COLD    冷

TEMPERATURE RESEMBLING that of ICE AND being the OPPOSITE of HOT.
CHILLYCHILLCOOLFREEZINGICYSNOWYWINTRYFROSTYFRIGIDGELIDBITTERBITINGRAWBONE-CHILLINGNIPPYARCTIC
Old Chinese Criteria
1. The standard current word referring to coldness is hán 寒 (ant. wēn 溫, rè 熱 "warm"). 2. Lěng 冷 refers to anything fresh and cool rather than rè 熱 "unpleasantly hot". 3. Dòng 凍 describes a very high degree of coldness, typically below the freezing point of water. 4. Liáng 涼 (ant. wēn 溫 "lukewarm") describes a mild form of coldness, prototypically that of a cool breeze liáng fēng 涼風. 5. Qīng 清 (ant. rù 溽 "unpleasantly humid and warm") describes a mild, fresh coolness of climate rather than of liquids or solids.
Modern Chinese Criteria
寒 冷 涼 涼快 寒冷 冰冷 冰涼 凍 冷冰冰 筋骨瑟縮 輕寒 薄寒 清寒 冷颼颼 冷森森 冷絲絲 苦寒 嚴寒 酷寒 高寒 冷峭 寒峭 料峭 凜冽 凜厲 刺骨 乾冷 淒清 凜凜 淒淒 寒氣襲人 天寒地凍 天寒地坼 滴水成冰 冰天雪地 冰凍三尺 墮指裂膚 砭人肌骨 rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／
Hyponym
  • COOL　SLIGHTLY COLD. (anc: 6/0, child: 0)
Antonym
  • HOTTEMPERATURE RESEMBLING that of FIRE.
  • WARMSLIGHTLY HOT.
Hypernym
  • TEMPERATURE　FEATURE of a SUBSTANCE DEFINED by the INTENSITY of MOVEMENT of its ELEMENTS:molecules. [] (anc: 4/0, child: 2)
  • FEATURE　ABSTRACT OBJECT a THING is SAID to BE OR to HAVE. (anc: 3/0, child: 19)
  • OBJECT　[NO HYPERNYM.] WHAT one CAN NAME:refer to. (anc: 2/0, child: 6)
  • Novyj objasnitel'nyj Slovar' Sinonimov Russkogo Jazyka ( APRESJAN 2004) p. 1241

  • Novyj objasnitel'nyj Slovar' Sinonimov Russkogo Jazyka ( APRESJAN 2004) p. 745

  • A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages ( BUCK 1988) p. 15.86

  • Lateinische Synonyme und Etymologien ( DOEDERLEIN 1840) p.

    COLD

    frigere refers to anything that is cold.

    algere refers to feeling unpleasantly cold.

    algidus refers to an unpleasant chill.

    alsus refers to refreshing coolness.

    frigidus refers to a moderate degree of coldness.

    gelidus refers to something being on the point of freezing.

  • Traite elementaire des synonymes grecques ( DUFOUR 1910) p. 96

  • Tolkovo-kombinatornyj slovar' sovremmenogo russkogo jazyka. Explanatory Combinatorial Dictionary of Modern Russian ( Mel'cuk 1984) p. 929

  • Lateinische Synonymik ( MENGE) p. 305

  • Dictionnaire culturel en langue francaise ( REY 2005) p. 2.1192

  • Handbuch der lateinischen und griechischen Synonymik ( SCHMIDT 1889) p. 63

  • 東漢﹣隨常用詞演變研究 ( WANG WEIHUI 2000) p. 349

  • 王力古漢語字典 ( WANG LI 2000) p. 63

    1. It should be noted that ha2n 寒 is ubiquitous, whereas le3ng 冷 hardly ever occurs, and also lia2ng 涼 is not a current word, and the natural suspicion is that really ha2n 寒 did cover everything from very cold to cool, but in fact, the connotation of ha2n 寒 always seems to have been negative or unpleasant thus excluding the pleasant cool breeze lia2ng fe1ng 涼風 which does get mentioned a few times in the literature.

  • Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the Other Italic Languages ( DE VAAN 2008) p.

    algeo 'to be cold, freeze' [v. II; pf. alsT} (P1.+)

    Derivatives: algor [m.] 'cold' (P1.+), algus, -us 'id.' (P1.+), algidus 'cold' (Naev.+).

