SUFFER  受害受

EXPERIENCE something BAD FOR ONESELF.
Antonym
  • ENJOYACT so as to CAUSE ONESELF to FEEL DELIGHT IN-RELATION-TO something.
    Hypernym
    • EXPERIENCEPERCEPTION of certain SITUATIONS, OR of one's SELF>OWN ACTING CONFORMING to a METHOD in certain SITUATIONS.
      • PERCEIVEBECOME AWARE of BECAUSE one INTERACTS WITH.
        • AWAREABLE to VOLUNTARILY:deliberately REACT to. 
          • ABLEHAVE FEATURES one NEEDS in SELF:oneself FOR ACHIEVING something....
    See also
    • PERMITADDRESS someone with AUTHORITY so as to SAY that one does NOT FORBID what s/he is HOPING to ACT:do.
      Hyponym
      • ENDURE　SUFFER DISTRESS AND NOT OPPOSE it.
        • TOLERANCE　ENDURE OTHERS' ACTS BECAUSE OTHERS HAVE a RIGHT OR a NATURAL TENDENCY to ACT:perform them.
      • CHOKE　SUFFER BLOCKING of the THROAT.
        Old Chinese Criteria
        1. The most general word referring to a person's being exposed to something is probably shòu 受 (ant. shī 施 "have an effect on, act upon"), which can take both desirable and non-desirable objects.

        2. Jiàn 見 tends to take verbal complements and tends to refer to a person being exposed to undesirable effects.

        3. Qǔ 取 refers to deliberate exposure to an action or exposure to something by one's own fault.

        4. Beì 被 tends to refer to exposure to undesirable effects from the outside.

        5. Zāo 遭 and yù 遇 refer to unexpected and unprovoked exposure to outside effects.

        6. Měng 蒙 often refers to deliberate exposure to negative outside dangers or effects, but the word also has a generalised use where it simply corresponds to shòu 受.

        7. Lí 罹 and its loan character lí 離 refer to innocently running into some trouble or encountering some sorrow.

        8. Xiàn 陷 "get trapped in" refers occasionally to a disastrous encounter with what turns out inescapable. See TRAP

        Modern Chinese Criteria
        受害

        被害

        遇害

        遭難

        蒙難

        被難

        死難

        遇難

        罹難

        落難

        遭凶

        遇險

        rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／

        • A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages ( BUCK 1988) p. 16.31

        • Traite elementaire des synonymes grecques ( DUFOUR 1910) p. 176

        • 韓非子同義詞研究 ( HANFEI TONGYI 2004) p. 258

        • Semantica del Griego Antiguo ( HERNANDEZ 2000) p. 80n61

        • Anthologia sive Florilegium rerum et materiarum selectarum ( LANGIUS 1631) p.

          TRIBULATIO

        • Handbuch der lateinischen und griechischen Synonymik ( SCHMIDT 1889) p. 72

        • Encyclopedia of Religion ( JONES 2005) p.

          AFFLICTION (CULTS OF); SUFFERING

        • SYNONYMES FRANÇOIS, LEURS DIFFÉRENTES SIGNIFICATIONS, ET LE CHOIX QU'IL EN FAUT FAIRE Pour parler avec justesse ( GIRARD 1769) p. 1.263.219

          SOUFFRIR.ENDURER.SUPORTER

        • Handbook of Greek Synonymes, from the French of M. Alex. Pillon, Librarian of the Bibliothèque Royale , at Paris, and one of the editors of the new edition of Plaché's Dictionnaire Grec-Français, edited, with notes, by the Rev. Thomas Kerchever Arnold, M.A. Rector of Lyndon, and late fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge ( PILLON 1850) p. no. 3

        • A New Dictionary of Classical Greek Synonyms ( T.W.HARBSMEIER 2004) p. no. 3

        • Bibliographisches Handbuch zur Sprachinhaltsforschung. Teil II. Systematischer Teil. B. Ordnung nach Sinnbezirken (mit einem alphabetischen Begriffsschluessel): Der Mensch und seine Welt im Spiegel der Sprachforschung ( FRANKE 1989) p. 47A

