymik ( MENGE) p. cf 76

  • Chinese Synonyms Usage Dictionary ( TENG SHOU-HSIN 1996) p. 56

  • SYNONYMES FRANÇOIS, LEURS DIFFÉRENTES SIGNIFICATIONS, ET LE CHOIX QU'IL EN FAUT FAIRE Pour parler avec justesse ( GIRARD 1769) p. 1.161.120

    EXCITER.ANIMER.ENCOURAGER

  • Bibliographisches Handbuch zur Sprachinhaltsforschung. Teil II. Systematischer Teil. B. Ordnung nach Sinnbezirken (mit einem alphabetischen Begriffsschluessel): Der Mensch und seine Welt im Spiegel der Sprachforschung ( FRANKE 1989) p. 56A

    • Words (28 items)

    勸  quàn OC: khons MC: khi̯ɐn 51 Attributions

    The dominant current word is quàn 勸 (ant. jǔ 沮 "try to stop") which refers to all kinds of encouragement, both from inferiors and from superiors.

      Word relations
    • Result: 賞/REWARD The current general word for rewarding is shǎng 賞 (ant. fá 罰 "punish" and zhū 誅 "punish").
    • Ant: 懲/WARN Chéng 懲 adds the element of reproof and criticism to that of warning against continued unacceptable action.
    • Assoc: 賞/REWARD The current general word for rewarding is shǎng 賞 (ant. fá 罰 "punish" and zhū 誅 "punish").
    • Assoc: 激/STIMULATE Jī 激 refers to prodding something or someone into action.
    • Assoc: 學/STUDY The dominant word is xué 學 (ant. jiào 教 "train teach")which refers primarily to studying or training under another person, and secondarily to the learning by heart texts. Very often, the word retains a tinge of immitation.

      Syntactic words
    • DELETEencourge to, urge to
    • nabactencouragement
    • vt(oN)encourage the contextually determinate N
    • vt[oN]give encouragment, be encouraging; be supportive [of the good]
    • vtoNencourage a person N, or by extension an attitude N
    • vtoN.+VtoSencourage somebody by saying
    • vtoNabto encourage the abstract qualities Nab
    • vtoNderivedpush along, urge along (mechanically, without the use of words)CH
    • vtoNobject=behaviourencourage (human behaviour or qualities)
    • vtoNpassivebe encouraged (to do something); feel encouraged; feel encouraged towards (meritorious effort)　愈勸
    • vtt(oN.)+V[0]urge the contextually determinate N to V
    • vtt[oN.] V[0]encourage people to VCH
    • vttoN.+V[0]pivotencourage somebody to do something
    勉  miǎn OC: mronʔ MC: miɛn 15 Attributions

    Miǎn 勉 focusses on the effort needed in doing what one is encouraged to do.

      Syntactic words
    • vtoNencourage
    • vtoNpassivebe encouraged
    • vttoN.+V[0]encourage to V
    勸勉  quàn miǎn OC: khons mronʔ MC: khi̯ɐn miɛn 7 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPt(oN)encourage the determinate object to make an effort
    • VPtoNencourage in every way
    • VPtoNpassivebe encouraged; feel encouraged in every way
    勵  lì OC: b-rads MC: liɛi
    厲  lì OC: b-rads MC: liɛi 6 Attributions

    Lì 勵 refers to a superior encouraging others to strive hard for the ideals they already have.

      Syntactic words
    • vtoNurge on (towards higher ideals); [encourage; stimulate ][CA]
    • vtoNpassivebe encourage
    驅  qū OC: kho MC: khi̯o 5 Attributions

    Qū 驅 "drive on hard" refers to "encouragement" by threat of force from the part of superiors.

