SLANDER 毀謗毀
CRITICISE INTENSELY, LACKING APPROPRIATE REASONS, NOT ADDRESSING the HUMAN BLAMED.
DEFAMATION (OF CHARACTER)CHARACTER ASSASSINATIONCALUMNYLIBELSCANDALMONGERINGMALICIOUS GOSSIPDISPARAGEMENTDENIGRATIONASPERSIONSVILIFICATIONTRADUCEMENTOBLOQUYLIESLURSMEARFALSE ACCUSATIONINFORMAL MUDSLINGINGBAD-MOUTHINGARCHAIC CONTUMELY
Old Chinese Criteria
1. The standard current word for speaking ill of a person is huǐ 毀 (ant. yù 譽 "praise"), and the slander involved can be of all kinds.
2. Chán 讒 (ant. zàn 贊 "praise justly") refers to popular slander, sometimes by persons without significant political influence.
3. Bàng 謗 "vilify a person" (ant. chēng 稱 "praise") refers to public serious criticism, sometimes coming close to public abuse; increasingly, the word tended to refer to unjustified such accusations, i.e. slander, but the word is also used for justified serious criticism in public.
4. Fěi 誹 (ant. yáng 揚 "spread good reports about") refers to critical comments on a person, and these may come from persons of influence or from the common people. See CRITICISE
5. Zèn 譖 (ant. zhāng 彰 "be full of public praise for") refers specifically to a secret malicious whispering campaign.
6. Jī 譏 refers to subtle satirical slander.
7. Wū 誣 (ant. zàn 贊 "praise justly") refers specifically to unjustified slander.
8. Shàn 訕 (ant. sòng 頌 "sing the praises of") adds an element of ridicule to that of speaking ill of a person.
9. Wù 惡 (ant. měi 美 "speak well of") can be used to focus on maligning someone to his superiors.
2. Chán 讒 (ant. zàn 贊 "praise justly") refers to popular slander, sometimes by persons without significant political influence.
3. Bàng 謗 "vilify a person" (ant. chēng 稱 "praise") refers to public serious criticism, sometimes coming close to public abuse; increasingly, the word tended to refer to unjustified such accusations, i.e. slander, but the word is also used for justified serious criticism in public.
4. Fěi 誹 (ant. yáng 揚 "spread good reports about") refers to critical comments on a person, and these may come from persons of influence or from the common people. See CRITICISE
5. Zèn 譖 (ant. zhāng 彰 "be full of public praise for") refers specifically to a secret malicious whispering campaign.
6. Jī 譏 refers to subtle satirical slander.
7. Wū 誣 (ant. zàn 贊 "praise justly") refers specifically to unjustified slander.
8. Shàn 訕 (ant. sòng 頌 "sing the praises of") adds an element of ridicule to that of speaking ill of a person.
9. Wù 惡 (ant. měi 美 "speak well of") can be used to focus on maligning someone to his superiors.
Modern Chinese Criteria
說壞話 "speak bad speech" is a very informal colloquial way of referring to slander.
誣蔑 focusses on the unwarranted nature of the slander.
污蔑 focusses on the dirtiness of the slanderous remarks.
誣賴 focusses on the untruthfulness of the incriminations.
誣陷 focusses on the aspect of fraudulent entrapping of the object of slander.
詆毀 focusses on the malicious destructiveness in slander.
醜詆 focusses on the malicious uglification in slander.
誹謗 focusses on the unwarranted behind-the-back criticism in slander.
毀謗 (lit) focusses on the destructive behind-the-back criticism in libelous slander.
中傷 (lit) focusses on the hurtfulness of sllander.
非議 (lit) refers to derogatory remarks in the context of political or public debate.
訾議 (lit) refers to malicious unwarranted attack in public debate.
造謠 focusses on the function of slander as creating malicious rumours.
謠諑 (lit) refers to slanderous rumours.