          DULDEN

        Words

        於  yú OC: qa MC: ʔi̯ɤ 53 AttributionsWD
          Syntactic words
        • vt[0]oN.postadV{PASS}passive markersufferin from; being impacted by (passivising particle,typically, but not always, referring to exposure to bad things: "by" 殺於人 "literally: was killed (the killing) being from/by someone else> be killed by someone else")
        苦  kǔ OC: khaaʔ MC: khuo̝ 25 AttributionsWD
          Syntactic words
        • nabeventsufferings
        • nabpsych(the emotion of) suffering
        • viactdecide to undergo hardship
        • vieventsuffer hardship
        • vt+V[0]suffer the consequences of V-ing
        • vtoNsuffer bitterly from N; suffer bitter harm from; feel bitter about
        • vtoSexpose yourself to the occurrence of S, suffer that SCH
        逢  féng OC: boŋ MC: bi̯oŋ 24 AttributionsWD

          Word relations
        • Oppos: 得/ACHIEVE The current general word for successfully completed action on one's own behalf or in one's own interest is dé 得 "manage to" (ant. shī 失 "fail in, get wrong" and ant.* bù néng 不能 "not manage to"). [DIFFICULT], [SELFISH], [STANDARD]; [VERB]

          Syntactic words
        • vtoNN=abstractbe exposed to (e.g. punishments)
        • vtoNobject=negativeencounter (something undesirable)
        善  shàn MC: dzyenX OC: ɡjenʔCH 24 AttributionsWD
          Syntactic words
        • VPtoNN=medical conditionhave or develop a tendency to suffer fromCH
        • vtoV[0]suffer from a morbid craving to VCH
        • vtoV[0]V=medical conditionsuffer from the medical condition that one V-s 善忘CH
        受  shòu OC: djuʔ MC: dʑɨu 16 AttributionsWD

        The most general word referring to a person's being exposed to something is probably shòu 受 (ant. shī 施 "have an effect on, act upon"), which can take both desirable and non-desirable objects.

          Syntactic words
        • vto:Nab[.post-N]suffer (not quite grammaticalised into the synonym group PASSIVE MARKER)
        • vto:Nab[.post-N]continuativesuffer; be at the receiving end of
        • vtoNexpose oneself to the danger of; accept the negative impact of
        • vtoNabsuffer (punishment etc)
        蒙  méng OC: mooŋ MC: muŋ 10 AttributionsWD

        Měng 蒙 often refers to deliberate exposure to negative outside dangers or effects, but the word also has a generalised use where it simply corresponds to shòu 受.

          Word relations
        • Synon: 被/SUFFER Beì 被 tends to refer to exposure to undesirable effects from the outside.

          Syntactic words
        • vtoNpassive?to （have to) put up with, to face; be exposed to (difficulties etc)
        • vttoN.+V[0]suffer/be exposed to Ns Ving
        有  yǒu MC: hjuwX OC: ɢʷɯʔCH 10 AttributionsWD
          Syntactic words
        • vtoNsuffer from (a disease etc.), be afflicted byCH
        患  huàn OC: ɢroons MC: ɦɣan 9 AttributionsWD
          Syntactic words
        • vt+V[0]suffer from (oneself) V-ingCH
        • vtoNsuffer; run into the trouble of the N type
        • vtoNPab{S}have the trouble that, suffer from that disastrous fact that
        被  bèi OC: bralʔ MC: biɛ 9 AttributionsWD

        Beì 被 tends to refer to exposure to undesirable effects from the outside.

          Word relations
        • Object: 刑/PUNISH Xíng 刑 refers specifically to physical punishment.
        • Contrast: 觸/ENCOUNTER Chù 觸 is occasionally used to refer to someone bumping into someone else.
        • Contrast: 遭/ENCOUNTER Zāo 遭 refers to running into something (often something negative).
        • Contrast: 觸/ENCOUNTER Chù 觸 is occasionally used to refer to someone bumping into someone else.
        • Synon: 蒙/SUFFER Měng 蒙 often refers to deliberate exposure to negative outside dangers or effects, but the word also has a generalised use where it simply corresponds to shòu 受.