  • Handbook of Greek Synonymes, from the French of M. Alex. Pillon, Librarian of the Bibliothèque Royale , at Paris, and one of the editors of the new edition of Plaché's Dictionnaire Grec-Français, edited, with notes, by the Rev. Thomas Kerchever Arnold, M.A. Rector of Lyndon, and late fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge ( PILLON 1850) p. no.399

    • Words (23 items)

    寒  hán OC: ɡaan MC: ɦɑn 65 Attributions

    The standard current word referring to coldness is hán 寒 (ant. standardly shǔ 暑, but also wēn 溫, rè 熱 "warm").

      Word relations
    • Ant: 暑/HOT Shǔ 暑 (ant. hán 寒 "cold") refers to perceived heat, which often relates to humidity in the air as well as objective temperature.
    • Ant: 溫/HOT Wēn 溫 (ant. liáng 涼 "cool") is mild heat.
    • Ant: 熱/HOT Probably the most general word referrring to objective high temperature or heat is rè 熱 (ant. lěng 冷 "cold").
    • Ant: 暖 / 暖/HOT Nuǎn 暖／煖 (ant. liáng 涼"cool") is very mild heat.
    • Object: 御/HINDER
    • Epithet: 冰/ICE The current word for ice is bīng 冰.
    • Epithet: 氣/AIR Qì 氣 "ether" is typically more abstract than English "air" and refers to constitutive energies underlying both air and wind as well as fog, dew, rivers, mountains and so on. The word is also the standard word for "breath". [ABSTRACT]; [[COMMON]]
    • Assoc: 涼/COLD Liáng 涼 (ant. wēn 溫 "lukewarm") describes a mild form of coldness, prototypically that of a cool breeze liáng fēng 涼風.
    • Assoc: 飢/HUNGRY The most common current and general word for insufficiency of food supplies is probably jī 飢 (ant. bǎo 飽 "have eaten enough"), and this word refers to any such insufficiency, temporary or lasting, serious or minor. Presumably, the word can also refer to insufficiency of food among animals.
    • Assoc: 饑/HUNGRY Jī 饑 (NOT ANCIENTLY HOMOPHONOUS WITH 飢 in ancient Chinese), and the rarer jín 饉 as well as the very rare qiàn 歉 refer to insufficiency of food as a result of bad harvest.
    • Oppos: /

    • Pulse Diagnosis in Early Chinese Medicine ( HSU 2010) p. 393

      Syntactic words
    • nab[.post-N]oneself getting coldCH
    • nabeventperiod of coldness, cold spell
    • nabmedicalcold nature; chilling featureDS
    • nabstativethe cold; state of coldness
    • nadNcaused by coldness; originating from coldness
    • v[adN]N=humpeople suffering from cold
    • vadNcold
    • vadSwhen it is cold; in winter
    • vibe cold (of persons), go cold; fresh and chilly; be cold (as winter)
    • vifeel cold because one does not have enough clothes to keep oneself warmCH
    • vi0changeit turns cold
    • vi0stativeit is cold
    • visubjectivefeel cold
    • vt+prep+Ngradedbe colder than N
    • vtoNexpose to the cold
    • vtoNcause to be cold; cause to feel coldCH
    凍  dòng OC: tooŋs MC: tuŋ 8 Attributions

    Dòng 凍 describes a very high degree of coldness, typically below the freezing point of water.

      Syntactic words
    • nabfreezing, suffering from coldLZ
    • nabstativefrost
    • vadNfreezing; very cold; frozen
    • vifeel cold, freeze; suffer from the cold
    • vtoNcausativeallow or cause to freeze
    涼  liáng OC: ɡ-raŋ MC: li̯ɐŋ 8 Attributions

    Liáng 涼 (ant. wēn 溫 "lukewarm") describes a mild form of coldness, prototypically that of a cool breeze liáng fēng 涼風.

      Word relations
    • Epithet: 風/WIND The dominant word for wind is fēng 風.
    • Assoc: 寒/COLD The standard current word referring to coldness is hán 寒 (ant. standardly shǔ 暑, but also wēn 溫, rè 熱 "warm").
    • Assoc: 清/COLD Qīng 清 (ant. rù 溽 "unpleasantly humid and warm") describes a mild, fresh coolness of climate rather than of liquids or solids.
    • Assoc: 清/COLD Qīng 清 (ant. rù 溽 "unpleasantly humid and warm") describes a mild, fresh coolness of climate rather than of liquids or solids.

