CITY  城市邑

BIG PLACE that CONTAINS MANY STREETS AND GOVERNMENT BUILDINGS, AND where INTENSELY MANY PEOPLE LIVE NEAR TOGETHER.
TOWNMUNICIPALITYMETROPOLISMEGALOPOLISMEGACITYCONURBATIONURBAN AREAMETROPOLITAN AREAURBAN MUNICIPALITYBOROUGHTOWNSHIP
Antonym
  • SUBURBDWELL:inhabited TERRITORY NEAR a CITY.
    • COUNTRYSIDELANDSCAPE OUTSIDE CITIES AND SUBURBS.
      Hypernym
      • PLACEPART of SPACE that THINGS BE-IN:are-in.
        • PARTOBJECT which COMBINES with OTHER OBJECTS to BECOME ONE LARGER WHOLE OBJECT.
          • OBJECT[NO HYPERNYM.] WHAT one CAN NAME:refer to.
      • CITY WALLFORTIFYING WALL ENCIRCLING a CITY.
        See also
        • VILLAGESMALL PLACE where MANY HUMANS, TYPICALLY PEASANTS, LIVE TOGETHER.
          Hyponym
          • CITIES　PROPER NAME of the cities of ancient China.
            • CAPITAL CITY　CITY where the GOVERNMENT of a STATE BE-IN:is located.
              Old Chinese Criteria
              1. The most general term for walled urban or semi-urban administrative centres and settlements below the level of the capital, and above the level of the village without any presence of the state administration, is 邑. In OBI the word can also refer to the royal capital.

              2. Dū 都 refers to a larger urbanised settlement with an ancestral shrine for the leading family in the town, and with representatives of the central state government in permanent residence. The word came to refer quite generally to a city in post-Warring States times.

              3. Chéng 城 refers specifically to the part of a city surrounded by the inner city wall chéng 城. But the word is also sometimes used to refer more generally to walled cities.

              4. Guō 郭 refers to the part of a walled city outside the inner city walls chéng 城 but inside the outer city walls guō 郭. Sometimes the outer walls are added on one side only of the inner city walls thus creating a kind of second-level walled city.

              5. Fú 郛 refers to a large guō 郭 "inhabited area between inner and outer city walls".

              6. Jiāo 郊 refers to the cultivated area outside the guō 郭 and bounded by yě 野 "open countryside". See SUBURB

              Modern Chinese Criteria
              城市

              市

              城

              都

              邑

              垣

              都會

              都市

              都邑

              城邑

              城池

              通都大邑

              town:

              集鎮

              鎮

              鎮子

              市鎮

              鄉鎮

              rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／

              • A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages ( BUCK 1988) p. 19.15

              • Vocabulaire européen des philosophies. Dictionnaire des intraduisibles ( CASSIN 2004) p. 961

                POLIS

              • De differentiis ( DIFFERENTIAE I) p. 329

                587. Ex Serv. ad ill. II Aen.: Festa velamus fronde per Urbem. Vid. Non. dictionibus. Inter Urbem, et Civitatem. Al. Ut urbe moenia civitatis significet, civitate incolas urbis.

                -- Urbem autem. Serv. ad ill. I En., Urbs antiqua fuit: et Donat. ad ill. V Urbem designat aratro.

                [col. 68C] -- Aratrum, vel. Pars aratri non aratrum, neque sulcus, sed quod sulcus fit, melius distinctiusque ipse lib. Etymolog. XV, cap. 2.

                [col. 68D] -- Ab orbe. Servius, loco citato, ab orbe, quod antiquae civitates in orbem fiebant.

                ]

                587. Inter Urbem et civitatem ita distinguit Cicero, ut urbem moenia civitatis significent, civitas incolas urbis. Nam ad Dolabellam sic scripsit: Liberasti urbem a periculo, civitatem a metu. Urbem autem ab urbo, quem aratrum vel sulcum veteres dicebant, aut ab orbe dictam putant, cujus in se imaginem respublica contineret. Porro oppidum ad habitantes pertinet, civitas ad leges, urbs ad utrumque.

