WEEP    哭泣泣

REACT OR ACT by PRODUCING TEARS IN-RELATION-T0 something one INTENSELY FEELS is SAD.
CRYSHED TEARSSOBSNIVELWHIMPERWHINEWAILBAWLINFORMAL BOO-HOOBLUBBER
Old Chinese Criteria
1. The current general word for weeping as a spontaneous reaction is qì 泣. 2. Kū 哭 (ant. xiào 笑 "laugh") refers primarily to the (often ritualised) act of lamentation and wailing which may or may not be accompanied by the shedding of tears, and the word is never used to refer to refer to a spontaneous breaking into tears. (Note HNZ: 其哭哀而無聲 ) 3. Háo 號 refers to noisy ritual wailing with no suggestion of any shedding of tears. 4. Tí 啼 refers to plaintive long-drawn wailing. 5. Tì 涕 focusses specifically on the shedding of tears, but there is often an admixture of snivel. 6. Lìn 臨 refers to wailing, possibly accompanied by weeping, en groupe on the occasion of someone's death.
Modern Chinese Criteria
哭 啼哭 啼 哭鼻子 哭哭啼啼 哭喪著臉 泣 哭泣 飲泣 啜泣 涕泣 淹泣 淹涕 抽泣 抽噎 抽搭 哽咽 幽咽 悲咽 嗚咽 吞聲 飲泣吞聲 rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／
Antonym
  • LAUGHREACT OR ACT BREATHING OUT SUDDENLY AND USING a COMPLEX MOVEMENT of the FACE TYPICALLY SHOWING DELIGHT.
See also
  • TEARSBODY JUICE in the form of SALTY WATER TYPICALLY ISSUING from the EYES WHEN one FEELS INTENSE GRIEF OR SADNESS.
Hypernym
  • ACT　MOVE OR NOT MOVE CONFORMING to one's SELF:own DECIDE:decision. (anc: 11/0, child: 24)
  • MOVE　CHANGE PLACE OR SITUATION. (anc: 10/0, child: 21)
  • CHANGE　EVENT involving two MOMENTS t1 and t2, such that a THING at the MOMENT t1 is DIFFERENT FROM that THING at the MOMENT t2. (anc: 9/0, child: 18)
Other Hypernyms
  • REACT　CHANGE one's THINKING OR ACTING BECAUSE one is PERCEIVING something. (anc: 10/0, child: 5)
  • CHANGE　EVENT involving two MOMENTS t1 and t2, such that a THING at the MOMENT t1 is DIFFERENT FROM that THING at the MOMENT t2. (anc: 9/0, child: 18)
  • EVENT　REALITY that ARISES in TIME. (anc: 8/0, child: 4)
  • Novyj objasnitel'nyj Slovar' Sinonimov Russkogo Jazyka ( APRESJAN 2004) p. 763

  • A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages ( BUCK 1988) p. 16.37

  • Dictionnaire des Lumieres ( DELON 1997) p. 643ff

    see TEARS

  • De differentiis ( DIFFERENTIAE I) p. 231

    PLORARE, FLERE, PLANGERE, LAMENTARE

    227. Inter Flere et plorare. Flere est ubertim lacrymas [col. 34A] fundere, quasi fluere, plorare est quasi cum voce flere, plangere, cum lacrymis pectus aut faciem tundere. Lamentari, est cum aliquibus dictis miserabilibus flere. Moerere, cum silentio dolere. Lugere est cum habitus mutatione. Lacrymas autem a laceratione mentis dictas. Lugentes vero dicti, quasi luce egentes, unde et luctus [ F., lucus] dicitur.

  • De differentiis ( DIFFERENTIAE I) p. 98

    PLORATUS, PLANCTUS, FLETUS

    425. Inter Ploratum, planctum, et fletum. Ploratus tantum lacrymarum est, planctus tantum vocum, fletus ad utrumque pertinet.

  • Lateinische Synonyme und Etymologien ( DOEDERLEIN 1840) p.

    WEEP

    lacrimare refers to the physical consequence of certain kinds of emotion of the mind, joyful or sorrowful, in the form of shedding tears.

    plorare refers to a passionate expression of grief by wailing and crying.

    flere partes of the passionless feeling denoted by lacrimare, but at the same time of the feeling of grief denoted by plorare.

    lamentari refers to a higher degree of passionate lamentation than plorare.

    eiaculare refers to a wailing interrupted by cries and sobs.

