FORBID  禁止禁

COMMAND NOT to ACT:do something.
PROHIBITBANBARINTERDICTPROSCRIBEMAKE ILLEGALEMBARGOOUTLAWDISALLOWVETOLAW ENJOIN
Antonym
  • ENCOURAGEADVISE someone IN ORDER TO TRY to PERSUADE that HUMAN to ACT in a way one BELIEVES to be PROFITABLE FOR THAT HUMAN. 
    • PERMITADDRESS someone with AUTHORITY so as to SAY that one does NOT FORBID what s/he is HOPING to ACT:do.
      • COMMANDADDRESS someone, USING AUTHORITY, INTENDING to CAUSE that person to ACT RESEMBLE:as one INTENDS him to ACT.
        Hypernym
        • COMMANDADDRESS someone, USING AUTHORITY, INTENDING to CAUSE that person to ACT RESEMBLE:as one INTENDS him to ACT.
          • ADDRESSSPEAK OR WRITE INTENDING ANOTHER TO HEAR OR READ AND TO REACT to IT. 
            • SPEAKACT so as to USE WORDS FOR SHOWING MEANING.*Speech by speaker X, directed towards audience Y, in order to communicate message Z.
              • ACTMOVE OR NOT MOVE CONFORMING to one's SELF:own DECIDE:decision....
        See also
        • WARNADDRESS someone so as to CAUSE him to UNDERSTAND what one BELIEVES to be DANGEROUS FOR him.
          • DON'TCOMMAND that one SHOULD NOT to ACT in a DEFINED way.
            • HINDERSTOP from ACT:doing what someone or something INTENDS to ACT:do.
              Hyponym
              • TABOO　FORBIDDEN BECAUSE of FEAR of the SUPERNATURAL OR the RULERS.
                Old Chinese Criteria
                1. The current dominant general word referring to public prohibition is jìn 禁 (ant. quàn 勸 "encourage").

                2. Yù 御 / 禦 (ant. sòng yǒng 慫恿 "leave free to do what one wants") refers to putting an end to practice by authority, but not necessarily through formal public prohibition of the practice.

                3. È 遏 refers more narrowly to putting a legal stop to the further development of something.

                Modern Chinese Criteria
                禁止 is the current word for forbidding things.

                查禁 refers to formal banning of certain actions.

                禁絕 focusses on the efficacy of a prohibition.

                禁 is a current literary word referring to prohibitions.

                取締 refers in a literary formal way to banning undesirable activiities.

                不容 focusses on not giving the relevant freedom of action.

                不許 "disallow" presupposes that what is forbidden was asked for in the first place and is personal in character.

                不准 is a stronger and more formal and general/impersonal version of 不許.

                防止

                制止

                阻止

                禁 is a classical way of referring to forbidding something which remains current in formal discourse, and especially on signposts.

                rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／

                • Novyj objasnitel'nyj Slovar' Sinonimov Russkogo Jazyka ( APRESJAN 2004) p. 36

                • A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages ( BUCK 1988) p. 18.38

                • Lateinische Synonyme und Etymologien ( DOEDERLEIN 1840) p.

                  FORBID

                  vetare refers to a prohibition by virtue of the law.

                  interdicere refers to forbidding by virtue of official authority only.

                • 韓非子同義詞研究 ( HANFEI TONGYI 2004) p. 142

                • Anthologia sive Florilegium rerum et materiarum selectarum ( LANGIUS 1631) p.

                  VETITA

                • 論衡同義詞研究 ( LUNHENG TONGYI 2004) p. 53

                • Dictionnaire culturel en langue francaise ( REY 2005) p. 2.2060

                • Historisches Woerterbuch der Philosophie ( RITTER 1971-2007) p. 11.585

                  VERBOT

                • Using Chinese Synonyms ( GRACE ZHANG 2010) p. 45

                • SYNONYMES FRANÇOIS, LEURS DIFFÉRENTES SIGNIFICATIONS, ET LE CHOIX QU'IL EN FAUT FAIRE Pour parler avec justesse ( GIRARD 1769) p. 2.224:153

