APPROACH 接近近
WALK so as to BECOME NEAR to something.
MOVE TOWARDCOME/GO TOWARDADVANCE TOWARDINCH TOWARDGO/COME/DRAW/MOVE NEARERGO/COME/DRAW/MOVE CLOSERNEARCLOSE INGAIN ON
Old Chinese Criteria
[DRAMATIC]/[UNDRAMATIC]
[ELEVATED/VULGAR]
[GENERAL/SPECIFIC]
[HIGH-DEGREE/LOW-DEGREE]
[LITERAL/TRANSFERRED]
1. The most current general word for approaching or getting close to anything is jìn 近 (ant. yuàn 遠 "remove oneself far from").
[GENERAL], [LITERAL!]
2. Jí 即 and jiù 就 (all ant. lí 離 "leave, move away from") refer neutrally to moving close to a certain place.
[GENERAL]
3. Bó 薄 and pò 迫 refers somewhat dramatically to moving (often precariously) close to something.
[DRAMATIC], [LITERAL]
4. Fù 附 is to move very close up indeed to something, often getting attached to it.
[HIGH-DEGREE], [LITERAL]
5. Qīn 親 (NB: shū 疏 is not used as an antonym for this meaning.) refers primarily to moving intimately close to something.
[ELEVATED], [TRANSFERRED!]
6. Lín 臨 is often used in ways characteristic of the dignified court style, but the word also commonly refers to getting close to a place or time in a natural course of events.
[ELEVATED!], [GENERAL]
[ELEVATED/VULGAR]
[GENERAL/SPECIFIC]
[HIGH-DEGREE/LOW-DEGREE]
[LITERAL/TRANSFERRED]
1. The most current general word for approaching or getting close to anything is jìn 近 (ant. yuàn 遠 "remove oneself far from").
[GENERAL], [LITERAL!]
2. Jí 即 and jiù 就 (all ant. lí 離 "leave, move away from") refer neutrally to moving close to a certain place.
[GENERAL]
3. Bó 薄 and pò 迫 refers somewhat dramatically to moving (often precariously) close to something.
[DRAMATIC], [LITERAL]
4. Fù 附 is to move very close up indeed to something, often getting attached to it.
[HIGH-DEGREE], [LITERAL]
5. Qīn 親 (NB: shū 疏 is not used as an antonym for this meaning.) refers primarily to moving intimately close to something.
[ELEVATED], [TRANSFERRED!]
6. Lín 臨 is often used in ways characteristic of the dignified court style, but the word also commonly refers to getting close to a place or time in a natural course of events.
[ELEVATED!], [GENERAL]
Modern Chinese Criteria
接近
逼近
靠近
來臨
臨
湊近
迫近
迫臨
靠近
鄰近
接近
臨近
挨近
貼近
將近
近乎
靠攏
湊攏
攏
湊
瀕臨
瀕於
臨
臨到
first rough draft to identify synonym group members for future analysis, based on CL. 18.11.2003. CH/
逼近
靠近
來臨
臨
湊近
迫近
迫臨
靠近
鄰近
接近
臨近
挨近
貼近
將近
近乎
靠攏
湊攏
攏
湊
瀕臨
瀕於
臨
臨到
first rough draft to identify synonym group members for future analysis, based on CL. 18.11.2003. CH/
Old Chinese Contrasts
1. The main distinction in this group is the degree of closeness of approach: Fù 附 is closest, bó 薄 is almost but not quite as close, and the emphasis is not on the movement as such but on the resulting intimate closeness.
2. Some words are often abstract in reference and take event objects (lín 臨 ), others are predominantly concrete (pò 迫 ); the other words may refer to concrete as well as abstract closeness.
3. Some words can have abstract time subjects (like mìng 命 "lifespan") by Han times (lín 臨 ), others always commonly take all sorts of abstract subjects (jìn 近 ), still others take only concrete physical subjects (jí 即 ).
4. Some words refer to physical proximity (jí 即, fù 附, pò 迫, jiù 就 ) others to psychological as well as physical proximity (qīn 親 ).
5. Some words refer to the process of approaching but do typically involve semantically the arrival at the destination (jí 即, jiù 就, lín 臨 ); other words typically describe a movement within the proximity region of the destination (qīn 親, jìn 近 ). jiang
2. Some words are often abstract in reference and take event objects (lín 臨 ), others are predominantly concrete (pò 迫 ); the other words may refer to concrete as well as abstract closeness.
3. Some words can have abstract time subjects (like mìng 命 "lifespan") by Han times (lín 臨 ), others always commonly take all sorts of abstract subjects (jìn 近 ), still others take only concrete physical subjects (jí 即 ).
4. Some words refer to physical proximity (jí 即, fù 附, pò 迫, jiù 就 ) others to psychological as well as physical proximity (qīn 親 ).
5. Some words refer to the process of approaching but do typically involve semantically the arrival at the destination (jí 即, jiù 就, lín 臨 ); other words typically describe a movement within the proximity region of the destination (qīn 親, jìn 近 ). jiang
- A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages
(
BUCK 1988)
p.
10.56 - Using Chinese Synonyms
(
GRACE ZHANG 2010)
p.
225
Words
臨 lín OC: b-rɯm MC: lim 21 AttributionsWD
Lín 臨 is often used in ways characteristic of the dignified court style, but the word also commonly refers to getting close to a place or time in a natural course of events. [ELEVATED!], [GENERAL]
- Word relations
- Object: 死/DIE
The dominant general word is sǐ 死 (ant. shēng 生"be alive"), and this can refer to the death of plants as well as animals or men.
