GARMENT    衣服衣

CLOTH ARTEFACT WORN by HUMANS IN ORDER TO CAUSE THEMSELVES TO FEEL COMFORTABLE. 
CLOTHESITEM OF CLOTHINGARTICLE OF CLOTHINGINFORMAL GETUP(GARMENTS) CLOTHESCLOTHINGDRESSGARBOUTFITCOSTUMEATTIREINFORMAL GEARTOGSDUDSTHREADSFORMAL APPAREL
Old Chinese Criteria
1. The current general word for garments of any kind is yī 衣, and the word refers specifically to the upper garments like jackets rather than the lower garments like skirts. [HUANG 1995: 711 - 712] 2. Fú 服 refers to robes or formal dress. See COURT DRESS. The word refers to the specialized dress worn for various opportunities; mainly then to the formal court and ritual dress. The term refers not only to the cloth itself, but also to the various adornments belonging to it: [HUANG 1995: 713 - 714, 716 - 717] 3. Cháng 裳 refers to the part of the garment worn from the waist downwards. See SKIRT 4. Shén yí 深衣 refers to the cloth made in one piece, and not divided into the jacket and the skirt. This kind of cloth became popular in Warring States times, and was particularly common in the Han period. [HUANG 1995: 744 - 745, SUN 1991: 241; ill.: ZGYI 1996: tab. 49; SUN 1991: 60-1 - 60-5] 5. Paó 袍 is a kind of shén yí 深衣 which is long and consists of three layers of textile. From the Western Zhou till the Han, the term ussually referred to the undercloth, in Han times it began to be worn outside. [HUANG 1995: 745; SUN 1991: 243; ill.: SUN 60-6; ZGYI 1996: tab. 52; HAYASHI 1976: pp. 3, tab.1-3] 6. Chān tóu 襜褕 refers to the broad kind of shén yí 深衣, which came to use in Western Han times. Originally, it was a kind of unformal dress; since the Eastern Han, it could be used also on formal occassions. [SUN 1991: 243; ill.: SUN 1991: 60-7, 60-8] 7. Qiú 裘 refers to the fur garments which is mentioned already in SHIJING. It was worn in the winter. Fur garments for the upper class were usually made of fox or tiger skin, for the lower of dog or sheep skin. [HUANG 1995: 743] 8. Shù 裋 refers to the simple dress worn by humble people; it can be of various length and bredth. [HUANG 1995: 746 - 750; for the ordinary dress see ill.: SHEN 1992: tab. 70??] 9. Hè 褐 refers to the humble cloth worn by ordinary people, which is usually made of hemp, but also of animal hairs. The term partly overlaps with shù 裋, but refers more to the material then to the shape. [HUANG 1995: 748 - 750] 10. Rú 襦 refers to the short cloth reaching above the kneels; it can also refer to the child cloth. [ZGYI 1996: 220; ill.: SUN 1991: 59-3, 4; HAYASHI 1976: pp. 5, tab. 1-16; SHEN 1992: tab. 70] 11. Gǔn 袞, according to Han sources, refers to the ceremonial dress of the ruler embroidered with dragon design. [ZGYI 1996: 131]. In the Western Zhou and Chunqiu period, the term refers to the embroidered ritual dress. [XIANG 1997: 213 - 214; JWCYZD 1992: 804]
Modern Chinese Criteria
衣服 衣物 衣著 衣裳 衣衫 服 裝 衣 華服 服裝 服飾 rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／
Hyponym
  • HAT　GARMENT one WEARS on the HEAD. (anc: 6/0, child: 4)
  • BELT　STRIP of CLOTH OR LEATHER USED to TIE ROUND one's WAIST. (anc: 6/0, child: 1)
  • FOOTWEAR　GARMENT WORN on the FEET. (anc: 6/0, child: 1)
  • UNDERWEAR　GARMENTS WORN UNDER OTHER GARMENTS. (anc: 6/0, child: 1)
  • COURT DRESS　GARMENT APPROPRIATE to be WORN at COURT. (anc: 6/0, child: 0)
  • CLOAK　HEAVY OUTER GARMENT FOR PROTECTION AGAINST RAIN AND COLD. (anc: 6/0, child: 0)
  • RAINCOAT　COAT one WEARS FOR PROTECTION AGAINST RAIN. (anc: 6/0, child: 0)
  • TROUSERS　GARMENT WORN OVER STOMACH AND LEGS. (anc: 6/0, child: 0)
  • JACKET　OUTER GARMENET FOR THE UPPER PART of the BODY. (anc: 6/0, child: 0)
  • SKIRT　GARMENT WORN on the STOMACH AND HANGING LOOSELY on the SIDES. (anc: 6/0, child: 0)
  • GARMENT FOR MOURNING　GARMENT USED in MOURNING. (anc: 6/0, child: 0)
  • APRON　OUTSIDE GARMENT to PROTECT the FRONT of one's LOWER GARMENTS.  (anc: 6/0, child: 0)
  • GLOVE　GARMENT one WEARS on one's HANDS. (anc: 6/0, child: 0)
  • SHIRT　THIN GARMENT WORN on the UPPER PART of the BODY. (anc: 6/0, child: 0)
  • PYJAMAS　GARMENT one WEARS WHILE SLEEPING. (anc: 6/0, child: 0)
  • BUDDHIST GARMENT　 (anc: 6/0, child: 0)
  • UNIFORM　COMMON GARMENT WORN BY SOLDIERS, SHOWING RANK. (anc: 6/0, child: 0)
Part of
See also
  • CLOTHARTEFACT TYPICALLY PRODUCED by WEAVING OR KNITTING, SOMETIMES USED FOR PRODUCING GARMENTS.
  • CLOTHARTEFACT TYPICALLY PRODUCED by WEAVING OR KNITTING, SOMETIMES USED FOR PRODUCING GARMENTS.
Hypernym
  • ARTEFACT　THING PRODUCED by MAN. (anc: 4/0, child: 26)
  • THING　CONCRETE OBJECT. (anc: 3/0, child: 10)
  • OBJECT　[NO HYPERNYM.] WHAT one CAN NAME:refer to. (anc: 2/0, child: 6)
  • A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages ( BUCK 1988) p. 6.12