                  DEFENDU.PROHIBE

                • 古漢語常用詞同義詞詞典 ( HONG CHENGYU 2009) p. 479

                • Bibliographisches Handbuch zur Sprachinhaltsforschung. Teil II. Systematischer Teil. B. Ordnung nach Sinnbezirken (mit einem alphabetischen Begriffsschluessel): Der Mensch und seine Welt im Spiegel der Sprachforschung ( FRANKE 1989) p. 56B

                Words

                禁  jìn OC: krɯms MC: kim 65 AttributionsWD

                The current dominant general word referring to public prohibition is jìn 禁 (ant. quàn 勸 "encourage").

                  Word relations
                • Ant: 令/COMMAND The standard current word for a command is lìng 令, and the content (not the words) of the command is typically in the sentence that follows. We do not find: 令曰, and it is significant that lìng 令 also regularly means "to cause to".
                • Object: 姦/WICKED Jiān 姦 (ant. liáng 良 "of the good sort, decent") refers to sheer human depravity and moral incompetence with no supernatural or sinister overtones.
                • Object: 邪/WICKED Xié 邪 (ant. zhèng 正 "straight and in no way wicked") typically involves nuances of sinister evil influences in addition to plain human depravity.
                • Contrast: 割/CUT The commonest general word for "cut" is ancient Chinese kat, modern reading gē 割.
                • Contrast: 諱/TABOO
                • Assoc: 法/LAW The current general word for a law, a legal system or any legal provision of any kind is fǎ 法.
                • Assoc: 令/COMMAND The standard current word for a command is lìng 令, and the content (not the words) of the command is typically in the sentence that follows. We do not find: 令曰, and it is significant that lìng 令 also regularly means "to cause to".
                • Assoc: 防/HINDER

                  Syntactic words
                • nabactprohibition; ban, official closure
                • nsubjectforbidden area
                • v[adN]V=passivefobidden things, what is forbiddenLZ
                • vadNpassiveforbidden, prohibited
                • viactissue prohibitions; enforce a prohibition, be effectively preventive
                • vt[oN]forbid access to an areaLZ
                • vtoNprohibit, forbid, cause to stop, put a stop to prevent, ban; preclude, prevent; constrain
                • vtoNN=humanban
                • vtoNpassivebe prohibited by; be forbidden to do things
                • vtoNpassivebe forbidden access, but oficially shutLZ
                • vtoNpsychissue prohibitions to (itself)
                • vtoN{PIVOT}+.Vt{NEG}+Vstop the N from V-ing
                • vtt(oN.)+V[0]omforbid contextually determinate subordinates to V
                • vttoN(.+V[0])forbid N to do perform the contextually determinate act V
                • vttoN[. V]prohibit N from doing inappropriate thingsCH
                戒  jiè OC: krɯɯɡs MC: kɣɛi 22 AttributionsWD
                  Syntactic words
                • nab.post-Vprohibition to V
                • nab.post-VPprohibition characterised by being VP
                • nab.post-V{NUM}interdiction, prohibition 一戒
                • nabdefiniteBUDDH: prohibitions, interdictions; precepts (both for lay followers and monks)
                • nabtextprohibition
                不使  bù shǐ OC: pɯʔ srɯʔ MC: pi̯ut ʂɨ 7 AttributionsWD
                  Syntactic words
                • VPttoN.+V[0]pivotprevent N from V-ing [NB: this construction probably involves neg-raising and derives from "order/cause not to".
                具戒  jù jiè OC: ɡos krɯɯɡs MC: gi̯o kɣɛi 5 AttributionsWD
                  Syntactic words
                • NPabBUDDH: the full set of precepts for monks/nuns (as defined in the Vinaya texts)
                • VPiactBUDDH: be supplied with the precepts > receive and accept the full set of precepts (as defined in the vinaya texts; short for 受具戒) > be ordained as full monk
                禁止  jìn zhǐ OC: krɯms kljɯʔ MC: kim tɕɨ 4 AttributionsWD
                  Syntactic words
                • VPt(oN)resultativeput an effective stop to something contextually determinate
                • VPt+V[0]resultativeforbid so as to stop, forbid effectively
                • VPtoNpassivebe forbidden as to cause to stopDS
                • VPtoNresultativeforbid so as to cause to stop
                禁戒  jìn jiè OC: krɯms krɯɯɡs MC: kim kɣɛi 3 AttributionsWD
                  Syntactic words
                • NPabsocialprohibitions
                遏  è OC: qaad MC: ʔɑt 2 AttributionsWD

                È 遏 refers more narrowly to putting a legal stop to the further development of something.

