SUFFER    受害受

EXPERIENCE something BAD FOR ONESELF.
Old Chinese Criteria
1. The most general word referring to a person's being exposed to something is probably shòu 受 (ant. shī 施 "have an effect on, act upon"), which can take both desirable and non-desirable objects. 2. Jiàn 見 tends to take verbal complements and tends to refer to a person being exposed to undesirable effects. 3. Qǔ 取 refers to deliberate exposure to an action or exposure to something by one's own fault. 4. Beì 被 tends to refer to exposure to undesirable effects from the outside. 5. Zāo 遭 and yù 遇 refer to unexpected and unprovoked exposure to outside effects. 6. Měng 蒙 often refers to deliberate exposure to negative outside dangers or effects, but the word also has a generalised use where it simply corresponds to shòu 受. 7. Lí 罹 and its loan character lí 離 refer to innocently running into some trouble or encountering some sorrow. 8. Xiàn 陷 "get trapped in" refers occasionally to a disastrous encounter with what turns out inescapable. See TRAP
Modern Chinese Criteria
受害 被害 遇害 遭難 蒙難 被難 死難 遇難 罹難 落難 遭凶 遇險 rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／
Hyponym
  • ENDURE　SUFFER DISTRESS AND NOT OPPOSE it. (anc: 11/0, child: 1)
  • CHOKE　SUFFER BLOCKING of the THROAT. (anc: 11/0, child: 0)
Antonym
  • ENJOYACT so as to CAUSE ONESELF to FEEL DELIGHT IN-RELATION-TO something.
See also
  • PERMITADDRESS someone with AUTHORITY so as to SAY that one does NOT FORBID what s/he is HOPING to ACT:do.
Hypernym
  • EXPERIENCE　PERCEPTION of certain SITUATIONS, OR of one's SELF>OWN ACTING CONFORMING to a METHOD in certain SITUATIONS. (anc: 9/0, child: 2)
  • PERCEIVE　BECOME AWARE of BECAUSE one INTERACTS WITH. (anc: 8/0, child: 7)
  • AWARE　ABLE to VOLUNTARILY:deliberately REACT to.  (anc: 7/0, child: 3)
  • A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages ( BUCK 1988) p. 16.31

  • Traite elementaire des synonymes grecques ( DUFOUR 1910) p. 176

  • 韓非子同義詞研究 ( HANFEI TONGYI 2004) p. 258

  • Semantica del Griego Antiguo ( HERNANDEZ 2000) p. 80n61

  • Anthologia sive Florilegium rerum et materiarum selectarum ( LANGIUS 1631) p.

    TRIBULATIO

  • Handbuch der lateinischen und griechischen Synonymik ( SCHMIDT 1889) p. 72

  • Encyclopedia of Religion ( JONES 2005) p.

    AFFLICTION (CULTS OF); SUFFERING

  • SYNONYMES FRANÇOIS, LEURS DIFFÉRENTES SIGNIFICATIONS, ET LE CHOIX QU'IL EN FAUT FAIRE Pour parler avec justesse ( GIRARD 1769) p. 1.263.219

    SOUFFRIR.ENDURER.SUPORTER

  • Handbook of Greek Synonymes, from the French of M. Alex. Pillon, Librarian of the Bibliothèque Royale , at Paris, and one of the editors of the new edition of Plaché's Dictionnaire Grec-Français, edited, with notes, by the Rev. Thomas Kerchever Arnold, M.A. Rector of Lyndon, and late fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge ( PILLON 1850) p. no. 3

  • A New Dictionary of Classical Greek Synonyms ( T.W.HARBSMEIER 2004) p. no. 3

  • Bibliographisches Handbuch zur Sprachinhaltsforschung. Teil II. Systematischer Teil. B. Ordnung nach Sinnbezirken (mit einem alphabetischen Begriffsschluessel): Der Mensch und seine Welt im Spiegel der Sprachforschung ( FRANKE 1989) p. 47A

    DULDEN

    • Words (44 items)

    於  yú OC: qa MC: ʔi̯ɤ 53 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vt[0]oN.postadV{PASS}passive markersufferin from; being impacted by (passivising particle,typically, but not always, referring to exposure to bad things: "by" 殺於人 "literally: was killed (the killing) being from/by someone else> be killed by someone else")
    苦  kǔ OC: khaaʔ MC: khuo̝ 25 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nabeventsufferings
    • nabpsych(the emotion of) suffering
    • viactdecide to undergo hardship
    • vieventsuffer hardship
    • vt+V[0]suffer the consequences of V-ing
    • vtoNsuffer bitterly from N; suffer bitter harm from; feel bitter about
    • vtoSexpose yourself to the occurrence of S, suffer that SCH
    逢  féng OC: boŋ MC: bi̯oŋ 24 Attributions