讒害 refers to slander as a way of harming a person.
讒謗 (lit) is a literary word referring to behind-the-back slander.
醜化 "uglify" refers to extreme defamation and vilification.
抹黑 "blacken" refers figuratively to defamation.
搞臭 "make stink" refers figuratively to maligning someone.
含血噴人 (prov) refers in a hyperbolic way to malicious slanderous accusations.
血口噴人 (prov) refers in a hyperbolic way to malicious slanderous accusations.
造謠中傷 (prov) refers to the creation of hurtful slanderous rumours.
惡語中傷 (prov) focusses on the the use of vicious language in the creation of hurtful slander.
讒 (cl)
詆 (cl)
謗 (cl)
rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／
誣蔑 focusses on the unwarranted nature of the slander.
污蔑 focusses on the dirtiness of the slanderous remarks.
誣賴 focusses on the untruthfulness of the incriminations.
誣陷 focusses on the aspect of fraudulent entrapping of the object of slander.
詆毀 focusses on the malicious destructiveness in slander.
醜詆 focusses on the malicious uglification in slander.
誹謗 focusses on the unwarranted behind-the-back criticism in slander.
毀謗 (lit) focusses on the destructive behind-the-back criticism in libelous slander.
中傷 (lit) focusses on the hurtfulness of sllander.
非議 (lit) refers to derogatory remarks in the context of political or public debate.
訾議 (lit) refers to malicious unwarranted attack in public debate.
造謠 focusses on the function of slander as creating malicious rumours.
謠諑 (lit) refers to slanderous rumours.
讒害 refers to slander as a way of harming a person.
讒謗 (lit) is a literary word referring to behind-the-back slander.
醜化 "uglify" refers to extreme defamation and vilification.
抹黑 "blacken" refers figuratively to defamation.
搞臭 "make stink" refers figuratively to maligning someone.
含血噴人 (prov) refers in a hyperbolic way to malicious slanderous accusations.
血口噴人 (prov) refers in a hyperbolic way to malicious slanderous accusations.
造謠中傷 (prov) refers to the creation of hurtful slanderous rumours.
惡語中傷 (prov) focusses on the the use of vicious language in the creation of hurtful slander.
讒 (cl)
詆 (cl)
謗 (cl)
rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／
- De Rerum Humanarum Emendatione
(
COMENIUS 1665)
p.
477 CALUMNIA malitiose de aliquo sparsus sermo, seu, intentamentum alicui falsum crimen, ad involvendum eum apud alios odio comparatum.
- Traite elementaire des synonymes grecques
(
DUFOUR 1910)
p.
107 - Traite elementaire des synonymes grecques
(
DUFOUR 1910)
p.
113 - 韓非子同義詞研究
(
HANFEI TONGYI 2004)
p.
191 - Anthologia sive Florilegium rerum et materiarum selectarum
(
LANGIUS 1631)
p.
CALUMNIA
- Anthologia sive Florilegium rerum et materiarum selectarum
(
LANGIUS 1631)
p.
DETRACTIO
OBTRECTATIO
- Theophrast, Charaktere
(
THEOPHRASTUS 1960)
p.
no. 28 - 王力古漢語字典
(
WANG LI 2000)
p.
1290 誹，謗，譏
1. WL claims that ba4ng 謗 and fe3i 誹are both used for justified criticism in early texts, and that from Han times onwards the words tend to be used less and less for criticism and more and more for unwarranted criticism or slander. In fact, fe3i ba4ng 誹謗 is a current word for slander, but the two words differ considerably. Fe3i 誹 refers to censure or criticism and has yu4 譽 "give praise to" as a very high frequency regular antonym. Ba4ng 謗 never has an antonym yu4 譽, and the word does very often refer to unwarranted slander and vilification rather than criticism. Thus fe3i 誹 "popular censure, criticism" is significantly absent in CC, where ba4ng 謗 "malicious slander" is ubiquitous. I have not found a single instance where fe3i 誹 refers unambiguously to malicious slander.