                  Syntactic words
                • vtoNput a stop to, repress
                八齋  bā zhāi OC: preed tsriid MC: pɣɛt ʈʂɣɛi 2 AttributionsWD
                  Syntactic words
                • NPabtextthe eight Buddhist prohibitions (See 八戒齊)
                淨戒  jìng jiè OC: skhreeŋ krɯɯɡs MC: dziɛŋ kɣɛi 2 AttributionsWD
                  Syntactic words
                • NPabtextBUDDH: prohibitions for spiritual purity
                去  qù OC: khas MC: khi̯ɤ 1 AttributionWD
                  Syntactic words
                • vtoNforbid or abolish (straw hats) 去笠
                莫  mò OC: maaɡ MC: mɑk 1 AttributionWD

                  Syntactic words
                • nabdispositionprohibitions
                齋  zhāi OC: tsriid MC: ʈʂɣɛi 1 AttributionWD
                  Syntactic words
                • nabtextreligious prohibition (which is followed as a mode of fasting!)
                五戒  wǔ jiè OC: ŋaaʔ krɯɯɡs MC: ŋuo̝ kɣɛi 1 AttributionWD
                  Syntactic words
                • nabactBUDDH: five precepts (abstention from killing, from taking what is not given to one, from unchastity, from mendacity, and from taking intoxicants); SANSKRIT pañca-śīla, PALI pañca-sīla
                • nadNwho keep the five precepts
                具足  jù zú OC: ɡos tsoɡs MC: gi̯o tsi̯o 1 AttributionWD
                  Syntactic words
                • NPabtextsufficient prohibitions ???
                大戒  dà jiè OC: daads krɯɯɡs MC: dɑi kɣɛi 1 AttributionWD
                  Syntactic words
                • NPabtextBuddhist precepts
                心戒  xīn jiè OC: slɯm krɯɯɡs MC: sim kɣɛi 1 AttributionWD
                  Syntactic words
                • NPabdefiniteBUDDH: the precepts of the mind; the mind-precepts (in Chán Buddhism referring to precepts taken by Buddhist lay supporters as opposed to the complete set of precepts mandatory for Buddhist monks and nuns)
                戒律  jiè lǜ OC: krɯɯɡs b-rud MC: kɣɛi lʷin 1 AttributionWD
                  Syntactic words
                • NPabsocialprohibitions; specifically Buddhist prohibitions or precepts
                毗尼  pí ní OC: bi nil MC: bi ɳi 1 AttributionWD
                  Syntactic words
                • NPabbuddhistBUDDH: vinaya
                法戒  fǎ jiè OC: pab krɯɯɡs MC: pi̯ɐp kɣɛi 1 AttributionWD
                  Syntactic words
                • NPabtextprohibitions and precepts in accordance with the dharma
                菩薩戒  pú sà jiè OC: bɯ saad krɯɯɡs MC: buo̝ sɑt kɣɛi 1 AttributionWD
                • The Fan-wang ching and Monastic Discipline in Japanese Tendai Chinese Buddhist Apocrypha ( GRONER 1990) p.

                • Le Code du Mahāyāna en Chine ( GROOT 1893) p.

                • Digital Dictionary of Buddhism ( MULLER) p.