  • Traite elementaire des synonymes grecques ( DUFOUR 1910) p. 145

  • 韓非子同義詞研究 ( HANFEI TONGYI 2004) p. 200

  • Lateinische Synonymik ( MENGE) p. 61

  • “孟子”同義詞研究 ( MENGZI TONGYI 2002) p. 288

  • Dictionnaire culturel en langue francaise ( REY 2005) p. 3.1800

  • Handbuch der lateinischen und griechischen Synonymik ( SCHMIDT 1889) p. 34/5

  • Histoire des larmes. XVIII-XIX siecles ( Vincent-Buffault 1986) p.

  • 古辭辨 Gu ci bian ( WANG FENGYANG 1993) p. 134

  • 王力古漢語字典 ( WANG LI 2000) p. 119

    1. WL shows no understanding of the distinction between the action verb ku1 哭 "wail, lament" and the reaction qi4 泣"weep".

  • 中國文化背景八千詞 Zhongguo wenhua beijing ba qian ci ( WU SANXING 2008) p. 232

  • Handbook of Greek Synonymes, from the French of M. Alex. Pillon, Librarian of the Bibliothèque Royale , at Paris, and one of the editors of the new edition of Plaché's Dictionnaire Grec-Français, edited, with notes, by the Rev. Thomas Kerchever Arnold, M.A. Rector of Lyndon, and late fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge ( PILLON 1850) p. no.290

  • 古漢語常用詞同義詞詞典 ( HONG CHENGYU 2009) p. 289

  • Bibliographisches Handbuch zur Sprachinhaltsforschung. Teil II. Systematischer Teil. B. Ordnung nach Sinnbezirken (mit einem alphabetischen Begriffsschluessel): Der Mensch und seine Welt im Spiegel der Sprachforschung ( FRANKE 1989) p. 52A

    • Words (31 items)

    哭  kū OC: ŋʰooɡ MC: khuk 41 Attributions

    Kū 哭 (ant. xiào 笑 "laugh") refers primarily to the (often ritualised) act of lamentation and wailing which may or may not be accompanied by the shedding of tears, and the word is never used to refer to refer to a spontaneous breaking into tears.

      Word relations
    • Inconsist: 歌/SING The current general word for singing a song is gē 歌.
    • Ant: 歌/SING The current general word for singing a song is gē 歌.
    • Contrast: 歌/SING The current general word for singing a song is gē 歌.
    • Assoc: 泣/WEEP The current general word for weeping as a spontaneous reaction is qì 泣.
    • Assoc: 歌/SING The current general word for singing a song is gē 歌.

      Syntactic words
    • nabact“號哭” lamentation
    • vadV“號哭” loudly lamentingCH
    • viact“號哭”
    • vt+Npl“號哭”wail in Npl
    • vt+prep+NN=placewail in the place NDS
    • vtoN“號哭” bewail; lament, conduct ritual wailing on the occasion of the funeral of
    泣  qì OC: khrub MC: khip 29 Attributions

    The current general word for weeping as a spontaneous reaction is qì 泣.

      Word relations
    • Assoc: 哭/WEEP Kū 哭 (ant. xiào 笑 "laugh") refers primarily to the (often ritualised) act of lamentation and wailing which may or may not be accompanied by the shedding of tears, and the word is never used to refer to refer to a spontaneous breaking into tears.
    • Assoc: 涕 / 涕/WEEP Tì 涕focusses specifically on the shedding of tears, but there is often an admixture of snivel.

      Syntactic words
    • nabactweeping
    • vadVin tears
    • viactweep demonstratively
    • vireactcome to shed tears; sob, weep
    • vtoNweep (blood, tears)
    • vtoNweep in sympathy with, weep in the sight ofCH
    • vtoNN=humanweep/sob together with 相泣
    流涕  liú tì OC: ru lʰiils MC: lɨu thei 15 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPiactshed tears
    啼  tí OC: ɡ-lee MC: dei 10 Attributions

    Tí 啼refers to plaintive long-drawn wailing.

      Word relations
    • Ant: 笑/LAUGH The clearly predominant word for smiling and laughing is xiào 笑 which refers to any laughter, loud or quiet, kind or unkind.
    • Assoc: 號/WEEP Háo 號 refers to noisy ritual wailing with no suggestion of any shedding of tears.