              • China Handbuch ( FRANKE 1974) p. 1309

              • Anthologia sive Florilegium rerum et materiarum selectarum ( LANGIUS 1631) p.

                URBS

              • 論衡同義詞研究 ( LUNHENG TONGYI 2004) p. 49

              • Dictionnaire culturel en langue francaise ( REY 2005) p. 4.1915

              • Das grosse China-Lexikon ( STAIGER 2003) p. 716

              • "Sachwoerterbuch zum Alten China" ( UNGER SACH) p.

                PFRUENDEN 食邑

                CITY

              • 王力古漢語字典 ( WANG LI 2000) p. 1463

                邑，都，國

              • Encyclopedia of Religion ( JONES 2005) p.

              • Handbook of Greek Synonymes, from the French of M. Alex. Pillon, Librarian of the Bibliothèque Royale , at Paris, and one of the editors of the new edition of Plaché's Dictionnaire Grec-Français, edited, with notes, by the Rev. Thomas Kerchever Arnold, M.A. Rector of Lyndon, and late fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge ( PILLON 1850) p. no.105

              • Handbook of Greek Synonymes, from the French of M. Alex. Pillon, Librarian of the Bibliothèque Royale , at Paris, and one of the editors of the new edition of Plaché's Dictionnaire Grec-Français, edited, with notes, by the Rev. Thomas Kerchever Arnold, M.A. Rector of Lyndon, and late fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge ( PILLON 1850) p. no.363

              • New Dictiornary of the History of Ideas, 6 vols. ( HOROWITZ 2005) p.

              Attributions by syntactic funtion

              • n : 61
              • ncc : 15
              • NP : 10
              • vt+prep+N : 3
              • vttoN1.+prep+N2 : 3
              • n(post-N) : 1
              • npost-Npr : 1
              • NP(post-N) : 1
              • npost=Npr : 1
              • vtoN : 1
              • npost-N : 1

              Attributions by text

              • 春秋左傳 : 26
              • 管子 : 13
              • 說苑 : 10
              • 韓非子 : 8
              • 史記 : 5
              • 荀子 : 5
              • 莊子 : 3
              • 淮南子 : 3
              • 論語 : 3
              • 呂氏春秋 : 3
              • 孫子 : 2
              • 鹽鐵論 : 2
              • 百喻經 : 2
              • 孟子 : 2
              • 搜神記 : 1
              • 墨子 : 1
              • 阮籍集四卷 : 1
              • 禮記 : 1
              • 論衡 : 1
              • 春秋穀梁傳 : 1
              • 賢愚經 : 1
              • 毛詩 : 1
              • 戰國策 : 1
              • 祖堂集 : 1
              • 楚辭 : 1

              Words

              邑  yì OC: qrɯb MC: ʔip 42 AttributionsWD

              The most general term for walled urban or semi-urban administrative centres and settlements below the level of the capital, and above the level of the village without any presence of the state administration, is 邑. In OBI the word can also refer to the royal capital.

                Word relations
              • Contrast: 城/CITY Chéng 城 refers specifically to the part of a city surrounded by the inner city wall chéng 城. But the word is also sometimes used to refer more generally to walled cities.
              • Contrast: 都/CAPITAL CITY Dū 都 typically refers to a conurbation which serves as an administrative centre below the level of a capital, but the meaning of the word does often include the capital and it is occasionally used to refer specifically to the capital.
              • Contrast: 鄉/VILLAGE Xiāng 鄉 as an administrative term refers to a fairly non-urban neighbourhood area which will normally include several lǐ 里. ZHOULI and Han commentators arbitrarily define this as containing 12 500 families; when used informally, the term refers to a person's home or the vicinity where he lives, as in xiāng rén 鄉人.
              • Assoc: 都/CITY Dū 都 refers to a larger urbanised settlement with an ancestral shrine for the leading family in the town, and with representatives of the central state government in permanent residence. The word came to refer quite generally to a city in post-Warring States times.