  • Lateinische Synonyme und Etymologien ( DOEDERLEIN 1840) p.

    GARMENT

    vestis is the most general word for any clothes.

    vestimentum is any single item of clothing.

    amictus refers to the whole of the over-clothing.

    amiculum refers to a single item of over-clothing, such as a cloak.

    cultus refers to any item of clothing, girdle, hat, ornaments etc..

    habitus refers to the general mode of dressing, carriage of the body etc.

  • Verzeichnis und Motivindex der Han-Darstellungen ( FINSTERBUSCH 1966) p. 220

    Kleidung

  • China Handbuch ( FRANKE 1974) p. 630

  • 古代文化詞異集類辨考 Gudai wenhua ci yi ji lei bian kao ( HUANG JINGUI 1995) p. 711

  • The Impact of Buddhim on Chinese Material Culture ( KIESCHNICK 2003) p. 86-115

    A description of the history of monastic uniforms.

  • Anthologia sive Florilegium rerum et materiarum selectarum ( LANGIUS 1631) p.

    VESTIS

  • 論衡同義詞研究 ( LUNHENG TONGYI 2004) p. 31

  • Dictionnaire culturel en langue francaise ( REY 2005) p. 4.1852

  • 中國文化史三百題 ( SANBAITI 1987) p. 247-256

  • Das grosse China-Lexikon ( STAIGER 2003) p. 372

  • 古辭辨 Gu ci bian ( WANG FENGYANG 1993) p. 152

  • 古辭辨 Gu ci bian ( WANG FENGYANG 1993) p. 156

  • 中國文化背景八千詞 Zhongguo wenhua beijing ba qian ci ( WU SANXING 2008) p. 188ff

  • Histoire des moeurs ( POIRIER 1991) p. 1.961

  • SYNONYMES FRANÇOIS, LEURS DIFFÉRENTES SIGNIFICATIONS, ET LE CHOIX QU'IL EN FAUT FAIRE Pour parler avec justesse ( GIRARD 1769) p. 1.399.360

    VETEMENT.HABILLEMENT.HABIT

  • Handbook of Greek Synonymes, from the French of M. Alex. Pillon, Librarian of the Bibliothèque Royale , at Paris, and one of the editors of the new edition of Plaché's Dictionnaire Grec-Français, edited, with notes, by the Rev. Thomas Kerchever Arnold, M.A. Rector of Lyndon, and late fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge ( PILLON 1850) p. 269

  • New Dictiornary of the History of Ideas, 6 vols. ( HOROWITZ 2005) p.

