BELL  鐘鐘

METAL MUSICAL-INSTRUMENT RESEMBLE:like a BIG CUP which one CAUSES-TO PRODUCE SOUND by BEATING it USING a STICK.
Hypernym
Old Chinese Criteria
SEE ILLUSTRATIONS

1. The current general word for a bell of any kind is zhōng 鐘 / 鍾. When hung up singly, it is called tè zhōng 特鐘, with round opening as in illustration SUN JI. Rhythmic instrument. Also, hung up in a series of tuned bells, in two rows of eight bells each. Note that these bells were already rare by Han times. [In use mainly from the Western Zhou till the Warring States.]

[GENERAL]

2. Qìng 磬／罄 refers to music stones rather than bells, however, these "stones" could also be made of bronze.

3. Náo 鐃 small handbell with handle which is held in one hand and beaten with the other hand.

4. Zhēng 鉦 is a small bell with a handle like a náo 鐃, but somewhat larger, and not held in the hand but set up on a stand. It is used to order an army into retreat. (The gǔ 鼓 is used to order an army to attack.)

5. Líng 鈴 refers to a small bell with a handle at the top.

6. Duó 鐸 refers to a bell with a tongue which is similar to líng 鈴 but larger.

7. Chuí 棰 refers to a metal or wooden stick with which to strike bells of any kind from the outside in order sound the bell. See STICK

8. Yǔ 敔 is a rare word referring to a bell in the shape of a crouching tiger which is beaten using a bamboo stick. Apparently, this bell was only struck towards the end of a musical piece. [Mentioned in the YIJI chapter of the SHANGSHU. Description of the shape dates from the SONG. For a Chinese antiquity, I have not found any archaeological or pictorial evidence.]

9. Bó 鎛 refers to a kind of suspended bell which is similar to zhōng 鐘 / 鍾 but even larger. Bó 鎛 were suspended not in sets, but alone or in pairs.

10. Chún yú 錞于 refers to a special kind of bell.

11. Luán 鸞 is a bell fixed on vehicles and knives which was supposed to make a sound like a luán-bird or phoenix.

12. Luán 鑾 refers to a harness bell; probably identical with luán 鸞 : see LIJI.

13. Zhù 柷 refers in SHI to some kind of resonance box used in music, an instrument which was struck in the beginning of a musical piece.

Modern Chinese Criteria
鈴

鈴鐺

令丁

鈴鐸

鑾

鐸

鐘

門鈴

rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／

Words

鸞  luán OC: b-roon MC: lʷɑn 31 AttributionsWD

Luán 鑾 refers to a harness bell; probably identical with luán 鸞: see LIJI

    Syntactic words
  • nbell fixed on vehicles (eight of them), also on horse-bits, and on knives (!) which was supposed to make a sound like a luán-bird or phoenix
  • nadNfurnished with a bell 鸞刀
鐘  zhōng OC: tjoŋ MC: tɕi̯oŋ 22 AttributionsWD

    Word relations
  • Object: 釁 / 釁 / 釁/SMEAR
  • Assoc: 鼓/DRUM The current general word for a drum is gǔ 鼓. The ancient Chinese drum was beaten on the sides and not on the top.

    Syntactic words
  • nlarge suspended bell without a clapper; bell without a clapper
鍾  zhōng OC: tjoŋ MC: tɕi̯oŋ 8 AttributionsWD

The current general word for a bell of any kind is zhōng 鐘/鍾. When hung up singly, it is called tè zhōng 特鐘, with round opening as in illustration SUN JI. Rhythmic instrument. Also, hung up in a series of tuned bells, in two rows of eight bells each. Note that these bells were already rare by Han times. [In use mainly from the Western Zhou till the Warring States.

    Word relations
  • Object: 擊/KNOCK
  • Assoc: 鼓/DRUM The current general word for a drum is gǔ 鼓. The ancient Chinese drum was beaten on the sides and not on the top.
  • Assoc: 磬/STONE MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS Qìng 磬 refers to the musical instrument made of stone which was suspended on the wooden construction (usually in a set) and beaten with a wooden stick. This kind of instrument came to use already in the 3rd millenium B.C. Qìng 磬 was together with bells and drums the core instrument of ritual musical assemblages, and it is quite often found in aristocratic tombs dating from the Shang to the Warring States period (most remarkable being an assemblage of 32 pieces from the grave of Marquis Yi of Zeng who died in 433 B.C.). By Han times it was already rare.

    Syntactic words
  • n=鐘 bell
  • nadN=鐘 supplied with bells
鐸  duó OC: laaɡ MC: dɑk 8 AttributionsWD

Duó 鐸 refers to a bell with a tongue which is similar to líng 鈴 but larger.

    Word relations
  • Object: /
  • Epithet: 木/TIMBER Mù 木 is frequently used adjectivally to designate something as made of timber.

  • () p. 376 {95-5}

    Syntactic words
  • nbell with a tongue, often used in warfare to declare war ritually. The tongue can be of timber (for ritual purposes) or of metal (for open air use in warfare with zhēng 鉦)
和  hé OC: ɡool MC: ɦʷɑ 7 AttributionsWD

    Word relations
  • Assoc: 鸞/BELL Luán 鑾 refers to a harness bell; probably identical with luán 鸞: see LIJI

    Syntactic words
  • nbell on carriage
鈴  líng OC: ɡ-reeŋ MC: leŋ 3 AttributionsWD

Líng 鈴 refers to a small bell with a handle at the top.

