CAPITAL CITY    國都都

CITY where the GOVERNMENT of a STATE BE-IN:is located.
Old Chinese Criteria
1. Guó 國 is a current word for the capital from early Zhou times onwards, but in the course of time the capital came to stand as representative of the (city-) state, and the word came to be used for the state rather than the capital. (Note that even the names of ancient Chinese states currently refer not to the state as such but to the capital.). 2. Dū 都 typically refers to a conurbation which serves as an administrative centre below the level of a capital, but the meaning of the word does often include the capital and it is occasionally used to refer specifically to the capital. 3. Jīng 京 refers to the capital in Han times and seems short for jīng shī 京師 which refers to the permanent seat of central government and of the encampment of the central army. 4. Yì 邑 is an archaic term for a capital current in Western Zhou times and obsolete in that meaning afterwards, when the word came to mean settlement at an administrative level below the dū 都.
黄金貴：古漢語同義詞辨釋詞典
HUANG JINGUI 2006 GOVERNMENT/LAW 30. 國都之稱，商代尚無。 邑，西周國都之稱。 國，東周國都之稱。 京，秦以後國都之專稱， 兼用 “ 都 ” 。
Modern Chinese Criteria
首都 國都 京都 上都 都城 京城 上京 京 都 京師 京華 京畿 鳳城 帝鄉 輦下 (lit) refers to the imperial capital. 轂下 輦轂下 首善之區 故都 舊都 舊國 舊京 華甸 (obs) rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／
Hypernym
  • CITY　BIG PLACE that CONTAINS MANY STREETS AND GOVERNMENT BUILDINGS, AND where INTENSELY MANY PEOPLE LIVE NEAR TOGETHER. (anc: 5/0, child: 2)
  • PLACE　PART of SPACE that THINGS BE-IN:are-in. (anc: 4/0, child: 39)
  • PART　OBJECT which COMBINES with OTHER OBJECTS to BECOME ONE LARGER WHOLE OBJECT. (anc: 3/0, child: 8)
  • 古代文化詞異集類辨考 Gudai wenhua ci yi ji lei bian kao ( HUANG JINGUI 1995) p. 10

  • 論衡同義詞研究 ( LUNHENG TONGYI 2004) p. 20

  • "Sachwoerterbuch zum Alten China" ( UNGER SACH) p.

    CHENG??? HAUPTSTADT

  • 古辭辨 Gu ci bian ( WANG FENGYANG 1993) p. NO

  • Handbook of Greek Synonymes, from the French of M. Alex. Pillon, Librarian of the Bibliothèque Royale , at Paris, and one of the editors of the new edition of Plaché's Dictionnaire Grec-Français, edited, with notes, by the Rev. Thomas Kerchever Arnold, M.A. Rector of Lyndon, and late fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge ( PILLON 1850) p. 105

  • 古漢語常用詞同義詞詞典 ( HONG CHENGYU 2009) p. 168

  • A New Dictionary of Classical Greek Synonyms ( T.W.HARBSMEIER 2004) p. NO.105

    • Words (8 items)

    都  dū OC: k-laa MC: tuo̝ 27 Attributions

    Dū 都 typically refers to a conurbation which serves as an administrative centre below the level of a capital, but the meaning of the word does often include the capital and it is occasionally used to refer specifically to the capital.

      Word relations
    • Contrast: 邑/CITY The most general term for walled urban or semi-urban administrative centres and settlements below the level of the capital, and above the level of the village without any presence of the state administration, is 邑. In OBI the word can also refer to the royal capital.
    • Oppos: 國/STATE The dominant word is guó 國, and the word naturally focusses on the capital which defines the identity of the state, but from Warring States times the word does refer to the whole of the territory, as the term guó xiāo 國削 "the state was truncated" shows.
    • Oppos: 地/TERRITORY Dì 地 refers to a well-defined bounded piece of territory.
    • Oppos: 野/COUNTRYSIDE The current general word for the undelimited non-urban areas is yě 野 (ant. yì 邑 "urbanised settlement").

      Syntactic words
    • nenfeoffed city; administrative centre (of a district); by Han times: capital of a kingdom within the empire; the reference is frequently to a capital: 宋都 would appear to refer to the capital of Sòng and not to any city or administrative centre of of Sòng.
    • npost=Nprthe capital city of Npr
    • vtoN{PLACE}make (a place) one's capital; have one's capital in Npl
    國  guó OC: kʷɯɯɡ MC: kək 21 Attributions

    Guó 國 is a current word for the capital from early Zhou times onwards, but in the course of time the capital came to stand as representative of the (city-) state, and the word came to be used for the state rather than the capital. (Note that even the names of ancient Chinese states currently refer not to the state as such but to the capital.).

      Syntactic words
    • npre-Han usage: HF 6.1.16: (walled) capital city; capital or residence of a feudal lord;MENG: 遍國 throughout the capital
    • n(post-N)the capital of the contextually determinate state/place
    • n[post-N]N=EGOour capital
    • npost-N{PLACE}captial of the state Npl
    • vt+prep+Nestablish one's capital at N
    京師  jīng shī OC: kraŋ sril MC: kɣaŋ ʂi 21 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPcapital
    京  jīng OC: kraŋ MC: kɣaŋ 13 Attributions

    Jīng 京 refers to the capital in Han times and seems short for jīng shī 京師 which refers to the permanent seat of central government and of the encampment of the central army.

      Syntactic words
    • ncapital; mostly definite: the capital
    • npost=Nprthe capital X
    邑  yì OC: qrɯb MC: ʔip 3 Attributions

    Yì 邑 is an archaic term for a capital current in Western Zhou times and obsolete in that meaning afterwards, when the word came to mean settlement at an administrative level below the dū 都.

      Syntactic words
    • +vt+prep+Nestablish one's capital at NCH
    • nWestern Zhou inscriptions, SHU, occasionally: capital
    京城  jīng chéng OC: kraŋ djeŋ MC: kɣaŋ dʑiɛŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPcapital
    都國  dū guó MC: tu kwok OC: k-laa kʷɯɯɡ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPthe capital city; a metropoleLZ
    中  zhōng OC: krluŋ MC: ʈuŋ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nHan bureaucratic usage: capital city