      Syntactic words
    • nabfigurativerefreshing coldness; chill
    • vadNrefreshingly cool; cold
    • vicool as water (in summer); be cool (as spring)
    • vtoNcausativecause it to be cool
    冷  líng OC: ɡ-reeŋ MC: leŋ 7 Attributions

    Lěng 冷 refers to anything fresh and cool rather than rè 熱 "unpleasantly hot".

      Word relations
    • Ant: 熱/HOT Probably the most general word referrring to objective high temperature or heat is rè 熱 (ant. lěng 冷 "cold").

      Syntactic words
    • nabfeaturecoldness
    • nabstativecoldness (of water/liquid)
    • vadNcold
    • vifresh and cool
    • vichangeturn cold; become colder; cool off
    • vt(oN)causativemake the contextually determinate N cool
    死  sǐ OC: pliʔ MC: si 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vadNdead and cold (ashes)
    清  qīng OC: tsheŋ MC: tshiɛŋ 3 Attributions

    Qīng 清 (ant. rù 溽 "unpleasantly humid and warm") describes a mild, fresh coolness of climate rather than of liquids or solids.

      Word relations
    • Ant: 暖 / 暖/HOT Nuǎn 暖／煖 (ant. liáng 涼"cool") is very mild heat.
    • Assoc: 涼/COLD Liáng 涼 (ant. wēn 溫 "lukewarm") describes a mild form of coldness, prototypically that of a cool breeze liáng fēng 涼風.
    • Assoc: 涼/COLD Liáng 涼 (ant. wēn 溫 "lukewarm") describes a mild form of coldness, prototypically that of a cool breeze liáng fēng 涼風.

      Syntactic words
    • nabstativestate of chilliness, chill; fresh coolness
    • vifresh and cool
    清涼  qīng liáng OC: tsheŋ ɡ-raŋ MC: tshiɛŋ li̯ɐŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPfigurativeBUDDH: coolness (often used as description of nirvāṇa 涅槃); SANSKRIT śītī-bhāva, PALI sīti-bhāva
    凍寒  dòng hán MC: tuwngH han OC: tooŋs ɡaan 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPito freeze, feel coldLZ
    冽  liè OC: b-red MC: liɛt 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • viSHI: biting cold as wind and waves
    沍  Click here to add pinyin OC:  MC: 1 Attribution

    hù

      Syntactic words
    • vichangebecome very cold> freeze
    湝  xié OC: ɡriid MC: ɦɣɛi 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vicold
    寒凍  hán dòng OC: ɡaan tooŋs MC: ɦɑn tuŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPi0resultativeit was very cold
    冱  hù OC: ɢaas MC: ɦuo̝ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • virare: freeze
    凊  qìng OC: tsheŋs MC: tshiɛŋ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNcausativeto make cold; to cool
    凌  líng OC: b-rɯŋ MC: lɨŋ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • npost-Han: ice as substance used for keeping foodstuff cold or for consumption
    凔  cāng OC: skhaaŋ MC: tshɑŋ
    滄  cāng OC: skhaaŋ MC: tshɑŋ
    滄  chuàng OC: skhraŋs MC: ʈʂhi̯ɐŋ
    滄  cāng OC: skhaaŋ MC: tshɑŋ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vifresh and chilly
    凜  lǐn OC: b-rɯmʔ MC: lim 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vimedical, SUWEN: of the cold category; CC: severely cold, biting cold
    凝  níng OC: ŋɡɯŋ MC: ŋɨŋ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    喈  jiē OC: kriid MC: kɣɛi 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vibe chilly
    栗  lì OC: b-riɡ MC: lit 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • viK: bitterly cold??
    泠  líng OC: ɡ-reeŋ MC: leŋ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vichilly??? mistake for 冷
    洌  liè OC: b-red MC: liɛt 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vibe chill
    淒  qī OC:  MC: tshei
    凄  qī OC: shiil MC: tshei 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vadNcool and chilly; cold
    • vicool and chilly; cold