- Syntactic words
- vt+prep+Ngo close to, get close to; approach (and gaze down on)
- vt0oN.adStemporalwhen it comes/came to the time N,...
- vtoN命臨沒 "When life is about to come to an end" move (often downwards) towards, approach (and arrive at); move close to.
- vtoNfigurativespiritually: move close to in spiritCH
- vtoNN=abstractapproach (a time, a situation etc)
就 jiù OC: dzuɡs MC: dzɨu 20 AttributionsWD
Jí 即 and jiù 就 (all ant. lí 離 "leave, move away from") refer neutrally to moving close to a certain place. [GENERAL]
- Word relations
- Ant: 去/LEAVE
The general word for leaving one place for another is qù 去 (ant. liú 留"remain").
- Syntactic words
- vt(oN)approach (to a contextually determinate object)
- vt(oN.)-Vapproach to the contextually determinate N in order to VDS
- vtoNmove close to
- vtoN.+Vcoverb: approach somebody and V (ask, request, seek) > V (seek, request) (something) from N
- vtoN.adVcoverbtowards
- vtoNfigurativemove close to (a fate one suffers) 就戮
近 jìn OC: ɡɯns MC: gɨn 18 AttributionsWD
The most current general word for approaching or getting close to anything is jìn 近 (ant. yuàn 遠 "remove oneself far from"). [GENERAL], [LITERAL!]
- Syntactic words
- vt(oN)get anywhere near a contextually determinate object
- vt+prep+Nget close to
- vtoNcome close to
- vtoNfigurativeverge towards, be inclined towards; cultivate the company of, cultivate close personal relations with
- vtoNgradedcome closer and closer toCH
即 jí OC: tsɯɡ MC: tsɨk 10 AttributionsWD
Jí 即 and jiù 就 (all ant. lí 離 "leave, move away from") refer neutrally to moving close to a certain place. [GENERAL]
- Word relations
- Ant: 叛/REVOLT
The current general word for staging a revolt against authorities is pàn 叛 (ant. shùn 順 "remain loyal"). - Ant: 棄/DISCARD
The standard general words for discarding something is qì 棄 (ant. qǔ 取 "choose to retain") and the somewhat rarer juān 捐.
- Syntactic words
- vtoNmove close to; join (the military forces) of
- vtoNfigurativebecome politically close to; become culturally close to
薄 báo OC: baaɡ MC: bɑk 8 AttributionsWD
Bó 薄 and pò 迫 refers somewhat dramatically to moving (often precariously) close to something. [DRAMATIC], [LITERAL]
- Syntactic words
- vtoNchangeget close to; move in on; move in on aggressively so as to attack; bear down on
附 fù OC: bos MC: bi̯o 7 AttributionsWD
Fù 附 is to move very close up indeed to something, often getting attached to it. [HIGH-DEGREE], [LITERAL]
- Word relations
- Assoc: 從/FOLLOW
The dominant current word for moving along behind someone or something else, both in concrete and in abstract senses, is cóng 從 (ant. bèi 背 "be in opposition against").
- Syntactic words
- vt(oN)approach the contextually determinate NCH
- vtoNapproach, get extremely close to; attach oneself to, ingratiate oneself with
- vtoNcausativecause to get close to N; cause to attach to NDS
- vtoNpassiveget attached
當 dāng OC: taaŋ MC: tɑŋ 3 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- vt0oN.adSwhen it came to the time of
- vt0oN.adSwhen it comes to the subject/topic NCH
- vtoNcome to approach, come to face, come to be faced with
著 zhuó OC: k-laɡ MC: ʈi̯ɐk 3 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- vtoNget close to, get attached to
迫 pò OC: praaɡ MC: pɣɛk 3 AttributionsWD
Bó 薄 and pò 迫 refers somewhat dramatically to moving (often precariously) close to something. [DRAMATIC], [LITERAL]
- Syntactic words
- vt(oN)approach with sudden force or acute urgency
- vtoNpress in on, come threateningly close to
傅 fù OC: paɡs MC: pi̯o 2 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- vtoNget close to; be close to
邇 ěr OC: mljelʔ MC: ȵiɛ 2 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- vtoNpassivebe approached
親 qīn OC: tshiŋ MC: tshin 1 AttributionWD
Qīn 親 (NB: shū 疏 is not used as an antonym for this meaning.) refers primarily to moving intimately close to something. [ELEVATED], [TRANSFERRED!]
- Syntactic words
- vt(oN)associate closely with, approach so as to associate closely withCH
迓 yà OC: ŋɡraas MC: ŋɣɛ 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- vt(oN)run along to a contextually determinate N
- vtoNrun up towards[meet with][CA]
近促 jìn cù OC: ɡɯnʔ tshoɡ MC: gɨn tshi̯ok 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- VPt[oN]come closer; be fast approaching one
近前 jìn qián OC: ɡɯnʔ dzeen MC: gɨn dzen 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- VPt[oN]imperativecome close to me
莅 lì MC: lijH OC: ɡ-rɯbsLZ 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- vtoNfigurativeapproach (an abstact object), faceLZ
厭 yā MC: 'jiep OC: qebLZ 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- vt prep N= ya1 壓: press in on, come threateningly close toLZ
促 cù OC: tshoɡ MC: tshi̯ok 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- vtoNabapproach 促坐 "go to one's seat"
Existing SW for
Here are Syntactic Words already defined in the database:
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