      Word relations
    • Oppos: 得/ACHIEVE The current general word for successfully completed action on one's own behalf or in one's own interest is dé 得 "manage to" (ant. shī 失 "fail in, get wrong" and ant.* bù néng 不能 "not manage to"). [DIFFICULT], [SELFISH], [STANDARD]; [VERB]

      Syntactic words
    • vtoNN=abstractbe exposed to (e.g. punishments)
    • vtoNobject=negativeencounter (something undesirable)
    善  shàn MC: dzyenX OC: ɡjenʔ 24 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPtoNN=medical conditionhave or develop a tendency to suffer fromCH
    • vtoV[0]suffer from a morbid craving to VCH
    • vtoV[0]V=medical conditionsuffer from the medical condition that one V-s 善忘CH
    受  shòu OC: djuʔ MC: dʑɨu 16 Attributions

    The most general word referring to a person's being exposed to something is probably shòu 受 (ant. shī 施 "have an effect on, act upon"), which can take both desirable and non-desirable objects.

      Syntactic words
    • vto:Nab[.post-N]suffer (not quite grammaticalised into the synonym group PASSIVE MARKER)
    • vto:Nab[.post-N]continuativesuffer; be at the receiving end of
    • vtoNexpose oneself to the danger of; accept the negative impact of
    • vtoNabsuffer (punishment etc)
    蒙  méng OC: mooŋ MC: muŋ 10 Attributions

    Měng 蒙 often refers to deliberate exposure to negative outside dangers or effects, but the word also has a generalised use where it simply corresponds to shòu 受.

      Word relations
    • Synon: 被/SUFFER Beì 被 tends to refer to exposure to undesirable effects from the outside.

      Syntactic words
    • vtoNpassive?to （have to) put up with, to face; be exposed to (difficulties etc)
    • vttoN.+V[0]suffer/be exposed to Ns Ving
    患  huàn OC: ɢroons MC: ɦɣan 10 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nabsufferingCH
    • vt+V[0]suffer from (oneself) V-ingCH
    • vtoNsuffer; run into the trouble of the N type
    • vtoNPab{S}have the trouble that, suffer from that disastrous fact that
    有  yǒu MC: hjuwX OC: ɢʷɯʔ 10 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNsuffer from (a disease etc.), be afflicted byCH
    被  bèi OC: bralʔ MC: biɛ 9 Attributions

    Beì 被 tends to refer to exposure to undesirable effects from the outside.

      Word relations
    • Object: 刑/PUNISH Xíng 刑 refers specifically to physical punishment.
    • Contrast: 觸/ENCOUNTER Chù 觸 is occasionally used to refer to someone bumping into someone else.
    • Contrast: 遭/ENCOUNTER Zāo 遭 refers to running into something (often something negative).
    • Contrast: 觸/ENCOUNTER Chù 觸 is occasionally used to refer to someone bumping into someone else.
    • Synon: 蒙/SUFFER Měng 蒙 often refers to deliberate exposure to negative outside dangers or effects, but the word also has a generalised use where it simply corresponds to shòu 受.

      Syntactic words
    • vt+prep+Nsuffer from
    • vtoNbe exposed to, be on the receiving end of; receive; suffer, undergo
    罹  lí OC: rel MC: liɛ 8 Attributions

    Lí 罹 and its loan character lí 離 refer to innocently running into some trouble or encountering some sorrow.

      Syntactic words
    • vt+prep+Nsuffer
    • vtoNrun into (undesirable situations), encounter (trouble etc) (variant for 離)
    離  lí OC: b-rel MC: liɛ 7 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNobject=negativeencounter (disasters, misfortune etc)
    伏  fú OC: bɯɡ MC: buk 7 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNbe exposed to a punishment; submit to (being executed), subject oneself to
    苦痛  kǔ tòng OC: khaaʔ kh-looŋs MC: khuo̝ thuŋ 7 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabpsychpain
    • VPisuffer bitter pain
    見  jiàn OC: keens MC: ken 6 Attributions

    Jiàn 見 tends to take verbal complements and tends to refer to a person being exposed to undesirable effects.

      Syntactic words
    • vtoNbe exposed to
    遭  zāo OC: tsuu MC: tsɑu 6 Attributions

    Zāo 遭 and yù 遇 refer to unexpected and unprovoked exposure to outside effects.

