FOOD  食品食／飯

SUBSTANCE USED by CREATURES.
NOURISHMENTSUSTENANCENUTRIMENTFAREBREADDAILY BREADCOOKINGCUISINEFOODSTUFFSEDIBLESPROVENDERREFRESHMENTSMEALSPROVISIONSRATIONSSOLIDSINFORMAL EATSEATABLESNOSHGRUBCHOWVITTLESFORMAL COMESTIBLESLITERARY VIANDSDATED VICTUALSARCHAIC COMMONSMEATALIMENT
Hypernym
  • SUBSTANCETHING NOT SEPARATED into SEPARATE PARTS.
    • THINGCONCRETE OBJECT.
      • OBJECT[NO HYPERNYM.] WHAT one CAN NAME:refer to.
See also
  • EATPUT into one's MOUTH so as to SWALLOW.
    Hyponym
    • BAIT　FOOD USED to ENTICE:seduce AND CATCH FISH.
      • SAUCE　SPICY LIQUID PUT ON DRY FOOD.
        • SOUP　LIQUID FOOD that CAN be said to be EATEN AND NOT ONLY DRUNK.
          • GRUEL　SOUP PRODUCED USING GRAIN AND WATER.
        • LIQUOR　LIQUID FOOD CONTAINING ALCOHOL.
          • CAKE　BAKED FOOD TYPICALLY CONTAINING YEAST AND EGGS.
            • BREAD　FOOD PRODUCED USING FLOUR AND YEAST.
              • CHEESE　FOOD PRODUCED USING MILK CURD.
                • HONEY　SUGARY FOOD SUBSTANCE PRODUCED by BEES. []
                  • DELICACY　EXCELLENT SPECIAL FOOD.
                    • SPICE　SUBSTANCE ADDED to FOOD FOR CAUSING it to BECOME MORE SAVOURY.
                      • SALT　INTENSELY COMMON SPICE ALSO USED FOR PRESERVING MEAT. []
                    • BEVERAGE　LIQUID FOOD.
                      Old Chinese Criteria
                      1. The general term for food is shí 食 and this includes food as well as drink and can refer generally to one's livelihood, also to staple foods as opposed to delicacies involving meat, such as kuài 膾 "minced meat, raw".

                      2. Fàn 飯 which refers to basic foodstuff, usually rice and cereals.

                      3. Shū 疏, sūn 飧, cū 粗 refer to crude foodstuffs, grain-based or vegetable based.

                      4. Liáng 糧 refers to grain-based ordinary plain food.

                      5. Hūn 葷 refers to non-vegetarian food.

                      NB: This group needs to be elaborated.

                      黄金貴：古漢語同義詞辨釋詞典
                      HUANG JINGUI 2006

                      FOOD 1

                      食，飯食總稱。

                      飯，漢以後可作口語中的飯食通稱。

                      膳，供應的佳美飯食。

                      饌，豐盛的飯食。

                      FOOD 33. 佐食食物。

                      餚，牛羊豬肉，主菜。

                      核，梅、李、桃為主的乾果。

                      羞，多滋味美餚，有奇珍異獸、四時水鮮、果脯餌餅等。

                      飲，各種酒和漿液。

                      FOOD 38. 菹，腌製的鹹菜、酸菜、糟菜。

                      齏，切細腌漬物；也可腌肉。

                      醢，醬製法制的醬肉；通稱。

                      臡，醬肉中帶骨者。

                      醓，醬肉中多汁者。

                      Modern Chinese Criteria
                      食物

                      食品

                      食

                      吃食

                      飯食

                      飯菜

                      rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／

                      • Novyj objasnitel'nyj Slovar' Sinonimov Russkogo Jazyka ( APRESJAN 2004) p. 314

                      • A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages ( BUCK 1988) p. 5.12

                      • Lateinische Synonyme und Etymologien ( DOEDERLEIN 1840) p.

                        FOOD/MEAL

                        epulae is the general word referring to a meal of any kind.

                        convivium refers to a social convivial meal.

                        dapes refers to a religious meal as part of a religious service to the gods.

                        epulum is a formal dinner party, prototypically in honour of someone, on a large scale, and with the presence of notables.

                        commissatio refers to a lavish meal involving many courses of delicacies.

                      • Traite elementaire des synonymes grecques ( DUFOUR 1910) p. 115

                      • 中國上古烹食字典 Zhongguo shanggu pengshi zidian ( LIN YINSHENG 1993) p.

