GRIEF  悲哀哀／慟

INTENSELY SAD IN-RELATION-TO a DEATH OR a BIG DISASTER.
SORROWMISERYSADNESSANGUISHPAINDISTRESSHEARTACHEHEARTBREAKAGONYTORMENTAFFLICTIONSUFFERINGWOEDESOLATIONDEJECTIONDESPAIRMOURNINGMOURNFULNESSBEREAVEMENTLAMENTATIONLITERARY DOLORDOLE
Antonym
  • DELIGHTINTENSELY GOOD FEELING IN-RELATION-TO something NOW.*The joy of the enjoyer X over something enjoyed Y.
    Hypernym
    • SADDISTRESS ARISING from BAD THOUGHTS NOW IN ONE'S MIND which CAUSE one to LACK DELIGHT:joy.NB: The words I have chosen to include in this group pose special problems of contrastive analysis. There is something irretrievably diffuse about their usage, in many cases, and in many others the number of relevant examples in the early literature is so small that it is impossible to get anything like a firm grip on their precise semantics. Under these circumstances I have tried to compensate for lack of neat analysis with more quotation, especially from Chǔcí. Throughout this section I quote my teacher David Hawkes' translations, mindful of the fact that many of these were written in the third year of his study of Chinese...
      • DISTRESSFEELING that one's SELF:own SITUATION IS INTENSELY BAD.
        • FEELINGNATURAL REACTION IN one's MIND.
          • REACTCHANGE one's THINKING OR ACTING BECAUSE one is PERCEIVING something....
    See also
    • ANGUISHDISTRESS AND LACK of HOPE for IMPROVEment. 
      Hyponym
      Old Chinese Criteria
      1. The current general word for deep sorrow is āi 哀 (ant. lè 樂 "profound joy"), and this word refers to an inner state of mind that typically finds expression in ritualised action, and the feeling is prototypically directed not at bereavement as such but at a deceaed person.

      2. Tòng 慟 refers to an excessive display of grief.

      3. Yōu 憂 "worry" (ant. xǐ 喜 "joy") can occasionally come to refer to intense worry with a strong admixture of grief, and this usage must be regarded as a polite periphrasis. (For the main meaning of this word see WORRY.)

      4. Bēi āi 悲哀 is a common abstract and dignified way of referring to grief.

      5. A4o nǎo 懊惱 is a common vernacular way of referring to grief, which became especially common in Buddhist literature.

      Modern Chinese Criteria
      悲哀 is the standard current word for grief.

      哀

      哀傷

      哀思

      哀痛



      悲戚

      悲郁

      悲愁

      哀愁

      哀戚

      哀哀

      愴愴

      愴然

      rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／

      • A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages ( BUCK 1988) p. 16.32

      • Lateinische Synonyme und Etymologien ( DOEDERLEIN 1840) p.

        GRIEF/MOURNING

        dolor is a psychological concept referring to the sentiments of grief as deeply felt.

        tristitia refers to the natural and often involuntary manifestation of grief in one's daily behaviour or comportment, including typically one's facial expression and bodily comportment, a morose - sometimes purly intellectual - gloominess of temporary disposition that does not necessarily invite sympathy.

        moestitia refers to the natural and often involuntary manifestation of lasting an highly emotional grief. The word is close in meaning to tristitia, but possibly stonger, and the word describes a state which clearly invites sympathy in those who witness it.

        moeror refers to the lively expression of dolor.

        luctus is the conventional and typically ritualised public expression of grief.

      • Traite elementaire des synonymes grecques ( DUFOUR 1910) p. 72

      • Semantica del Griego Antiguo ( HERNANDEZ 2000) p. 55n238.241

      • Anthologia sive Florilegium rerum et materiarum selectarum ( LANGIUS 1631) p.

        DOLOR

      • Dictionnaire culturel en langue francaise ( REY 2005) p. 169

      • Historisches Woerterbuch der Philosophie ( RITTER 1971-2007) p. 10.1455

        TRAUER

      • Divisiones quae vulgo dicuntur Aristoteleae ( DIVISIONES 1906) p. B 38

      • Encyclopedia of Comparative Iconography ( ROBERTS 1998) p. 363

      • Bibliographisches Handbuch zur Sprachinhaltsforschung. Teil II. Systematischer Teil. B. Ordnung nach Sinnbezirken (mit einem alphabetischen Begriffsschluessel): Der Mensch und seine Welt im Spiegel der Sprachforschung ( FRANKE 1989) p. 46B

      Words

      哀  āi OC: qɯɯl MC: ʔəi 72 AttributionsWD

      The current general word for deep sorrow is āi 哀 (ant. lè 樂 "profound joy"), and this word refers to an inner state of mind that typically finds expression in ritualised action.