  • 漢代の文物 Kandai no bunbutsu ( HAYASHI 1976) p. pp. 180, tab. 9-9}

    Syntactic words
  • nvery small bell with handle at top, smaller even than duó 鐸.
敔  yǔ OC: ŋaʔ MC: ŋi̯ɤ 1 AttributionWD

Yǔ 敔 is a rare word referring to a bell in the shape of a crouching tiger which is beaten using a bamboo stick. Apparently, this bell was only struck towards the end of a musical piece. [Mentioned in the YIJI chapter of the SHANGSHU. Description of the shape dates from the SONG. For a Chinese antiquity, I have not found any archaeological or pictorial evidence.]

    Syntactic words
  • nancient percussion instrument syn. group ??
柷  zhù OC: tjuɡ MC: tɕuk 1 AttributionWD

Zhù 柷 refers in SHI to some kind of resonance box used in music and struck in the beginning of a musical piece.

    Syntactic words
  • nSHI: a kind of resonance box used in music
簨  sǔn OC: squnʔ MC: sʷin 1 AttributionWD
    Syntactic words
  • ncross-beam in a bell-frame; bell-stand
虡  jù OC: ɡlaʔ MC: gi̯ɤ 1 AttributionWD
    Syntactic words
  • ndrum or bell frame
鉦  zhēng OC: tjeŋ MC: tɕiɛŋ 1 AttributionWD

Zhēng 鉦 is a small bell with a handle like a náo 鐃 but somewhat larger, and not held in the hand but set up. Used to order an army into retreat. (The gǔ 鼓 is used to order an army to attack.)

  • 楚文物圖典 Chu wenwu tudian ( CHU 2000) p. {pp.104}

    Syntactic words
  • nhandbell with a handle
錫  xī OC: sleeɡ MC: sek 1 AttributionWD
    Syntactic words
  • nbell on horse's forehead
鎛  bó OC: paaɡ MC: pɑk 1 AttributionWD

Bó 鎛refers to a kind of suspended bell which is similar to zhōng 鐘/鍾 but even larger. Bó 鎛 were suspended not in sets, but alone or in pairs. [UNGER 1995: 376; ill.: MUSIC 2000: 2-4]

  • () p. {2-4}

    Syntactic words
  • na kind of suspended bell
鐃  náo OC: mɢreew MC: ɳɣɛu 1 AttributionWD

Náo 鐃 small handbell with handle which is held in one hand and beaten with the other hand.

  • () p. {95-6, 7}

    Syntactic words
  • nsmallish handbell with a handle
鑾  luán OC: b-roon MC: lʷɑn 1 AttributionWD

Luán 鸞 is a bell fixed on vehicles and knives which was supposed to make a sound like a luán-bird or phoenix.

  • 中國佛教百科全書 Zhōngguó fójiào bǎikē quánshū Encyclopedic Book Collection on Chinese Buddhism ( YANG WEIZHONG 2000) p. {12-7}

    Syntactic words
  • nharness bell
歌鐘  gē zhōng OC: klaal tjoŋ MC: kɑ tɕi̯oŋ 1 AttributionWD
    Syntactic words
  • NPbell
犍椎  jiān chuí OC: kan ɡrlul MC: ki̯ɐn ɖi 1 AttributionWD
    Syntactic words
  • NP(py:jian1 chuí) 亦作犍槌。梵語的音譯。意為聲鳴。指寺院中的木魚、鍾、磬之類。
金口而木舌  jīn kǒu ér mù shé shé OC: krɯm khooʔ njɯ mooɡ sbljed MC: kim khu ȵɨ muk ʑiɛt 1 AttributionWD
    Syntactic words
  • VP[adN]N=bell[bell] with metal outer ring and wooden clapper
縣  xuán MC: hwen OC: ɢʷeenCH 1 AttributionWD
    Syntactic words
  • nrow of hanging bronze bellsCH
棰  chuí MC: -- OC: -- 0 AttributionsWD

Chuí 棰 refers to a metal or wooden stick with which to strike bells of any kind from the outside in order sound the bell.

    Syntactic words
  • nmetal stick with which to strike against a bell from the outside. Contrast duó 鐸.
磬  qìng OC: kheeŋs MC: kheŋ
罄  qìng OC: kheeŋs MC: kheŋ 0 AttributionsWD

Qìng 磬／罄 refers to music stones rather than bells, however, these "stones" could also be made of bronze. DELENDUM

    Syntactic words
鏞  yōng OC: k-loŋ MC: ji̯oŋ 0 AttributionsWD
    Syntactic words
  • nlarge bell
虡  jù OC: ɡlaʔ MC: gi̯ɤ 0 AttributionsWD
    Syntactic words
  • nZHUANG: bell in the shape of a wild beast (archeological evidence?)
鑮  bó OC: baaɡ MC: bɑk 0 AttributionsWD
    Syntactic words
  • nlarge bell 鏞
錞于  chún yú OC: djun ɢʷra MC: dʑʷin ɦi̯o 0 AttributionsWD

Chún yú 錞 于 refers to a kind of bell.

    Syntactic words
  • NPkind of bell

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