2. Moreover, WL claims that ba4ng 謗 is public whereas fe3i 誹 is popular but private and mumbling. The evidence for this is unclear. The contrast between ba4ng 謗 involving malice and fe3i 誹 focussing primarily on disapproval fe1i 非 as such is much clearer.
- SYNONYMES FRANÇOIS, LEURS DIFFÉRENTES SIGNIFICATIONS, ET LE CHOIX QU'IL EN FAUT FAIRE Pour parler avec justesse
(
GIRARD 1769)
p.
1.230.189 DIFFAMATOIRE.DIFFAMANT.INFAMANT
- Encyclopedia of Comparative Iconography
(
ROBERTS 1998)
p.
149 - Bibliographisches Handbuch zur Sprachinhaltsforschung. Teil II. Systematischer Teil. B. Ordnung nach Sinnbezirken (mit einem alphabetischen Begriffsschluessel): Der Mensch und seine Welt im Spiegel der Sprachforschung
(
FRANKE 1989)
p.
65A
Words
謗 bàng OC: paaŋs MC: pɑŋ 34 AttributionsWD
Bàng 謗 "vilify a person" (ant. chēng 稱 "praise") refers to public serious criticism, sometimes coming close to public abuse; increasingly, the word tended to refer to unjustified such accusations, i.e. slander, but the word is also used for justified serious criticism in public.
- Word relations
- Assoc: 誹/SLANDER
Fěi 誹 (ant. yáng 揚 "spread good reports about") refers to critical comments on a person, and these may come from persons of influence or from the common people. See CRITICISE - Assoc: 讟/SLANDER
- Assoc: 毀 / 譭/SLANDER
The standard current word for speaking ill of a person is huǐ 毀 (ant. yù 譽 "praise"), and the slander involved can be of all kinds. - Synon: 毀 / 譭/SLANDER
The standard current word for speaking ill of a person is huǐ 毀 (ant. yù 譽 "praise"), and the slander involved can be of all kinds. - Synon: 誹/CRITICISE
Fěi 誹 (ant. zàn 贊 "commend") is to criticise someone's views in a condescending humiliating way, and this form of criticism is notably less malicious than that involved in slander while being less formal and moralistic than in blame. See also SLANDER
- Syntactic words
- nabactpopular slander, unjustified popular criticism
- nabpassivethe condition of being object of slanderVK
- vadNvilifying, slanderous
- viactengage in slandering, slander others;
- vt(oN)slander a determinate person
- vtoNslander someone behind his back, criticize someone behind his back; complain about somebehind people's back
- vtoNpassiveget slandered
譖 zèn OC: skrɯms MC: ʈʂim 34 AttributionsWD
Zèn 譖 (ant. zhāng 彰 "be full of public praise for") refers specifically to a secret malicious whispering campaign.
- Syntactic words
- nabactslanderous accusations
- vadNslanderous; given to slandering
- vadVslanderously
- vislanderous, evil-tongued
- viactengage in slandering
- vtoNmake slanderous accusations behind someone's back about
- vttoN1.+N2slander (someone N1) before (someone N2)TW
- vttoN1.+prep+N2slander (someone N1) before (someone N2) 譖公于桓公
讒 chán OC: dzroom MC: ɖʐɣɛm 32 AttributionsWD
Chán 讒 (ant. zàn 贊 "praise justly") refers to popular slander, sometimes by persons without significant political influence.
- Word relations
- Contrast: 訴 / 愬/ACCUSE
Sù 訴 refers to an informal accusation from the party that maintains it has suffered injustice. [INFORMAL], [MALEVOLENT] - Assoc: 諂/FLATTER
The current word for flattery is chǎn 諂 and the word refers to all kinds discourse exclusively designed to win favour but also includes ingratiating behaviour of other kinds, as notoriously in LY.