                  Syntactic words
                • NPabbuddhistBUDDH: Bodhisattva-precepts This refers to the precepts to be observed by bodhisattvas; the term is syn. to dà-shèng jiè 大乘戒 ('Mahāyāna-precepts'), consisting of ten major rules and fourty-eight minor rules based on the 'Sūtra of Brahma's Net' (Fànwǎng jīng 梵網經, T.24/1484: 997a-1010a; the text is probably apocryphal and composed in China. It became extremely influential for East Asian Buddhism from the fifth century onwards; on the text see GRONER 1990). In addition there are the threefold pure precepts (sānjù jìngjiè 三聚淨戒 ); see MULLER. For an authorative study of these precepts see GROOT 1893.
                八關齋法  bā guān zhāi fǎ OC: preed kroon tsriid pab MC: pɣɛt kɣan ʈʂɣɛi pi̯ɐp 1 AttributionWD
                  Syntactic words
                • NPabtexteight precepts 八戒
                讋  zhé MC: tsyep OC: tjobCH 1 AttributionWD
                  Syntactic words
                • vtoNprohibit the use of, interdict, forbidCH
                已  yǐ MC: yiX OC: k-lɯʔLZ 1 AttributionWD
                  Syntactic words
                • nabactprohibitionLZ
                御  yù OC: ŋas MC: ŋi̯ɤ 0 AttributionsWD

                Yù 御/禦 (ant. sòng yǒng 慫恿 "leave free to do what one wants") refers to putting an end to practice by authority, but not necessarily through formal public prohibition of the practice.

                  Syntactic words
                • vtoNZUO, GY: put a stop to by authority also written 禦
                不令  bù lìng OC: pɯʔ ɡ-reŋ MC: pi̯ut liɛŋ 0 AttributionsWD
                  Syntactic words
                • VPtt(oN.)+V[0]prevent N from V-ing
                十戒  shí jiè OC: ɡjub krɯɯɡs MC: dʑip kɣɛi 0 AttributionsWD
                • An Introduction to Buddhism ( TAKASAKI 1987) p. 177-178

                  "They consist of

                  (1) abstention from the taking of life,

                  (2) abstention from theft (literally, 'from taking what is not given'),

                  (3) abstention from adultery,

                  (4) abstention from medacity,

                  (5) abstention from slander,

                  (6) abstention from harsh speech,

                  (7) abstention from frivolous talk,

                  (8) abstention from covetousness,

                  (9) abstention from malice, and

                  (10) abstentiiion form erroneous views."

                  Syntactic words
                • NPabactBUDDH: ten precepts (also called 十善); SANSKRIT daśa-śīla
                心地  xīn dì OC: slɯm lils MC: sim di 0 AttributionsWD
                • 佛光大辭典 Fóguāng dàcídiǎn The Foguang Dictionary of Buddhism ( FOGUANG) p. 1399c

                  Syntactic words
                • NPabbuddhistBUDDH: mind-ground > used syn. with precept (戒) (since the mind is regarded as 'base/root' of the precepts, comparable to the earth 大地 one stands on; used in FANWANGJING 梵網經)
                大乘戒  dà shèng jiè OC: daads ɢjɯŋs krɯɯɡs MC: dɑi ʑɨŋ kɣɛi 0 AttributionsWD
                  Syntactic words
                • NPabbuddhistBUDDH: the Mahāyāna precepts (see 菩薩戒)
                三聚淨戒  sān jù jìng jiè OC: saam sɡoʔ skhreeŋ krɯɯɡs MC: sɑm dzi̯o dziɛŋ kɣɛi 0 AttributionsWD

                sān jù jìngjiè

                • An Introduction to Buddhism ( TAKASAKI 1987) p. 178

                  "(1) morality as the avoidance of evil (saMmvara-sSiilaani, 攝律儀戒),

                  (2) morality as the accumulation of good (kusSala-dharma-saMmgraahaahaka-sSiila, 攝善法戒), and

                  (3) morality as the rendering of service to sentient beings (sattva-artha-kriyaa-sSiila, 攝眾生戒)

                  (cf. Bodhisattvabhuumi [...] in the Yogaacaarabhuumi [...]. Practice may be said to have been here embraced within the moral code."

                  Syntactic words
                • NPabactBUDDH: three pure precepts; SANSKRIT tri-vidhāni śīlāni

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