BREAK OFF    打斷

REMOVE VIOLENTLY by TWISTING OR BENDING INTENSELY.
FRACTURECRACK
Old Chinese Criteria
1. The most general word for breaking anything off is zhé 折 and the word refers to the action of breaking something off as such; the action of breaking is not necessarily attributed to a person or animal: the wind may zhé 折 something off. 2. Duàn 斷 refers to the resultative aspect of the breaking off, typically also cutting off, and the word tended to be metaphorical in early texts, increasingly taking on its concrete meaning at later stages. See CUT. 3. Jué 絕 refers - often metaphorically - to causing something to become discontinuous, to be interrupted or broken off. 4. Cuī 摧 explicitly refers to human actions of breaking off. (If passivised, these verbs always invite the question of who the agent was.) 5. Cuò 挫 refers specifically to blunting the edge of something by breaking off what is sharp, and the word is in any case marginal in this group.
Modern Chinese Criteria
折斷 斷裂 斷 折 摧折 rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／
See also
  • CUTDISPLACE a SHARP INSTRUMENT INTO a THING.
  • SPLITCUT QUICKLY so as to DIVIDE into TWO.
  • DESTROYDAMAGE something so as to CAUSE it to CEASE to EXIST.
Hypernym
  • REMOVE　DISPLACE something from where it is EXPECTED to REMAIN. (anc: 12/0, child: 4)
  • DISPLACE　CAUSE to MOVE. (anc: 11/0, child: 28)
  • MOVE　CHANGE PLACE OR SITUATION. (anc: 10/0, child: 21)
  • A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages ( BUCK 1988) p. 9.26

  • Lateinische Synonyme und Etymologien ( DOEDERLEIN 1840) p.

    BREAK

    frangere refers to breaking what is hard.

    rumpere refers to rending what is flexible.

    disrumpere refers to breaking into several pieces what was originally one whole.

    diffringere ditto.

    divellere refers to tearing asunder what was joined together.

  • 韓非子同義詞研究 ( HANFEI TONGYI 2004) p. 174

  • Lateinische Synonymik ( MENGE) p. 81

  • Using Chinese Synonyms ( GRACE ZHANG 2010) p. 302

    • Words (16 items)

    絕  jué OC: dzod MC: dziɛt 22 Attributions

    Jué 絕 refers - often metaphorically - to causing something to become discontinuous, to be interrupted or broken off.

      Word relations
    • Ant: 繼/CONTINUE The most current general word for continuing to do something and also for continuing a tradition is jì 繼 (ant. jué 絕 "disrupt a tradition") which concentrates on the original thing that is being continued or made longer.

      Syntactic words
    • nabactthe breaking off of relations with
    • v[adN]passivewhat is doomed to be discontinued; what has bee discontinued; what has been broken off as a traditionCH
    • vtoNbreak; break off; snap
    • vtoNfigurativebreak off relations with
    • vtoNfigurative, middle voicemiddle voice: be broken off > be discontinued
    • vtoNreflexive.自break onself off from> cut oneself off from
    • vttoN1.+N2N1=recipientcut off N2 for sake of N1 (e.g. road etc.)DS
    折  zhé OC: kljed MC: tɕiɛt 21 Attributions

    The most general word for breaking anything off is zhé 折and the word refers to the action of breaking something off as such; the action of breaking is not necessarily attributed to a person or animal: the wind may zhé 折 something off.

      Word relations
    • Ant: 補/REPAIR Bǔ 補 focusses on the act of supplementing something as a constitutive element to get something into good repair.
    • Object: 枝/BRANCH The standard word for any kind of branch, large or small, is zhī 枝 (ant. gàn 幹 "trunk"), a word etymologically related to zhī 肢 "limb".
    • Contrast: 摧/BREAK OFF Cuī 摧 explicitly refers to human actions of breaking off. (If passivised, these verbs always invite the question of who the agent was.)

      Syntactic words
    • vichangeget broken, get broken off
    • vichangeget broken off
    • vtoNbreak off; take off (an ear); have (one's ribs etc) broken
    • vtoNmiddle voicehave (one's leg) broken off
    斷絕  duàn jué OC: doonʔ dzod MC: dʷɑn dziɛt 7 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPtoNfigurativecause to be discontinuous and broken off > disrupt, break off
    • VPtoNfigurativebe broken off; be discontinued
    摧  cuī OC: sɡluul MC: dzuo̝i 4 Attributions

    Cuī 摧 explicitly refers to human actions of breaking off. (If passivised, these verbs always invite the question of who the agent was.)

      Word relations
    • Contrast: 折/BREAK OFF The most general word for breaking anything off is zhé 折and the word refers to the action of breaking something off as such; the action of breaking is not necessarily attributed to a person or animal: the wind may zhé 折 something off.

      Syntactic words
    • vtoNbreak off
    • vtoNfigurativebe broken
    打折  dǎ shé OC: rtaaŋʔ ɡljed MC: tɣaŋ dʑiɛt 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPtoNresultativebreak to pieces
    拉  lā OC: ɡ-ruub MC: ləp 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNXINXU break off
    挫  cuò OC: skools MC: tsʷɑ 2 Attributions

    Cuò 挫refers specifically to blunting the edge of something by breaking off what is sharp, and the word is in any case marginal in this group.

      Syntactic words
    • vt+prep+Npassiveto be maltreated (by somebody)
    • vtoNpassivebreak, get broken off
    摺  lā OC: ɡ-rɯɯb MC: ləp 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNhave (one's teeth etc) broken (off); break (ribs)
    斷  duàn OC: doonʔ MC: dʷɑn 2 Attributions

    Duàn 斷 emphasises to the decisive resultative aspect of the breaking off, typically also cutting off, and the word tended to be metaphorical in early texts, increasingly taking on its concrete meaning at later stages. See CUT.

      Word relations
    • Ant: 續/CONTINUE Xù 續 (ant. duàn 斷 "interrupt a tradition") focusses on what is being added in the lengthening process, and the dominant meaning of the word is spatial lengthening.
    • Contrast: 斬/CUT Zhǎn 斬, fá 伐, zhuó 斫, zhuó 斲 describe the violent hacking off of a part from a whole.

      Syntactic words
    • vadNbroken offLZ
    • vadVbrokenlyLZ
    • vtoNN=massget broken (not necessarily "be broken by someone".
    • vtoNperfectivebreak off, break to pieces
    擊折  jī zhé OC: keeɡ kljed MC: kek tɕiɛt 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPtoNresultativestrike so as to break
    攦  lì MC: -- -- OC: -- -- 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNbreak offCH
    橛  jué MC: gjwot OC: ɡod 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNmiddle voiceget broken; get uprootedCH
    橛  jué MC: gjwot OC: ɡod 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vadNpassivebroken offCH
    橛  jué MC: gjwot OC: ɡod 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vadNpassivebroken offCH
    決  jué OC: kʷeed MC: ket 1 Attribution

      Word relations
    • Object: 水/RIVER The general word for a river is shuǐ 水.

      Syntactic words
    • vtoNpassivecome off, get detached
    打斷  dǎ duàn OC: rtaaŋʔ doonʔ MC: tɣaŋ dʷɑn 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPtoNfigurativebreak off, cutt off