- Syntactic words
- nabactslander
- v[adN]N=humslanderer
- vadNslanderous, slandering 讒人
- viactslander, engage in slandering people
- vtoNmake private extremely negative remarks about someone behind his back
- vttoN1.+prep+N2slander N1 before N2
毀 huǐ OC: qhʷralʔ MC: hiɛ
譭 huǐ OC: qhʷralʔ MC: hiɛ 31 AttributionsWD
The standard current word for speaking ill of a person is huǐ 毀 (ant. yù 譽 "praise"), and the slander involved can be of all kinds.
- Word relations
- Assoc: 訾/CRITICISE
- Assoc: 誹/SLANDER
Fěi 誹 (ant. yáng 揚 "spread good reports about") refers to critical comments on a person, and these may come from persons of influence or from the common people. See CRITICISE - Assoc: 謗/SLANDER
Bàng 謗 "vilify a person" (ant. chēng 稱 "praise") refers to public serious criticism, sometimes coming close to public abuse; increasingly, the word tended to refer to unjustified such accusations, i.e. slander, but the word is also used for justified serious criticism in public.
- Syntactic words
- nabactvilification; direct criticism, open public criticism to the face; vituperation
- nabactbad reputation
- v[adN]pluralone who vilifies others> calumniator
- vadNslandering, vilifying
- vt+prep+Nslander (others)
- vtoNvilify, speak ill of without good reason; also privately: vilify, calumniate
- vtoNpassivebe criticised and slandered
誹謗 fěi bàng OC: pɯl paaŋs MC: pɨi pɑŋ 11 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NP[adN]slandererCH
- NPabactact of vilification or slander
- VPt[oN]engage in public vilification of others
- vtoNslander
- vtoNpassiveget slandered
惡 wù OC: qaaɡs MC: ʔuo̝ 9 AttributionsWD
Wù 惡 (ant. měi 美 "speak well of") can be used to focus on maligning someone to his superiors.
- Syntactic words
- nabactslander
- vtoNdeclarativespeak ill of (usually to superiors), malign
- vttoN1.+prep+N2malign N1 to N2, slander N1 in front of N2
垢 gòu OC: kooʔ MC: ku 3 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- nabactdirty talk behind one's back (See also DUST fig) cf. gòu 詬
誣 wū OC: ma MC: mi̯o 3 AttributionsWD
Wū 誣 (ant. zàn 贊 "praise justly") refers specifically to unjustified slander.
- Syntactic words
- vtoNmake unjustified negative comments on someone behind his back
- vtoNpassivebe secretly lied about
讟 dú OC: ɡ-looɡ MC: duk 3 AttributionsWD
- Word relations
- Assoc: 謗/SLANDER
Bàng 謗 "vilify a person" (ant. chēng 稱 "praise") refers to public serious criticism, sometimes coming close to public abuse; increasingly, the word tended to refer to unjustified such accusations, i.e. slander, but the word is also used for justified serious criticism in public.
- Syntactic words
- nabactbackbiting; slanderous talk
- vtoNvilify, revile
毀謗 huǐ bàng OC: qhʷralʔ paaŋs MC: hiɛ pɑŋ 3 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NP{v1&v2(.adN)}actslander
- VPtoNpassiveget slandered
怨讟 yuàn dú OC: qons ɡ-looɡ MC: ʔi̯ɐn duk 2 AttributionsWD
- 古辭辨 Gu ci bian
(
WANG FENGYANG 1993)
p.