      Syntactic words
    • nabactweeping
    • nabactmournful long drawn out song
    • viactcry; wail in a long drawn-out way;
    • viactsing a wailing song (of birds etc)
    臨  lìn OC: b-rɯms MC: lim 8 Attributions

    Lìn 臨 refers to wailing, possibly accompanied by weeping, en groupe on the occasion of someone's death.

      Syntactic words
    • viactwail en groupe as part of public mourning read: lin4
    號  háo OC: ɢluu MC: ɦɑu 7 Attributions

    Háo 號 refers to noisy ritual wailing with no suggestion of any shedding of tears.

      Word relations
    • Assoc: 啼/WEEP Tí 啼refers to plaintive long-drawn wailing.

      Syntactic words
    • viactwail loudly
    涕  tì OC: lʰiils MC: thei
    涕  tǐ OC: lʰiilʔ MC: thei 7 Attributions

    Tì 涕focusses specifically on the shedding of tears, but there is often an admixture of snivel.

      Word relations
    • Assoc: 泣/WEEP The current general word for weeping as a spontaneous reaction is qì 泣.

      Syntactic words
    • nabeventthe shedding of tears
    • viactshed tears
    • vtoNweep (tears) 涕血 "weep tears"
    啼哭  tí kū OC: ɡ-lee ŋʰooɡ MC: dei khuk 6 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabactweeping
    • VPiactweep and wail, lament
    涕泣  tì qì OC: lʰiils khrub MC: thei khip 6 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPmsnivel and tears; tears
    • VPiactweep profusely
    哭泣  kū qì OC: ŋʰooɡ khrub MC: khuk khip 6 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabactwailing and weeping
    • VPiactwail and weep
    悲泣  bēi qì OC: prɯl khrub MC: pi khip 5 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPiactweep
    泣涕  qì tì OC: khrub lʰiils MC: khip thei 4 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPiactweep
    啼泣  tí qì OC: ɡ-lee khrub MC: dei khip 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPiactweep profusely
    殞涕  yǔn tì OC: ɢunʔ lʰiils MC: ɦin thei
    隕涕  yǔn tì OC: ɢunʔ lʰiils MC: ɦin thei 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPiweep
    涕淚悲泣  tì lèi bēi qì OC: lʰiils ruds prɯl khrub MC: thei li pi khip 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPiactbreak into tears; start to weep
    悲哭  bēi kū OC: prɯl ŋʰooɡ MC: pi khuk 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPiactweep heart-rendingly
    號哭  háo kū OC: ɢluu ŋʰooɡ MC: ɦɑu khuk 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPiactwail and lament
    號啼  háo tí OC: ɢluu ɡ-lee MC: ɦɑu dei 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPabactthe act of crying (e.g. of a new-born baby)
    • VPiactcry (as a new-born baby)
    墮淚  duò lèi OC: ɡ-loolʔ ruds MC: dʷɑ li 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPiactshed tears
    偯  yǐ OC: qɯlʔ MC: ʔɨi 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • viactsob (LI)
    歌哭  gē kū MC: ka khuwk OC: klaal ŋʰooɡ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPilament musically and artfully in songCH
    呱  gū OC: kʷaa MC: kuo̝ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • viactcry; wail
    啜  chuò MC: tsyhwet OC: thjod 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • viinversion, emphaticoh, how full of sobbing DS
    出涕  chū tì OC: khljud lʰiils MC: tɕhʷit thei 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPished tears, weep
    泫  xuàn OC: ɡʷeenʔ MC: ɦen 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • viinchoativebreak into tears, start weeping uncontrolably
    漣  lián OC: b-ren MC: liɛn 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vidripping, flowing (as tears)
    含淚  hán lèi OC: ɡlɯɯm ruds MC: ɦəm li 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPadVwith tears in one's eyes (but without weeping openly)
    • VPiacthave tears in one's eyes
    叫號  jiào hào OC: kiiws ɢluus MC: keu ɦɑu 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPiactcry (as of babies)
    㥋  Click here to add pinyin OC:  MC: 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • viactto wail
    咺  xuǎn OC: qhonʔ MC: hi̯ɐn 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNwail loudly
    潸  shān OC: sqraan MC: ʂɣan 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vi(tears) are flowing ??