CITY WALL  城郭

FORTIFYING WALL ENCIRCLING a CITY.
FORTIFICATIONRAMPARTBARRICADEBULWARKSTOCKADE
Hypernym
  • WALLSLIM, AND TYPICALLY HIGH VERTICAL PART of a BUILDING, TYPICALLY SURROUNDING a ROOM, OR USED FOR SHOWING a BOUNDARY OR PROTECTING a PLACE INSIDE.
See also
  • MOATCANAL PRODUCED FOR DEFENDING A CITY.
    Old Chinese Criteria
    1. Chéng 城 refers to the inner city wall. It was originally built of rammed earth, but during the Han there were also walls built of bricks or stones. See also FORTIFY.

    2. Guō 郭 is an outer city wall. Sometimes this is also called kuò 廓.

    3. Dié 堞 refers both to the battlements on the wall and to the crenels of it. See RAMPART

    4. Nuχiáng 女牆 refers to the battlements on the wall. See RAMPART

    5. Yú 隅 refers to the corner of the wall, usually raised above the level of the wall and with building on it.

    黄金貴：古漢語同義詞辨釋詞典
    HUANG JINGUI 2006

    ARCHITECTURE 1.

    城，城牆通稱，特指內城牆、內城。郭，外城牆、外城。

    郛，郭的別稱，用於漢以前。

    Modern Chinese Criteria
    城

    城牆

    城垣

    城郭

    城

    古城

    rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／

    • Lateinische Synonyme und Etymologien ( DOEDERLEIN 1840) p.

      WALL

      murus refers to any sort of wall, merely with reference to its form, without reference to its use.

      paries refers specifically to the outer walls in a house, or the walls within a house.

      moenia refers to the city walls, used as a defense against an enemy.

      munimenta refers to the system of walls in a fortress.

      maceria is the outer wall of a compound to mark the boundaries and to exclude thieves, and the word may refer to a garden wall.

      parietina is a wall that has crumbled and lies in ruins.

    • 韓非子同義詞研究 ( HANFEI TONGYI 2004) p. 49

    • 論衡同義詞研究 ( LUNHENG TONGYI 2004) p. 35

    • “孟子”同義詞研究 ( MENGZI TONGYI 2002) p. 297

    • 中國文化背景八千詞 Zhongguo wenhua beijing ba qian ci ( WU SANXING 2008) p. 320ff

    • Realencyklopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft ( PAULY 1894-1973) p. 5.186

      BEFESTIGUNG

    • Handbook of Greek Synonymes, from the French of M. Alex. Pillon, Librarian of the Bibliothèque Royale , at Paris, and one of the editors of the new edition of Plaché's Dictionnaire Grec-Français, edited, with notes, by the Rev. Thomas Kerchever Arnold, M.A. Rector of Lyndon, and late fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge ( PILLON 1850) p. no.380

    • 古漢語常用詞同義詞詞典 ( HONG CHENGYU 2009) p. 167

    Words

    城  chéng OC: djeŋ MC: dʑiɛŋ 21 AttributionsWD

    Chéng 城 refers to the inner city wall. It was originally built of rammed earth, but during the Han there were also walls built of bricks or stones.

      Word relations
    • Object: 築/BUILD The general current word for erecting or rebuilding a permanent structure of any kind is zhù 築.
    • Contrast: 郭/CITY WALL Guō 郭 is an outer city wall. Sometimes this is also called kuò 廓.
    • Assoc: 池/MOAT The current general word for a moat designed for military defense is chí 池.
    • Assoc: 防/DIKE Fáng 防 refers to protective dikes of varying size; it is mentioned already in SHI.
    • Assoc: 郭/CITY WALL Guō 郭 is an outer city wall. Sometimes this is also called kuò 廓.

    • 漢代の文物 Kandai no bunbutsu ( HAYASHI 1976) p. {4-34}

    • 古代文化词义集类辨考 ( HUANG 1995) p. 959 - 960

    • () p. 197 - 198

      Syntactic words
    • ninner city wall; wall
    • nfigurativebe a bulwark
    壘  lěi OC: rulʔ MC: li 9 AttributionsWD

      Word relations
    • Assoc: 溝/MOAT Gōu 溝 often refers to any kind of canal, but can be used in particular for defensive canals, especially those not built in conjunction with city walls.

      Syntactic words
    • nbattlements; defensive walls; ramparts; fortifications; entrenchments
    郭  guō OC: kʷaaɡ MC: kɑk 8 AttributionsWD

    Guō 郭 is an outer city wall. Sometimes this is also called kuò 廓.

      Word relations
    • Contrast: 城/CITY WALL Chéng 城 refers to the inner city wall. It was originally built of rammed earth, but during the Han there were also walls built of bricks or stones.
    • Assoc: 城/CITY WALL Chéng 城 refers to the inner city wall. It was originally built of rammed earth, but during the Han there were also walls built of bricks or stones.

      Syntactic words
    • nouter city wall; area around the outer city wall
    城池  chéng chí OC: djeŋ rlal MC: dʑiɛŋ ɖiɛ 3 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • NPnonreferentialcity wall with moats
    垝  guǐ OC: krolʔ MC: kiɛ 2 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • nsurrounding wall with gates
    郛  fú OC: pho MC: phi̯o 2 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • nouter city wall
    堞  dié OC: leeb MC: dep 1 AttributionWD

    Dié 堞 refers both to the battlements on the wall and to the crenels of it.

    • 漢代の文物 Kandai no bunbutsu ( HAYASHI 1976) p. {4-34}

    • () p. 196

      Syntactic words
    • nbattlements
    • vtoNbuild a defensive wall around (a palace)
    郛郭  fú guō OC: pho kʷaaɡ MC: phi̯o kɑk 1 AttributionWD
      Syntactic words
    • nouter wall
    • NPfigurativecity wall
    堡  bǎo OC: puuʔ MC: pɑu 0 AttributionsWD

    Bǎo 堡 refers to the small castle, but also to the earthen wall enclosing certain area.

      Syntactic words
    壁  bì OC: peeɡ MC: pek 0 AttributionsWD

    Bì 壁 refers to the unstable earthen wall of certain height built around military encampment. The term began to be used in the Warring States period.

      Syntactic words
    廓  kuò OC: khʷaaɡ MC: khɑk 0 AttributionsWD

    Guō 郭 is an outer city wall. Sometimes this is also called kuò 廓.

    • 漢代の文物 Kandai no bunbutsu ( HAYASHI 1976) p. {4-34}

    • 古代文化词义集类辨考 ( HUANG 1995) p. 959 - 960

      Syntactic words
    • ncity wall
    闉  yīn OC: qin MC: ʔin 0 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • nKarlgren: a curved or angular piece of extra wall as protection to gate in a city
    隅  yú OC: ŋo MC: ŋi̯o 0 AttributionsWD

    Yú 隅 refers to the corner of the wall, usually raised above the level of the wall and with building on it.

    • () p. 196

      Syntactic words
    • ncorner of the city wall
    女牆  nǚ qiáng OC: naʔ sɡaŋ MC: ɳi̯ɤ dzi̯ɐŋ 0 AttributionsWD

    Nǚ qiáng 女牆 refers to the battlements on the wall.

    • () p. 196

      Syntactic words
    • NPbattlements

    Existing SW for

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