    DRESS

    • Words (63 items)

    衣  yī OC: qɯl MC: ʔɨi 37 Attributions

    The current general word for garments of any kind is yī 衣, and the word refers specifically to the upper garments like jackets rather than the lower garments like skirts. [HUANG 1995: 711 - 712]

      Word relations
    • Epithet: 襃/BROAD
    • Contrast: 裘/CLOAK By far the most common word for a cloak or fur coat is qiú 裘, but the word refers specifically to the fur coat of which the fur turned towards the outside.
    • Assoc: 服/GARMENT Fú 服 refers to robes or formal dress. See COURT DRESS. The word refers to the specialized dress worn for various opportunities; mainly then to the formal court and ritual dress. The term refers not only to the cloth itself, but also to the various adornments belonging to it: [HUANG 1995: 713 - 714, 716 - 717]
    • Assoc: 食/FOOD The general term for food is shí 食 and this includes food as well as drink and can refer generally to one's livelihood, also to staple foods as opposed to delicacies involving meat, such as kuài 膾 "minced meat, raw".

      Syntactic words
    • n(primarily visible, outer) garments; clothes 
    • n(post-N)the (formal) garments of the contextually determiate NCH
    • n[post-N]one's garmentsCH
    • nadVwith clothesCH
    衣服  yī fú OC: qɯl bɯɡ MC: ʔɨi buk 35 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPgarment, clothes
    • NPabactway of dressing
    • NP{N1&N2}nonreferentialclothes; garment
    服  fú OC: bɯɡ MC: buk 17 Attributions

    Fú 服 refers to robes or formal dress. See COURT DRESS. The word refers to the specialized dress worn for various opportunities; mainly then to the formal court and ritual dress. The term refers not only to the cloth itself, but also to the various adornments belonging to it: [HUANG 1995: 713 - 714, 716 - 717]

      Word relations
    • Assoc: 容/APPEARANCE Róng 容 refers to the contours of a person, expecially the contours of his or her face. See FACE. [DYNAMIC], [OUTLINE]
    • Assoc: 衣/GARMENT The current general word for garments of any kind is yī 衣, and the word refers specifically to the upper garments like jackets rather than the lower garments like skirts. [HUANG 1995: 711 - 712]
    • Oppos: 德/VIRTUE The current general term for salient features and principles of charismatic moral integrity and generosity is dé 德, when used as a term of ethical evalutation; but this word has many other philosophically important meanings.

      Syntactic words
    • n(often formal) robes
    • nabactproper use of formal garments
    • nmpost-Nritual garment worn in mourning for NCH
    • viactdress ceremoniously in robes, be ceremoniously dressed
    衰  cuī OC: tshrol MC: ʈʂhiɛ 10 Attributions

    zīcuī: sackclock mourning garment with hemmed sleeves

      Word relations

      Syntactic words
    • NPagentread zī zuī: someone wearing sackcloth mourning garment with hemmed sleeves
    • NPnonreferentialread zī zuī: sackclock mourning garment with hemmed sleeves
    • VPiactread zī zuī: respectfully wear mourning garments with hemmed sleeves LY 9.10
    衣裳  yī cháng OC: qɯl djaŋ MC: ʔɨi dʑi̯ɐŋ 8 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPmclothes; robes (as gifts); upper and lower garments; garments of all kinds
    衣冠  yī guān OC: qɯl koon MC: ʔɨi kʷɑn 7 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPgarment including clothes, hat, shoes
    褐  hè OC: ɡaad MC: ɦɑt 5 Attributions

    Hè 褐refers to a rough garment made of kudzo vine in early times, but later also of hemp. Hè 褐 refers to the humble cloth worn by ordinary people, which is usually made of hemp, but also of animal hairs. The term partly overlaps with shù 裋, but refers more to the material then to the shape. [HUANG 1995: 748 - 750]

      Syntactic words
    • ncoarse cloth made of animal hair or hemp and clothes made of such coarse cloth
    衣衾  yī qīn OC: qɯl khrɯm MC: ʔɨi khim 5 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NP{N1=N2}nonreferentialburial garments, funeral garments
    朝服  cháo fú OC: daw bɯɡ MC: ɖiɛu buk 4 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NP{N1adN2}court dress
    • VPadVdressed up court style
    • VPiactdress up court style
    法衣  fǎ yī OC: pab qɯl MC: pi̯ɐp ʔɨi 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPBuddhist garment
    • VPiactwear the Buddhist garment
    被  bèi OC: bralʔ MC: biɛ 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nclothing, cape
    裘  qiú OC: ɡu MC: gɨu 2 Attributions