734.2
- Syntactic words
- NPactresentful slander
毀疵 huǐ cī OC: qhʷralʔ dze MC: hiɛ dziɛ 2 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- VPiactengage in slanderous criticism
毀言 huǐ yán OC: qhʷralʔ ŋan MC: hiɛ ŋi̯ɐn 2 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NPabactslanderous public talk, slanderous pronouncements
- VPtt(oN.)+Squotationmalign N saying:
訐 jì OC: krads MC: kiɛi
訐 jié OC: kad MC: ki̯ɐt
訐 jié OC: ked MC: kiɛt 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- v[adN]nonreferentialthe foul-mouthed
- vadNslanderous; foul-mouthed; denouncing; defamatoryMO 2 詆訐之民 people who malign and denounce others
- videnunciate, divulge private affairs of others
訕 shàn OC: sraans MC: ʂɣan 1 AttributionWD
Shàn 訕 (ant. sòng 頌 "sing the praises of") adds an element of ridicule to that of speaking ill of a person.
- Syntactic words
- nabactslander
- vtoNspeak disrespectfully of; speak of as ridiculous, ridicule SEE LAUGH; raise pointed sarcastic criticism against
詆 dǐ OC: tiilʔ MC: tei 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- vtoNinsult; defame, malign
怨誹 yuàn fěi OC: qons pɯl MC: ʔi̯ɐn pɨi 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- NPabactangry criticism
- VPt[oN]angrily criticise everyoneLZ
毀誣 huǐ wū OC: qhʷralʔ ma MC: hiɛ mi̯o 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- NPabactslander
- VPadNslanderous
毀辱 huǐ rǔ OC: qhʷralʔ njoɡ MC: hiɛ ȵi̯ok 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- VPtoNslander
流言 liú yán OC: ru ŋan MC: lɨu ŋi̯ɐn 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- NP{vadN}rumours, gossip
- VPiactspread slanderous gossip
謗讟 bàng dú OC: paaŋs ɡ-looɡ MC: pɑŋ duk 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- NPabnonreferentialslander of any kind
讒人 chán rén OC: dzroom njin MC: ɖʐɣɛm ȵin 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- NP{vadN}agentslanderers; backbiters; calumniators
讒夫 chán fū OC: dzroom pa MC: ɖʐɣɛm pi̯o 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- NPnonreferentialslanderer
譖人者 zèn rén zhě MC: tsrimH nyin tsyaeX OC: skrɯms njin kljaʔCH 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- NPpluralslanderersCH
訿訿 zǐ zǐ MC: tsjeX tsjeX OC: tseʔ tseʔLZ 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- vi.redevokes the image of mutual slandering in a group of uncouth individualsLZ
墮 huī MC: dwaX OC: qhlolLZ 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- vtoNto slanderLZ
傷 shāng MC: syang OC: lʰaŋCS 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- vtoNslander someoneCS
傷 shāng MC: syang OC: lʰaŋCS 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- vtoNslander someoneCS
諑 zhuó OC: rtooɡ MC: ʈɣɔk 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- nabactslander
- vtoNto slander
誹 fěi OC: pɯl MC: pɨi 0 AttributionsWD
Fěi 誹 (ant. yáng 揚 "spread good reports about") refers to critical comments on a person, and these may come from persons of influence or from the common people. See CRITICISE
- Word relations
- Assoc: 毀 / 譭/SLANDER
The standard current word for speaking ill of a person is huǐ 毀 (ant. yù 譽 "praise"), and the slander involved can be of all kinds. - Assoc: 謗/SLANDER
Bàng 謗 "vilify a person" (ant. chēng 稱 "praise") refers to public serious criticism, sometimes coming close to public abuse; increasingly, the word tended to refer to unjustified such accusations, i.e. slander, but the word is also used for justified serious criticism in public.
- Syntactic words
譏 jī OC: kɯl MC: kɨi 0 AttributionsWD
Jī 譏 refers to subtle satirical slander.
- Syntactic words
毀罵 huǐ mà OC: qhʷralʔ mraas MC: hiɛ mɣɛ 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- VPtoNslander and scold > slander, defame
傷 shāng OC: lʰaŋ MC: ɕi̯ɐŋ 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- vttoN1.+prep+N2slander N1 to N2
Existing SW for
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