      Syntactic words
    • vtoNabbe exposed to (something bad)
    犯  fàn OC: bomʔ MC: bi̯ɐm 5 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNoccasionally: run into (difficulties); expose oneself to (stones and arrows) See also COPE
    喫  chī OC: kheeɡ MC: khek 4 Attributions
    • 唐五代語言詞典 Táng Wǔdài yǔyán cídiǎn A Dictionary of the Language of the Tang and Five Dynasties Periods ( JIANG/CAO 1997) p. 60, #3

      被

      there are also examples in BIANWEN and Tang poetry

      Syntactic words
    • vtoNfigurativeeat > taste (something bad) > suffer, be subjected to
    • vtpostVsuffer/ be subjected to V
    陷  xiàn OC: ɡrooms MC: ɦɣɛm 3 Attributions

    Xiàn 陷 "get trapped in" refers occasionally to a disastrous encounter with what turns out inescapable. See TRAP

      Syntactic words
    • vtoNsuffer N, be afflicted by NLZ
    • vtoNchangeget trapped in; incur, get exposed to (e.g. punishment)
    抵  dǐ OC: tiilʔ MC: tei 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNbe exposed to (something harmful; a criminal charge); suffer as a result of
    荷  hè OC: ɡlaalʔ MC: ɦɑ 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNsuffer, be exposed to
    著  zhuó OC: ɡ-laɡ MC: ɖi̯ɐk 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNbe exposed to, suffer (diseases etc.)
    苦切  kǔ qiē, qiè OC: khaaʔ snʰiid MC: khuo̝ tshet 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPadNintensitiveintensly in pain, greatly suffering
    • VPiintensitivebe in intense pain, suffer intensely
    楚毒  chǔ dú OC: skhraʔ duuɡ MC: ʈʂhi̯ɤ duok 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabeventsevere sufferings
    取  qǔ OC: skhoʔ MC: tshi̯o 2 Attributions

    Qǔ 取 refers to deliberate exposure to an action or exposure to something by one's own fault.

      Syntactic words
    • vtoNprocesssuffer because of one's own fault, bring upon oneself; be held responsible
    頭陀  tóu tuó OC: doo laal MC: du dɑ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPabactBUDDH: the practices with the purpose of removing afflictions (usually comprising of 12 kinds of practices aiming at removing the desires after food, clothing, sleep, etc.), ascetic practices; skr./pali dhūta
    • NPadVin the name of Buddhist suffering
    覯  gòu OC: koos MC: ku 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNrun into, encounter, be exposed to
    遇  yù OC: ŋos MC: ŋi̯o 1 Attribution

    Zāo 遭 and yù 遇 refer to unexpected and unprovoked exposure to outside effects.

      Syntactic words
    • vtoNprocessbe exposed to; meet (trouble)
    受罪  shòu zuì OC: djuʔ sbuulʔ MC: dʑɨu dzuo̝i 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VP[adN]the person who suffers an injustice or suffers from a crime
    苦楚  kǔ chǔ MC: khuX tsrhjoX OC: khaaʔ skhraʔ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPabsufferingDS
    苦毒  kǔ dú OC: khaaʔ duuɡ MC: khuo̝ duok 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPabeventsufferings
    • VPadVundergoing sufferings
    苦海  kǔ hǎi OC: khaaʔ hmlɯɯʔ MC: khuo̝ həi 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPabpsychsuffering
    荼毒  tú dú OC: laa duuɡ MC: duo̝ duok 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPadNfigurativebitter and poisened > intensly suffering
    得  dé OC: tɯɯɡ MC: tək 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNsuffer (a disease etc)
    有  yǒu MC: hjuwX OC: ɢʷɯʔ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNsuffer from (a disease etc.), be afflicted byCH
    苦際  kǔ jì OC: khaaʔ skeds MC: khuo̝ tsiɛi 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPab.ceventsufferings
    當  dāng OC: taaŋ MC: tɑŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNbear the brunt of; face, be exposed to
    疾  jí MC: dzit OC: dzid 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNsuffer acutely from the effects of, suffer acutely fromCH
    瘉  yù OC: loʔ MC: ji̯o 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vito suffer; be in distress
    負  fù OC: bɯʔ MC: bɨu 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNsuffer from (a medical or other unfortunate condition)
    飲  yǐn OC: qrɯmʔ MC: ʔim 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNsuffer the impact of (an arrow etc)
    嘗  cháng OC: djaŋ MC: dʑi̯ɐŋ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNgo through, experience (a suffering)
    楚  chǔ OC: skhraʔ MC: ʈʂhi̯ɤ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nabsuffering 辛楚
    毒  dú OC: duuɡ MC: duok 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vibe poisoned in one's mind
    瘼  mò OC: maaɡ MC: mɑk 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • viWHAT MAKES SOMEONE SUFFER> painful