DRUM  鼓鼓

[[A MUSICAL INSTRUMENT of the percussive class, consisting of a hollow cylindrical or hemispherical frame of wood or metal, with a head of tightly stretched membrane at one or both ends, by the striking of which and the resonance of the cavity the sound is produced.]]
Hypernym
Old Chinese Criteria
1. The current general word for a drum is gǔ 鼓. The ancient Chinese drum was beaten on the sides and not on the top.

2. Pí 鼙 refers to a small handdrum wonderfully illustrated in a recent excavation from Sichuan.

3. Jiàn gǔ 建鼓 refers to a drum set up on a war chariot and used in war times to give signals to soldiers. [The term specifically refers to a drum used in this way in war times, but it can generally refer to any drum set up on a wooden base and beaten on two sides.

4. Gāo 鼛 refers to a large drum suspended on a frame. This was typically used to summon meetings. [Large drum used during feasts and to give signals in large public works; both functions are mentioned already in SHIJING.

5. Fú 桴／枹 is the current general term for a drumstick.

6. Fén 鼖 refers to a big drum which could be mounted on a vehicle and be used to give signals to soldiers.

7. Fǔ2 柎 refers to a small handdrum filled with grain which was used to give a rhytm in musical performances.

8. Táo 鞀 is a small two-eared hand-drum on the handle which one beat on by shaking it; it was used to regulate musical performances.

9. Qì 蟿 is drum used to announce the night watches which is mentioned in ZHOULI.

10. Tuó gǔ 鼉鼓 refers to a drum covered with alligator skin; the oldest evidence of this kind of drum is from the 3rd millenium B.C.

黄金貴：古漢語同義詞辨釋詞典
HUANG JINGUI 2006

ARTS 6.

鼓，鼓類打擊樂器的總稱。

鼙，帶柄小鼓。用作軍中令鼓，漢以後亦名騎鼓，也可在樂隊中用以裨助鼓節。

鼖，大鼓，長八尺，以鼓軍事。鼛，大鼓，長一丈二尺，主要用於役事，也用於演奏宴食之樂。

鼜，巡夜戒守所擊之鼓。

鞀，兩旁有耳的帶柄小鼓，轉動手柄使兩耳搖擺擊鼓發聲；樂隊演奏時，播鞀以節樂。

Modern Chinese Criteria
鼓

銅鼓

大鼓

小鼓

腰鼓

八角鼓

太平鼓

漁鼓

羯鼓

板鼓

定音鼓

簡板

呱嗒板兒

單皮

木魚

梆子

鐃鈸

鈸

鑼

鑼鼓

金鼓

rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／

Words

鼓  gǔ OC: kaaʔ MC: kuo̝ 46 AttributionsWD

The current general word for a drum is gǔ 鼓. The ancient Chinese drum was beaten on the sides and not on the top.

    Word relations
  • Assoc: 鍾/BELL The current general word for a bell of any kind is zhōng 鐘/鍾. When hung up singly, it is called tè zhōng 特鐘, with round opening as in illustration SUN JI. Rhythmic instrument. Also, hung up in a series of tuned bells, in two rows of eight bells each. Note that these bells were already rare by Han times. [In use mainly from the Western Zhou till the Warring States.
  • Assoc: 鐘/BELL
  • Assoc: 鼙/DRUM Pí 鼙 refers to a small handdrum wonderfully illustrated in a recent excavation from Sichuan.

    Syntactic words
  • ndrum used to order troops to attackBUDDH: drum used in monasteries to accompany the recitation of scriptures or to signal activities
  • nadVV=actto the accompaniment of drumsCH
  • v[adN]drummer
  • vt[oN]beat the drum for an attack
  • vtoNbeat the drum to send (soldiers) into an attack
鞀  táo OC: ɡ-laaw MC: dɑu 4 AttributionsWD

Táo 鞀 is a small two-eared hand-drum on the handle which one beat on by shaking it; it was used to regulate musical performances.