          Syntactic words
        • vt+prep+Nsuffer from
        • vtoNbe exposed to, be on the receiving end of; receive; suffer, undergo
        罹  lí OC: rel MC: liɛ 8 AttributionsWD

        Lí 罹 and its loan character lí 離 refer to innocently running into some trouble or encountering some sorrow.

          Syntactic words
        • vt+prep+Nsuffer
        • vtoNrun into (undesirable situations), encounter (trouble etc) (variant for 離)
        伏  fú OC: bɯɡ MC: buk 7 AttributionsWD
          Syntactic words
        • vtoNbe exposed to a punishment; submit to (being executed), subject oneself to
        離  lí OC: b-rel MC: liɛ 7 AttributionsWD
          Syntactic words
        • vtoNobject=negativeencounter (disasters, misfortune etc)
        苦痛  kǔ tòng OC: khaaʔ kh-looŋs MC: khuo̝ thuŋ 7 AttributionsWD
          Syntactic words
        • NPabpsychpain
        • VPisuffer bitter pain
        見  jiàn OC: keens MC: ken 6 AttributionsWD

        Jiàn 見 tends to take verbal complements and tends to refer to a person being exposed to undesirable effects.

          Syntactic words
        • vtoNbe exposed to
        遭  zāo OC: tsuu MC: tsɑu 6 AttributionsWD

        Zāo 遭 and yù 遇 refer to unexpected and unprovoked exposure to outside effects.

          Syntactic words
        • vtoNabbe exposed to (something bad)
        犯  fàn OC: bomʔ MC: bi̯ɐm 5 AttributionsWD
          Syntactic words
        • vtoNoccasionally: run into (difficulties); expose oneself to (stones and arrows) See also COPE
        喫  chī OC: kheeɡ MC: khek 4 AttributionsWD
        • 唐五代語言詞典 Táng Wǔdài yǔyán cídiǎn A Dictionary of the Language of the Tang and Five Dynasties Periods ( JIANG/CAO 1997) p. 60, #3

          被

          there are also examples in BIANWEN and Tang poetry

          Syntactic words
        • vtoNfigurativeeat > taste (something bad) > suffer, be subjected to
        • vtpostVsuffer/ be subjected to V
        抵  dǐ OC: tiilʔ MC: tei 3 AttributionsWD
          Syntactic words
        • vtoNbe exposed to (something harmful; a criminal charge); suffer as a result of
        陷  xiàn OC: ɡrooms MC: ɦɣɛm 3 AttributionsWD

        Xiàn 陷 "get trapped in" refers occasionally to a disastrous encounter with what turns out inescapable. See TRAP

          Syntactic words
        • vtoNsuffer N, be afflicted by NLZ
        • vtoNchangeget trapped in; incur, get exposed to (e.g. punishment)
        取  qǔ OC: skhoʔ MC: tshi̯o 2 AttributionsWD

        Qǔ 取 refers to deliberate exposure to an action or exposure to something by one's own fault.