      Syntactic words
    • vtoNdrive forward, cause horses to go fast; urge on
    • vtoNN=humandrive on
    • vtt .N Vencourage N to VCH
    誘  yòu OC: luʔ MC: jɨu 4 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNencourage and guide
    • vttoN.+V[0]persuade N to do the contextually determinate thing V
    逮  dài OC: ɡ-lɯɯds MC: dəi 4 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNcausative[CAUSE TO REACH>] push forward, cause to catch up, cause to get on; encourage (those lagging behind or those in some trouble)
    進  jìn OC: tsins MC: tsin 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNurge forward
    強  qiǎng OC: ɡaŋʔ MC: gi̯ɐŋ
    彊  qiǎng OC: ɡaŋʔ MC: gi̯ɐŋ 3 Attributions

      Word relations
    • Ant: 止/STOP The standard current word for ceasing in an activity is zhǐ 止 (ant. xíng 行 "carry on with"), and this word can to any concrete or abstract activity; the ceasing may be final or temporary.

      Syntactic words
    • vichangebecome strongLZ
    • vtoNreinforce the convictions of, encourage; insist on; force (a person to do something)
    言  yán OC: ŋan MC: ŋi̯ɐn 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nabactsuggestion
    • vtt[oN1]+prep+N2suggest or propose things to N2
    開  kāi OC: khɯɯl MC: khəi 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNencourage; open up possibilities for
    鼓  gǔ OC: kaaʔ MC: kuo̝ 2 Attributions

      Word relations
    • Contrast: 動/STIMULATE Dòng 動 refers to bringing about action or movement in someone or something.

      Syntactic words
    • vt(oN)encourage contextually determinate people
    • vtoNencourage to an attack or a difficult undertaking
    • vtoNfigurativeurge on, encourage to engage in activity
    • vttoN.+V[0]urge and command the N to V
    促  cù OC: tshoɡ MC: tshi̯ok
    促趣  Click here to add pinyin OC:  MC: 2 Attributions

    Cù 趣 refers to encouraging others to make greater speed in doing what they are already doing or aiming to do.

      Syntactic words
    • vtoNcausativeHF 10.10.53: cause to hurry up> urge to hurry up; spurn on
    • vttoN.+V[0]urge N to V
    先  xiān MC: sen OC: sɯɯn 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vtoN(cause them to proceed >) motivate, encourageLZ
    急  jí OC: krɯb MC: kip 2 Attributions

    Jí 急 refers to an urgent request to speed up what one is doing in a concrete way.

      Syntactic words
    • vt(oN)edge on, urge on some contextually determinate person
    • vtoNpsychurge (oneself) on intensely
    規  guī OC: kʷe MC: kiɛ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • viadmonish; set up rules
    趣  cù MC: tshjowk OC: -- 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vttoN. V[0]causativeurge N to V, encourage N to VCS
    兢勸  jīng quàn OC: kɯŋ khons MC: kɨŋ khi̯ɐn 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPiactencourage each other
    促  cù OC: tshoɡ MC: tshi̯ok 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNreflexive.己urge (oneself) on
    勖  xù OC: hmoɡ MC: hi̯ok 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNstimulate; urge
    嗾  sǒu OC: sqooʔ MC: su 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNset (a dog) on (a person); instigate, incite
    宣  xuān OC: sqon MC: siɛn 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNab{S}encourage the action Nab; effectively promote
    迫促  pò cù OC: praaɡ tshoɡ MC: pɣɛk tshi̯ok 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPtoNurge (oneself) on
    侑  yòu OC: ɢʷɯs MC: ɦɨu 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vt+V[0]passivebe encouraged; be urged; be pressed (to drink, eat)
    勖  xù OC: hmoɡ MC: hi̯ok 0 Attributions

    Xù 勗 is an elavated archaic word which was quite current in SHANGSHU and reappeared as an archaism in Han times.

      Syntactic words
    • vtoNencourage
    奬  Click here to add pinyin OC:  MC: 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNencourage (TSO) ?????
    勖勉  xù miǎn OC: hmoɡ mronʔ MC: hi̯ok miɛn 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPtoNencourage in every way
    摧  cuī OC: sɡluul MC: dzuo̝i
    催  cuī OC: skhluul MC: tshuo̝i 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vt(oN)urge the contextually determinate N on
    • vttoN.+V[0]encourage N to V