                      • 論衡同義詞研究 ( LUNHENG TONGYI 2004) p. 90

                      • Lateinische Synonymik ( MENGE) p. 277

                      • Dictionnaire culturel en langue francaise ( REY 2005) p. 1.214

                      • "Sachwoerterbuch zum Alten China" ( UNGER SACH) p.

                        NAHRUNG

                      • Histoire des moeurs ( POIRIER 1991) p. 1.1447

                      • Encyclopedia of Religion ( JONES 2005) p.

                      • Encyclopedia of Social and Cultural Anthropology ( BARNARD AND SPENCER 2002) p.

                      • SYNONYMES FRANÇOIS, LEURS DIFFÉRENTES SIGNIFICATIONS, ET LE CHOIX QU'IL EN FAUT FAIRE Pour parler avec justesse ( GIRARD 1769) p. 1.279.235

                        SUBSISTANCE.NOURRITURE.ALIMENTS

                      • Bibliographisches Handbuch zur Sprachinhaltsforschung. Teil II. Systematischer Teil. B. Ordnung nach Sinnbezirken (mit einem alphabetischen Begriffsschluessel): Der Mensch und seine Welt im Spiegel der Sprachforschung ( FRANKE 1989) p. 89B

                      Words

                      食  shí OC: ɢljɯɡ MC: ʑɨk 71 AttributionsWD

                      The general term for food is shí 食 and this includes food as well as drink and can refer generally to one's livelihood, also to staple foods as opposed to delicacies involving meat, such as kuài 膾 "minced meat, raw".

                        Word relations
                      • Assoc: 穀 / 谷/GRAIN Gǔ 谷/穀 is general term for a food grain; (in some local dialects, it can also refer to foxtail millet (Setaria italica)).
                      • Assoc: 簞/FOOD BASKET Dān 簞 is put in food a basket of round shape and with a cover. [SUN 1991: 344; ill.: SUN 1991: 86-8]
                      • Assoc: 衣/GARMENT The current general word for garments of any kind is yī 衣, and the word refers specifically to the upper garments like jackets rather than the lower garments like skirts. [HUANG 1995: 711 - 712]
                      • Assoc: 酒/LIQUOR
                      • Assoc: 羹/SOUP
                      • Relat: 嘗 / 嘗甞/SAVOUR The current word for tasting something, trying to determine its flavour, is cháng 嘗. I have not found any near-synonyms so far.
                      • Oppos: 飲/DRINK The dominant word for imbibing any liquid, alcoholic or non-alcoholic is yǐn 飲.

                        Syntactic words
                      • nmNote that Lù Démíng reads this meaning as sì in several places of 經典釋文: provisions; food supply; staple food; food for general sustenance while at home; (e.g. beg for) something to eat; food supplies; fodder (e.g. for horses)
                      • nmabstractediblesCH
                      • nmadVwith nourishment/foodCH
                      • nmfigurative(spiritual) nourishment
                      飲食  yǐn shí OC: qrɯmʔ ɢljɯɡ MC: ʔim ʑɨk 16 AttributionsWD
                        Syntactic words
                      • NPmfood in general; nutrition; mealtime
                      糧  liáng OC: ɡ-raŋ MC: li̯ɐŋ 15 AttributionsWD

                      Liáng 糧 refers to grain-based ordinary plain food.

                        Syntactic words
                      • nmvictuals; grain, provisions; food rations for travel; rations
                      飧  sūn OC: squun MC: suo̝n 8 AttributionsWD

                      Shū 疏, sūn 飧, liáng 糧, cū 粗 refer to crude foodstuffs, grain-based or vegetable based.

                        Syntactic words
                      • nccmeal
                      • nmfood for general sustenance while at home [someimtes referring to the food consumed during the evening meal][CA]
                      • viactLIJI: add liquid to the rice before and eat it, probably at the end of a meal (see WANGLI: 1661)Rarely also: 'eat a warm meal'GY 08.01.03/287 優施出， 里克辟奠， 不飧而寑〔一〕。 ( 飧 : 熟食曰飧。 )
                      飯  fàn OC: bons MC: bi̯ɐn 8 AttributionsWD

                      Fàn 飯 which refers to basic foodstuff, usually rice and cereals.