    Qiú 裘 refers to the fur garments which is mentioned already in SHIJING. It was worn in the winter. Fur garments for the upper class were usually made of fox or tiger skin, for the lower of dog or sheep skin. [HUANG 1995: 743]

      Syntactic words
    • nelaborate garment (worn by Han emperor Wu when holding court)CH
    裷  yuān MC: 'jwon OC: qon 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • n= gun3 袞: king's or duke's ritual garmentLZ
    褐  hè OC: ɡaad MC: ɦɑt 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nmcoarse garmentsCH
    法服  fǎ fú OC: pab bɯɡ MC: pi̯ɐp buk 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPBudhist garb
    黻  fú OC: pɯd MC: pi̯ut 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nembroidered patterned garments
    褐衣  hè yī OC: ɡaad qɯl MC: ɦɑt ʔɨi 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPcoarse garment of hemp cloth
    文采  wén cǎi OC: mɯn tshɯɯʔ MC: mi̯un tshəi 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPnonreferentialpatterned coloured clothes, elaborate fine coloured garments
    冠衣  guān yī MC: kwan 'j+j OC: koon qɯl 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPmnonreferentialgarments generally (excluding footwear)CH
    毛  máo OC: moow MC: mɑu 2 Attributions

    The general word for the fur of animals is máo 毛.

      Syntactic words
    • nm[adN]fur garments 冬日衣皮毛
    直裰  zhí duō OC: dɯɡ k-lood MC: ɖɨk tʷɑt 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPone-layered simple robe
    袞  gǔn OC: kluunʔ MC: kuo̝n 1 Attribution

    Gǔn 袞, according to Han sources, refers to the ceremonial dress of the ruler embroidered with dragon design. [ZGYI 1996: 131]. In the Western Zhou and Chunqiu period, the term refers to the embroidered ritual dress. [XIANG 1997: 213 - 214; JWCYZD 1992: 804]

      Syntactic words
    • nduke's robe
    裰  duō OC: k-lood MC: tʷɑt 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • n(simple) robe
    裳  cháng OC: djaŋ MC: dʑi̯ɐŋ 1 Attribution

    Cháng 裳 refers to the part of the garment worn from the waist downwards. See SKIRT

      Syntactic words
    • vipregnantwear proper lower garments
    袞職  gǔn zhí OC: kluunʔ kljɯɡ MC: kuo̝n tɕɨk 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPembroidered robe
    黻冕  fú miǎn OC: pɯd mronʔ MC: pi̯ut miɛn 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPnonreferentialritual garments including notoriously a kind of skirt covering the knees as well as a ritual hat
    領  lǐng OC: ɡ-reŋʔ MC: liɛŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • ncpost-V{NUM}.post-Nclassifieritem of funeral garment
    孝衣  xiào yī OC: qhruus qɯl MC: hɣɛu ʔɨi 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPmmourning garments
    素縞  sù gǎo MC: suH kawX OC: saas koowʔ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPmpluralfine plain silk garmentsCH
    稅服  shuì fú OC: lʰods bɯɡ MC: ɕiɛi buk 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPthin mourning garment
    • VPiactwear mourning garment
    沙衣  shà yī MC: sraeH 'j+j OC: sraals qɯl 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • nmCH
    絺綌  chī xì OC: khrlil khaɡ MC: ʈhi khɣɛk 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPcoarse (typically hemp) garments; light linen??
    網羅  wǎng luó MC: mjangX la OC: maŋʔ b-raal 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPmcrude clothing made of nettingCH
    輕暖  qīng nuǎn OC: kheŋ noonʔ MC: khiɛŋ nʷɑn 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NP{N1&N2}subject=nonreflight and warm dresses
    端委  duān wěi OC: toon qrolʔ MC: tʷɑn ʔiɛ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPceremonial garment made of one large cloth
    • VPiactwear ceremonial dress; wear official garb
    冕服  miǎn fú OC: mronʔ bɯɡ MC: miɛn buk 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPmofficial garb
    副  fù OC: phɯɡs MC: phɨu 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • nadV(wearing) as head-dress
    苫蓋  shān gài OC: qhljem kaabs MC: ɕiɛm kɑi 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPgrass garment
    草衣  cǎo yī OC: tshuuʔ qɯl MC: tshɑu ʔɨi 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPhemp garment
    皮  pí OC: bral MC: biɛ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • ngarments made of skin or hide> skin garments
    禕  yī OC: qrɯl MC: ʔiɛ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • nadV(wearing) as an embroidered robe??
    私  sī OC: sil MC: si 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • nmKarlgren: private clothes
    稱  chèn MC: -- OC: -- 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • npost-V{NUM}.postadNclassifier for garments: set
    美  měi MC: mijX OC: mriʔ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • v[adN]derivedbeautiful clothesCH
    表  biǎo OC: prawʔ MC: piɛu 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nZHUANG: outer clothes
    袍  páo OC: buu MC: bɑu 0 Attributions

