WARFARE    戰爭兵

FIGHT BETWEEN ARMIES.
FIGHTINGWARCOMBATCONFLICT(MILITARY) ACTIONHOSTILITIESBLOODSHEDBATTLESSKIRMISHES
Old Chinese Criteria
1. The current general word for warfare is bīng 兵. 2. Róng 戎 refers to military service or military action. 3. Gān gē 干戈 (ant. yù bó 玉帛 "jade and silk") is a periphrastic way of referring to military affairs. 4. Wǔ 武 "military affairs" (ant. wén 文 "civil affairs") refers not so much to battles and military action, but to the administration of military affairs in general.
Modern Chinese Criteria
軍事 is the current modern general word for military affairs. 戰爭 is the current modernword for warfare. 戰事 戰亂 戰禍 煙塵 戰火 烽火 烽煙 狼煙 兵火 兵革 兵禍 刀兵 兵戈 干戈 鋒鏑 戰 仗 亂 rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／
Hyponym
  • BATTLE　WARFARE in the form of FIGHTING AND USE of WEAPONS DURING A DEFINED SHORT PERIOD, AND where TYPICALLY ONE ARMY WINS. (anc: 16/0, child: 0)
Antonym
  • POLITICSLEGITIMATE CONCRETE PUBLIC DISCUSSION of DIFFERENT METHODS to GOVERN a DEFINITE STATE.
  • PEACESITUATION characterised by LACK of WARFARE.[[FRIEDEN]]
See also
  • WEAPONTOOL USED FOR ATTACK OR DEFENSE IN WARFARE.
Hypernym
  • FIGHT　COMPETE with THINGS OR PERSONS so as to TRY TO DAMAGE OR DESTROY MUTUALLY:each-other. (anc: 14/0, child: 3)
  • COMPETE　INTERACT with OTHERS so as to SHOW that one is MORE EXCELLENT IN-RELATION-TO them. (anc: 13/0, child: 3)
  • INTERACT　ACT so as to CAUSE ANOTHER TO REACT. (anc: 12/0, child: 14)
  • A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages ( BUCK 1988) p. 20.13

  • De Rerum Humanarum Emendatione ( COMENIUS 1665) p. 473

    BELLUM

    Detailed analysis of elements.

  • De differentiis ( DIFFERENTIAE I) p. 421

    563. Inter Tumultum et bellum. Bellum est contra hostes exortum, tumultus vero domestica appellatione concitatus. Hic et seditio nuncupatur. Nam seditio est discessio [ Al., dissensio] civium. Quod enim [col. 66B] seorsum alii ad alios eunt, seditio dicitur. Alii putant propter dissensionem animorum seditionem vocari [ Al., vocatam], quam Graeci diastasin vocant.

  • Lateinische Synonyme und Etymologien ( DOEDERLEIN 1840) p.

    WAR

    bellum refers to armed warfar on a large scale quite generally, both civil war and war against an external enemy.

    tumultus refers to irregular armed unrest.

    militia refers to military service in war.

    arma "weapons" is standardly used by metonymy for "war".

  • Bibliographisches Handbuch zur Sprachinhaltsforschung. Teil II. Systematischer Teil. B. Ordnung nach Sinnbezirken (mit einem alphabetischen Begriffsschluessel): Der Mensch und seine Welt im Spiegel der Sprachforschung ( FRANKE 1989) p. 151A

  • Geschichtliche Grundbegriffe ( KOSELLECK 1972-97) p. 3.567-616

  • Dictionnaire culturel en langue francaise ( REY 2005) p. 2.1486

  • 中國文化史三百題 ( SANBAITI 1987) p. 72-81

  • "Sachwoerterbuch zum Alten China" ( UNGER SACH) p.

    KRIEG

    KRIEGSRECHT

    SCHLACHTEN

  • 中國文化背景八千詞 Zhongguo wenhua beijing ba qian ci ( WU SANXING 2008) p. 272f

  • Histoire des moeurs ( POIRIER 1991) p. 3.347

  • Encyclopedia of Religion ( JONES 2005) p.

  • Encyclopedia of Social and Cultural Anthropology ( BARNARD AND SPENCER 2002) p.

  • Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the Other Italic Languages ( DE VAAN 2008) p.

    bellum 'war, warfare' [n. o] (Naev.+; older duellum, e.g. in PI.)

    Derivatives: bellicus/duellicus 'of war' (P1.+), Belidna 'Roman goddess of war'

    (P1.+), inscr. Duelonai (gen.sg.); perduellis < [m.] 'national enemy' (P1.+), perduellio

    '(state) treason' (Valerius Antias+); belldtor 'warrior' (P1.+) (PI. Ix duellator).

  • New Dictiornary of the History of Ideas, 6 vols. ( HOROWITZ 2005) p.

  • Bibliographisches Handbuch zur Sprachinhaltsforschung. Teil II. Systematischer Teil. B. Ordnung nach Sinnbezirken (mit einem alphabetischen Begriffsschluessel): Der Mensch und seine Welt im Spiegel der Sprachforschung ( FRANKE 1989) p. 146B

    • Words (11 items)

    武  wǔ OC: mbaʔ MC: mi̯o 23 Attributions

    Wǔ 武 "military affairs" (ant. wén 文 "civil affairs") refers not so much to battles and military action, but to the administration of military affairs in general.

      Word relations
    • Assoc: 力/STRONG The typically nominal or adverbial lì 力 commonly refers to a permanent property of strength..
    • Oppos: 文/ARTS Wén 文 (ant. wǔ 武 "martial arts) refers to higher literary fine arts including belles lettres as well as ritual. [AESTHETIC], [ELEVATED], [SPECIALISED]; [[CURRENT]]
    • Oppos: 文/POLITICS

      Syntactic words
    • n[adN]N=humanmilitary person; person working in the military fieldCH
    • nabactmilitary affairs; military action; military approach
    • nabpsychmartial style; military-style harshness
    • nadNmilitary; martial; military-minded
    • viactbe qualified in matters military; show prowess in military affairs or in warfareCH
    兵  bīng OC: praŋ MC: pɣaŋ 22 Attributions

    The current general word for warfare is bīng 兵.

      Syntactic words
    • nabactwarfare
    • nadNmilitary; concerning warfare
    • nadVthrough warfare; with military force
    • viactmobilise one's armed forces
    • vtoNreflexive.自conduct warfare against (oneself)
    戎  róng OC: njuŋ MC: ȵuŋ 14 Attributions

    Róng 戎 refers to military service or military action.

      Word relations
    • Epithet: 馬/HORSE The dominant word for a horse is mǎ 馬.

      Syntactic words
    • nabactwarfare, military threat; military service
    • nadNmilitary, belonging to the armed forces
    • nadVin an armoured warlike fashion
    師  shī OC: sril MC: ʂi 4 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nabwar; warfareDS
    • viactengage in formal warfare
    用兵  yòng bīng MC: yowngH pjaeng OC: k-loŋs praŋ 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPadNconcerning warfare; dealing with warfareDS
    • VPimake warDS
    兵事  bīng shì MC: pjaeng dzriH OC: praŋ dzrɯs 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPabmilitary undertakingsCH
    汗馬  hàn mǎ OC: ɡaans mraaʔ MC: ɦɑn mɣɛ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPabactmilitary service
    金革  jīn gé MC: kim keak OC: krɯm krɯɯɡ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPabactmilitary actionCH
    戰攻  zhàn gōng OC: tjans kooŋ MC: tɕiɛn kuŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPabactwarfare
    戰  zhàn OC: tjans MC: tɕiɛn 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • nabactwarfare
    干戈  gān gē OC: kaan kool MC: kɑn kʷɑ 0 Attributions

    Gān gē 干戈 (ant. yù bó 玉帛 "jade and silk") is a periphrastic way of referring to military affairs.

      Word relations
    • Object: 學/STUDY The dominant word is xué 學 (ant. jiào 教 "train teach")which refers primarily to studying or training under another person, and secondarily to the learning by heart texts. Very often, the word retains a tinge of immitation.

      Syntactic words
    • NPab{n1&n2(.adn3)}actSHIJI: military affairs, warfare