                        Syntactic words
                      • nccmeal
                      • nmcereal; staple foodstuff; grain/rice based foodstuffsgeneral: a meal
                      養  yǎng OC: laŋʔ MC: ji̯ɐŋ 7 AttributionsWD
                        Syntactic words
                      • nabfigurativenurtureCH
                      • nmmeans of support, sustenance; nourishment
                      糗  qiǔ OC: khuʔ MC: khɨu 4 AttributionsWD
                        Syntactic words
                      • nmdry provisions; parched wheat or rice
                      糧食  liáng shí OC: ɡ-raŋ ɢljɯɡ MC: li̯ɐŋ ʑɨk 4 AttributionsWD
                        Syntactic words
                      • NP{N1=N2}nonreferentialfoodstuff; food supplies (of an army)
                      饌  zhuàn OC: sɡrons MC: ɖʐiɛn 3 AttributionsWD
                        Syntactic words
                      • nmprovisions; food; meal; dish
                      畜積  xù jī OC: qhluɡ skleɡ MC: huk tsiɛk 3 AttributionsWD
                        Syntactic words
                      • NPmaccumulated food supplies
                      酒食  jiǔ shí OC: skluʔ ɢljɯɡ MC: tsɨu ʑɨk 3 AttributionsWD
                        Syntactic words
                      • NP{N1&N2}elaborate meal where wine is being served
                      共  gōng OC: koŋ MC: ki̯oŋ
                      拱  gǒng OC: koŋʔ MC: ki̯oŋ
                      供  gōng OC: koŋ MC: ki̯oŋ 2 AttributionsWD
                        Syntactic words
                      • nmmaterial support (for elders); sustenance
                      皽  zhāo OC: tjaw MC: tɕiɛu 2 AttributionsWD
                        Syntactic words
                      • nmscurf (of fried meat,etc.)
                      積  jī OC: skleɡ MC: tsiɛk 2 AttributionsWD
                        Syntactic words
                      • nmsupplies (esp. of food)
                      粻  zhāng OC: krlaŋ MC: ʈi̯ɐŋ 2 AttributionsWD
                        Syntactic words
                      • nmprovisions of food
                      糝  sǎn OC: suumʔ MC: səm 2 AttributionsWD
                        Syntactic words
                      • viactmix rice into (soup) [LIJI: that refers to dumplings or cakes which consist of equal quantities of beef, mutton and pork which are mixed with rice, formed into balls and fried][CA]
                      葷  hūn OC: qhun MC: hi̯un 2 AttributionsWD

                      Hūn 葷 refers to non-vegetarian food.

                        Syntactic words
                      • nmnon-vegetarian food; meat
                      餐  cān OC: tshaan MC: tshɑn 2 AttributionsWD
                        Syntactic words
                      • nmfood; foodstuff
                      餱  hóu OC: ɡoo MC: ɦu 2 AttributionsWD
                        Syntactic words
                      • nmprovisions; dried foodstuff
                      麴  qū OC: khuɡ MC: khuk 2 AttributionsWD
                        Syntactic words
                      • nmleaven; yeast
                      常珍  cháng zhēn OC: djaŋ k-lɯn MC: dʑi̯ɐŋ ʈin 2 AttributionsWD

                        Syntactic words
                      • NPmstandard fare, standard food
                      疏食  shū shí OC: sqra ɢljɯɡ MC: ʂi̯ɤ ʑɨk 2 AttributionsWD
                        Syntactic words
                      • NPmsimple food
                      餱糧  hóu liáng OC: ɡoo ɡ-raŋ MC: ɦu li̯ɐŋ 2 AttributionsWD
                        Syntactic words
                      • NPmnonreferentialdried food, provisions
                      食用  shí sì yòng MC: zyik yowngH  OC: ɢljɯɡ k-loŋs CH 2 AttributionsWD
                        Syntactic words
                      • NPmnecessities like food; food an other items of daily useCH
                      • NPmfoodstuffCH
                      魚肉  yú ròu MC: ngjo nyuwk OC: ŋɡla njuɡCW 2 AttributionsWD
                        Syntactic words
                      • NPfish and meatCW
                      供  gōng OC: koŋ MC: ki̯oŋ 1 AttributionWD
                        Syntactic words
                      • nmsupplies of food and other necessities of life
                      福  fú OC: pɯɡ MC: puk 1 AttributionWD
                        Syntactic words
                      • nmsacrificial meat and wine
                      麤  cū OC: tshaa MC: tshuo̝
                      粗  cū OC: skhaa MC: tshuo̝ 1 AttributionWD

                      Shū 疏, sūn 飧, cū 粗 refer to crude foodstuffs, grain-based or vegetable based.

                        Word relations
                      • Oppos: 粱/MILLET Liáng 粱 is a fine millet grain.