        Word relations
      • Ant: 樂/DELIGHT The equally current lè 樂 (ant. āi 哀 "grief") adds to yuè 悅 the dimensions of practical indulgence, psychological and often philosophical depth, and - very often - a dimension of joy that can be shared and appreciated by others, and that is typically lasting if not permanent. See ENJOY
      • Ant: 樂/DELIGHT The equally current lè 樂 (ant. āi 哀 "grief") adds to yuè 悅 the dimensions of practical indulgence, psychological and often philosophical depth, and - very often - a dimension of joy that can be shared and appreciated by others, and that is typically lasting if not permanent. See ENJOY
      • Ant: 笑/LAUGH The clearly predominant word for smiling and laughing is xiào 笑 which refers to any laughter, loud or quiet, kind or unkind.
      • Epithet: 喪/MOURNING The most general current word is sāng 喪 which embraces all phases and aspects of complex process of mourning in ancient China.
      • Contrast: 傷/DISTRESS Shāng 傷 (ant. yuè 悅) refers to lasting psychological distress.
      • Relat: 喪/BURY Sāng 喪 is a common-use ritual term for funeral arrangements.

        Syntactic words
      • nab.post-V{NUM}bout of grief 一哀
      • nabpsychdeeply felt comendable grief; proper grief
      • nabsituationgrievous state of affairs
      • v[adN]a grievous matterCH
      • vadNgrief-stricken 哀色
      • vadVgrievingly; in lamentation
      • vibe (or sound) mournful or grief-stricken; show genuine feelings of grief 哭之哀 "lamented for him and show real grief" is idiomatic, and it is tempting to think of this āi 哀 as adverbial, although there is nothing to prove the point
      • visubj=nonhumanbe expressive of grief
      • vt(oN)feel grief with respect to
      • vt+prep+Nbe agrieved by, find tragicCH
      • vtoNfeel grief concerning
      • vtoNcausativecause (someone) to be stricken by grief
      • vtoNPab{S}be sad about, grieve about
      悲哀  bēi āi OC: prɯl qɯɯl MC: pi ʔəi 11 AttributionsWD
        Syntactic words
      • NPabpsychintense grief
      • VPadVin intense grief, very saddened
      • VPiintensitivefeel intense grief, be very saddened
      懊惱  ào nǎo OC: quuɡs nuuʔ MC: ʔɑu nɑu 9 AttributionsWD
        Syntactic words
      • NPabpsychgrief
      • VPadVgrievously
      • VPibe overwhelmed by grief
      慟  tòng OC: dooŋs MC: duŋ 6 AttributionsWD

      Tòng 慟 refers to an excessive display of grief.

        Syntactic words
      • nabpsychexcessive feelings of grief
      • vitransitivebe excessively moved to grief [make a demonstration of excessive grief vi.act??][CA]
      哀戚  āi qī OC: qɯɯl skhlɯɯwɡ MC: ʔəi tshek
      哀慼  āi qī OC: qɯɯl skhlɯɯwɡ MC: ʔəi tshek
      哀  āi OC: qɯɯl MC: ʔəi 5 AttributionsWD
        Syntactic words
      • NPabpsychgrief in general, all kinds of grief
      • VPtoNmourn for, grieve overLZ
      隱  yǐn OC: qɯnʔ MC: ʔɨn 4 AttributionsWD
        Syntactic words
      • nabpsychological
      • vifeel grieved
      • vtoSfeel aggrived by the fact that S
      憂  yōu OC: qu MC: ʔɨu 2 AttributionsWD

      Yōu 憂"worry" (ant. xǐ 喜 "joy") can occasionally come to refer to intense worry with a strong admixture of grief, and this usage must be regarded as a polite periphrasis.

        Syntactic words
      • vifeel grief and deep concern (not as strong as 悲哀)
      哀痛  āi tòng OC: qɯɯl kh-looŋs MC: ʔəi thuŋ 1 AttributionWD
        Syntactic words
      • NPabintensitiveintense grief
      • VPtoNgrieve about
      慇慇  yīn yīn OC: qɯn qɯn MC: ʔɨn ʔɨn 1 AttributionWD
        Syntactic words
      • vi.redto be very much grieved; be in great distress
      哀  āi 1 AttributionWD
        Syntactic words
      • visubject=nonhumanbe grievous, lamentable (of state of affairs)LZ
      冤  yuān OC: qon MC: ʔi̯ɐn 0 AttributionsWD
        Syntactic words
      • nabgrief, grudge

      Existing SW for

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