    Paó 袍 is a kind of shén yí 深衣 which is long and consists of three layers of textile. From the Western Zhou till the Han, the term ussually referred to the undercloth, in Han times it began to be worn outside. [HUANG 1995: 745; SUN 1991: 243; ill.: SUN 60-6; ZGYI 1996: tab. 52; HAYASHI 1976: pp. 3, tab.1-3]

      Syntactic words
    袗  zhěn OC: kljɯnʔ MC: tɕin 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nunlined clothes
    裋  shù OC: djoʔ MC: dʑi̯o 0 Attributions

    Shù 裋 refers to the simple dress worn by humble people; it can be of various length and bredth. [HUANG 1995: 746 - 750; for the ordinary dress see ill.: SHEN 1992: tab. 70??]

      Syntactic words
    褋  dié OC: leeb MC: dep 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nunlined garment
    褘  huī OC: qhul MC: hɨi 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nqueen's ritual garment
    褻  xiè OC: sŋed MC: siɛt 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nLY: generally: informal clothes
    襌  dān OC: taan MC: tɑn 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nunlined garment
    襦  rú OC: njo MC: ȵi̯o 0 Attributions

    Rú 襦 refers to the short cloth reaching above the kneels; it can also refer to the child cloth. [ZGYI 1996: 220; ill.: SUN 1991: 59-3, 4; HAYASHI 1976: pp. 5, tab. 1-16; SHEN 1992: tab. 70]

      Syntactic words
    襮  bú OC: poowɡ MC: puok 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nrare, LSCQ: overcoat
    襲  xí OC: zɯb MC: zip 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nfairly thin overcoat
    衣裘  yī qiú OC: qɯl ɡu MC: ʔɨi gɨu 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPnonreferentialclothing
    顈  qiǒng MC: khwengX OC: khʷleeŋʔ 0 Attributions

    jiǒng

      Syntactic words
    • nunlined garment (YILI)
    襜褕  chān yú OC: khljam lo MC: tɕhiɛm ji̯o 0 Attributions

    Chān yú 襜褕 refers to the broad kind of shén yí 深衣, which came to use in Western Han times. Originally, it was a kind of unformal dress; since the Eastern Han, it could be used also on formal occassions. [SUN 1991: 243; ill.: SUN 1991: 60-7, 60-8]

      Syntactic words
    深衣  shēn yī OC: qhljum qɯl MC: ɕim ʔɨi 0 Attributions

    Shēn yí 深衣 refers to the cloth made in one piece, and not divided into the jacket and the skirt. This kind of cloth became popular in Warring States times, and was particularly common in the Han period. [HUANG 1995: 744 - 745, SUN 1991: 241; ill.: ZGYI 1996: tab. 49; SUN 1991: 60-1 - 60-5]

      Syntactic words
    • NP{vadN}LIJI: dress not divided into jacket and lower garment, hence the name
    布  bù OC: paas MC: puo̝ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nmgarments, robes
      Click here to add pinyin MC:  OC: 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPmnonreferentialgarments generally (excluding footwear)CH
    狐貉  hú mò OC: ɡʷaa mɢraaɡ MC: ɦuo̝ mɣɛk 0 Attributions

    fox or racoon dog fur

      Syntactic words
    • NPm[adN][garments made of] fox and racoon dog [fur]
    絅  jiǒng OC: khʷeeŋʔ MC: kheŋ
    褧  jiǒng OC: khʷeeŋʔ MC: kheŋ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nSHI: coarse hemp overcoat