                        Syntactic words
                      • nmnot properly threshed grain; crude food; coarse rice
                      醯  xī OC: qhee MC: hei 1 AttributionWD
                        Syntactic words
                      • nmminced food in vinegar (LIJI)
                      饔  yōng OC: qoŋ MC: ʔi̯oŋ 1 AttributionWD
                        Syntactic words
                      • nmSHI: cooked food or food ready for consumption; MENG 6B10: banquet (in the morning?)�
                      • vtoNMENG 3A4: make one's own food for breakfast [really for breakfast or prepare food in general??][CA]
                      異饌  yì zhuàn OC: p-lɯɡs sɡrons MC: jɨ ɖʐiɛn 1 AttributionWD

                        Syntactic words
                      • NPmexotic food; exotic dishes; outlandish fare
                      米粟  mǐ sù OC: miiʔ soɡ MC: mei si̯ok 1 AttributionWD
                        Syntactic words
                      • NPmprovisions
                      資糧  zī liáng OC: sti ɡ-raŋ MC: tsi li̯ɐŋ 1 AttributionWD
                        Syntactic words
                      • NPmfood, foodstuff
                      飯食  fàn shí OC: bonʔ ɢljɯɡ MC: bi̯ɐn ʑɨk 1 AttributionWD
                        Syntactic words
                      • NPmfood
                      肴膳  yáo shàn OC: ɡraaw ɡjens MC: ɦɣɛu dʑiɛn 1 AttributionWD
                        Syntactic words
                      • NPmdelicacies
                      秩  zhì MC: drit OC: rliɡCH 1 AttributionWD
                        Syntactic words
                      • nmdaily sustenance; daily needs such as foodCH
                      飱  cān MC: -- OC: --CH 1 AttributionWD
                        Syntactic words
                      • nm=餐　victualsCH
                      菜蔬  cài shū MC: tshojH -- OC: tshɯɯs sqraCW 1 AttributionWD
                        Syntactic words
                      • NPleaf and root vegetablesCW
                      委積  wěi zì MC: 'jweX tsjeH OC: qrolʔ skleɡsLZ 1 AttributionWD
                        Syntactic words
                      • NPsupplies of foodLZ
                      菽粟  shū sù MC: syuwk sjowk OC: qhljɯwɡ soɡLZ 1 AttributionWD
                        Syntactic words
                      • NPsimple meatless foodLZ
                      麨  chǎo MC: tsyhewX OC: --DS 1 AttributionWD
                        Syntactic words
                      • nmcrushed fried barley or other cereals used as staple foodDS
                      具  jù OC: ɡos MC: gi̯o 0 AttributionsWD
                        Syntactic words
                      • nabactpreparations for a meal
                      疏  shū OC: sqra MC: ʂi̯ɤ 0 AttributionsWD

                      Shū 疏, sūn 飧, liáng 糧, cū 粗 refer to crude foodstuffs, grain-based or vegetable based.

                        Syntactic words
                      • nmplain, undistinguished food, particularly vegetables[is there any nominal usage ??; usually used as vadN: see COARSE][CA]
                      籹  nǚ OC: naʔ MC: ɳi̯ɤ 0 AttributionsWD
                        Syntactic words
                      • nmdumplings made of rice-flour and honey (CC)
                      粔  jù OC: ɡaʔ MC: gi̯ɤ 0 AttributionsWD
                        Syntactic words
                      • nmdumplings made of rice flour and honey (CC)
                      薧  kǎo OC: khoowʔ MC: khɑu 0 AttributionsWD
                        Syntactic words
                      • nmdried food (often fish) (LI; ZHOULI)
                      餉  xiǎng OC: qhjaŋs MC: ɕi̯ɐŋ
                      饟  shàng OC: hnjaŋs MC: ɕi̯ɐŋ 0 AttributionsWD
                        Syntactic words
                      • nmfood SHI
                      餔  bū OC: paa MC: puo̝ 0 AttributionsWD

                        Word relations
                      • Contrast: 膳/DELICACY Shàn 膳, yáo 肴/餚/殽, zhēn 珍, wèi 味, xiū 饈/羞 all refer generally to delicacies.

                        Syntactic words
                      • nmeal
                      餗  sù OC: sooɡ MC: suk 0 AttributionsWD
                        Syntactic words
                      • nmstew (of meat and vegetables)
                      鱻  xiān OC: sen MC: siɛn 0 AttributionsWD
                        Syntactic words
                      • nmfresh foodstuff (ZHOULI)
                      齏  jī OC:  MC: tsei 0 AttributionsWD
                        Syntactic words
                      • nmpickled food

                      Existing SW for

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