                Syntactic words
              • ntown which serves as an administrative centre
              • npost-Nprcity, urbanised settlementCH
              • npost=Nprthe city of NprDS
              • vt+prep+NN=placeto establish a city (somewhere)
              • vttoN1.+prep+N2give a city to N1 in a place N2
              城  chéng OC: djeŋ MC: dʑiɛŋ 21 AttributionsWD

              Chéng 城 refers specifically to the part of a city surrounded by the inner city wall chéng 城. But the word is also sometimes used to refer more generally to walled cities.

                Word relations
              • Contrast: 邑/CITY The most general term for walled urban or semi-urban administrative centres and settlements below the level of the capital, and above the level of the village without any presence of the state administration, is 邑. In OBI the word can also refer to the royal capital.
              • Assoc: 市/MARKET The current general term for a market is shì 市.

                Syntactic words
              • na walled city
              • n(post-N)cities belonging to the contextually determinate NCH
              • npost-NN's cityDS
              • vtoNcausativemake a place into a walled city; establish a place as a walled city
              都  dū OC: k-laa MC: tuo̝ 20 AttributionsWD

              Dū 都 refers to a larger urbanised settlement with an ancestral shrine for the leading family in the town, and with representatives of the central state government in permanent residence. The word came to refer quite generally to a city in post-Warring States times.

                Word relations
              • Assoc: 邑/CITY The most general term for walled urban or semi-urban administrative centres and settlements below the level of the capital, and above the level of the village without any presence of the state administration, is 邑. In OBI the word can also refer to the royal capital.

                Syntactic words
              • nmajor administrative and ritual centre, local centre at the lower administrative level immediately below the state capital
              都邑  dū yì OC: k-laa qrɯb MC: tuo̝ ʔip 4 AttributionsWD
                Syntactic words
              • NPpluraladministrative centres and settlements
              郭  guō OC: kʷaaɡ MC: kɑk 3 AttributionsWD

              Guō 郭 refers to the part of a walled city outside the inner city walls chéng 城 but inside the outer city walls guō 郭. Sometimes the outer walls are added on one side only of the inner city walls thus creating a kind of second-level walled city.

                Syntactic words
              • npart of the suburb close to the outer walls
              國邑  guó yì OC: kʷɯɯɡ qrɯb MC: kək ʔip 2 AttributionsWD
                Syntactic words
              • NPpluralcities
              鄉邑  xiāng yì MC: xjang 'ip OC: qhaŋ qrɯbCH 2 AttributionsWD
                Syntactic words
              • NPsettlements and townsCH
              郛  fú OC: pho MC: phi̯o 1 AttributionWD

              Fú 郛 refers to a large guō 郭"inhabited area between inner and outer city walls".

                Syntactic words
              • nsuburban area of some size
              城廓  chéng kuò OC: djeŋ khʷaaɡ MC: dʑiɛŋ khɑk 1 AttributionWD

              city, town [CA]

                Syntactic words
              • NPcity
              城邑  chéng yì OC: djeŋ qrɯb MC: dʑiɛŋ ʔip 1 AttributionWD
                Syntactic words
              • NPcity
              屬城  shǔ chéng MC: dzyowk dzyeng OC: djoɡ djeŋDS 1 AttributionWD
                Syntactic words
              • NP(post-N)plurN's subordinate citiesDS
              聚  jù OC: sɡos MC: dzi̯o
              聚  jù OC: sɡoʔ MC: dzi̯o 0 AttributionsWD
                Syntactic words
              • nSHJI, Wudibenji: small city
              郊  jiāo OC: kreew MC: kɣɛu 0 AttributionsWD

              Jiāo 郊 refers to the cultivated area outside the guō 郭 and bounded by yě 野 "open countryside". See SUBURB

                Syntactic words
              城郭  chéng guō OC: djeŋ kʷaaɡ MC: dʑiɛŋ kɑk 0 AttributionsWD
                Syntactic words
              • NPpostadVwithin the city walls
              師  shī OC: sril MC: ʂi 0 AttributionsWD
                Syntactic words
              • ncity

              Existing SW for

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