  • () p. 379 {99-2}

    Syntactic words
  • nsmall hand-drum with two ears
鳴鼓  míng gǔ OC: mreŋ kaaʔ MC: mɣaŋ kuo̝ 3 AttributionsWD
    Syntactic words
  • NPdrumCH
  • VPistrike the drum
法鼓  fǎ gǔ OC: pab kaaʔ MC: pi̯ɐp kuo̝ 2 AttributionsWD
    Syntactic words
  • NPbuddhistBUDDH: dharma Drum; SANSKRIT dharma-dundubhi
鞞  pí OC: bee MC: bei 1 AttributionWD
    Syntactic words
  • nsmall drum played on horseback
鼛  gāo OC: klɯɯw MC: kɑu 1 AttributionWD

Gāo 鼛 refers to a large drum suspended on a frame. This was typically used to summon meetings. [Large drum used during feasts and to give signals in large public works; both functions are mentioned already in SHIJING.

    Syntactic words
  • nlarge drum hung on a frame with which to call people to a gathering
建鼓  jiàn gǔ OC: kans kaaʔ MC: ki̯ɐn kuo̝ 1 AttributionWD

Jiàn gǔ 建鼓 refers to a drum set up on a war chariot and used in war times to give signals to soldiers. [The term specifically refers to a drum used in this way in war times, but it can generally refer to any drum set up on a wooden base and beaten on two sides.

  • 漢代の文物 Kandai no bunbutsu ( HAYASHI 1976) p. {pp. 179, tab. 9-5: pp. 182, tab. 9-18}

  • () p. 378 {95-11 - 14}

    Syntactic words
  • NPa drum with a stand, set up on a chariot, beaten from the sides. Still current in Han times See illustrations.
咢  è OC: ŋɡlaaɡ MC: ŋɑk 0 AttributionsWD
    Syntactic words
  • viactplay the solo drum
壽  shòu OC: djuʔ MC: dʑɨu 0 AttributionsWD

DELENDUM

    Syntactic words
拊  fǔ OC: phoʔ MC: phi̯o 0 AttributionsWD

Fǔ 柎refers to a small handdrum filled with grain which was used to give a rhytm in musical performances.

    Syntactic words
  • na kind of drum
罊  qì OC: kheeɡs MC: khei 0 AttributionsWD
    Syntactic words
  • ndrum used to announce the night watches
鼖  fén OC: bɯn MC: bi̯un 0 AttributionsWD

Fén 鼖 refers to a big drum which could be mounted on a vehicle and be used to give signals to soldiers.

    Syntactic words
  • nZHOULI: big drum used in military camps
鞀  táo OC: ɡ-laaw MC: dɑu 0 AttributionsWD
    Syntactic words
  • na small hand-drum with ears and with a handle which one beats by shaking it while holding it by the handle. See táo 鞀
鼙  pí OC: bee MC: bei 0 AttributionsWD

Pí 鼙 refers to a small handdrum wonderfully illustrated in a recent excavation from Sichuan.

    Word relations
  • Object: 鼓/KNOCK
  • Assoc: 鼓/DRUM The current general word for a drum is gǔ 鼓. The ancient Chinese drum was beaten on the sides and not on the top.

  • () p. 379 {95-9?}

    Syntactic words
  • nsmall hand drum
鼜  qì OC: tshɯɯwɡ MC: tshek 0 AttributionsWD

Qì 蟿is drum used to announce the night watches which is mentioned in ZHOULI. CHECK CHARACTER

    Syntactic words
  • ndrum of the night-watch (ZHOULI)
鼉鼓  tuó gǔ OC: daal kaaʔ MC: dɑ kuo̝ 0 AttributionsWD

Tuó gǔ 鼉鼓 refers to a drum covered with alligator skin; the oldest evidence of this kind of drum is from the 3rd millenium B.C..

  • [100 page synonym dictionary which I have in Oslo and shall identify.CH] ( XIANG 1997) p. 659

    Syntactic words

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