          Syntactic words
        • vtoNprocesssuffer because of one's own fault, bring upon oneself; be held responsible
        荷  hè OC: ɡlaalʔ MC: ɦɑ 2 AttributionsWD
          Syntactic words
        • vtoNsuffer, be exposed to
        著  zhuó OC: ɡ-laɡ MC: ɖi̯ɐk 2 AttributionsWD
          Syntactic words
        • vtoNbe exposed to, suffer (diseases etc.)
        楚毒  chǔ dú OC: skhraʔ duuɡ MC: ʈʂhi̯ɤ duok 2 AttributionsWD
          Syntactic words
        • NPabeventsevere sufferings
        苦切  kǔ qiē, qiè OC: khaaʔ snʰiid MC: khuo̝ tshet 2 AttributionsWD
          Syntactic words
        • VPadNintensitiveintensly in pain, greatly suffering
        • VPiintensitivebe in intense pain, suffer intensely
        得  dé OC: tɯɯɡ MC: tək 1 AttributionWD
          Syntactic words
        • vtoNsuffer (a disease etc)
        當  dāng OC: taaŋ MC: tɑŋ 1 AttributionWD
          Syntactic words
        • vtoNbear the brunt of; face, be exposed to
        瘉  yù OC: loʔ MC: ji̯o 1 AttributionWD
          Syntactic words
        • vito suffer; be in distress
        覯  gòu OC: koos MC: ku 1 AttributionWD
          Syntactic words
        • vtoNrun into, encounter, be exposed to
        遇  yù OC: ŋos MC: ŋi̯o 1 AttributionWD

        Zāo 遭 and yù 遇 refer to unexpected and unprovoked exposure to outside effects.

          Syntactic words
        • vtoNprocessbe exposed to; meet (trouble)
        受罪  shòu zuì OC: djuʔ sbuulʔ MC: dʑɨu dzuo̝i 1 AttributionWD
          Syntactic words
        • VP[adN]the person who suffers an injustice or suffers from a crime
        苦毒  kǔ dú OC: khaaʔ duuɡ MC: khuo̝ duok 1 AttributionWD
          Syntactic words
        • NPabeventsufferings
        • VPadVundergoing sufferings
        苦海  kǔ hǎi OC: khaaʔ hmlɯɯʔ MC: khuo̝ həi 1 AttributionWD
          Syntactic words
        • NPabpsychsuffering
        苦際  kǔ jì OC: khaaʔ skeds MC: khuo̝ tsiɛi 1 AttributionWD
          Syntactic words
        • NPab.ceventsufferings
        荼毒  tú dú OC: laa duuɡ MC: duo̝ duok 1 AttributionWD
          Syntactic words
        • VPadNfigurativebitter and poisened > intensly suffering
        頭陀  tóu tuó OC: doo laal MC: du dɑ 1 AttributionWD
          Syntactic words
        • NPabactBUDDH: the practices with the purpose of removing afflictions (usually comprising of 12 kinds of practices aiming at removing the desires after food, clothing, sleep, etc.), ascetic practices; skr./pali dhūta
        • NPadVin the name of Buddhist suffering
        疾  jí MC: dzit OC: dzidCH 1 AttributionWD
          Syntactic words
        • vtoNsuffer acutely from the effects of, suffer acutely fromCH
        有  yǒu MC: hjuwX OC: ɢʷɯʔCH 1 AttributionWD
          Syntactic words
        • vtoNsuffer from (a disease etc.), be afflicted byCH
        苦楚  kǔ chǔ MC: khuX tsrhjoX OC: khaaʔ skhraʔDS 1 AttributionWD
          Syntactic words
        • NPabsufferingDS
        嘗  cháng OC: djaŋ MC: dʑi̯ɐŋ 0 AttributionsWD
          Syntactic words
        • vtoNgo through, experience (a suffering)
        毒  dú OC: duuɡ MC: duok 0 AttributionsWD
          Syntactic words
        • vibe poisoned in one's mind
        瘼  mò OC: maaɡ MC: mɑk 0 AttributionsWD
          Syntactic words
        • viWHAT MAKES SOMEONE SUFFER> painful
        負  fù OC: bɯʔ MC: bɨu 0 AttributionsWD
          Syntactic words
        • vtoNsuffer from (a medical or other unfortunate condition)
        楚  chǔ OC: skhraʔ MC: ʈʂhi̯ɤ 0 AttributionsWD
          Syntactic words
        • nabsuffering 辛楚
        飲  yǐn OC: qrɯmʔ MC: ʔim 0 AttributionsWD
          Syntactic words
        • vtoNsuffer the impact of (an arrow etc)

        Existing SW for

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