CONTRACT    合同

MUTUALLY PROMISE, TYPICALLY USING WRITING, TO ACT in a certain way.[[VERTRAG]]
AGREEMENTCOMMITMENTARRANGEMENTSETTLEMENTUNDERSTANDINGCOMPACTCOVENANTBONDDEALBARGAINLAW INDENTURE
Old Chinese Criteria
1. The current general word for a contract of any kind is yuē 約. 2. Méng 盟 refers to a momentous formal (typically written) contract or oath of allegiance betwen feudal lords confirmed by ritual blood sacrifice, although such oaths could occasionally be taken by humble individuals (bī rén 卑人 "persons of low status") in which case the day of the ritual was not recorded. 3. Shì 誓 is sometimes used in ancient texts to refer to a sworn covenant between individuals, but the word also refers to a personal oath. See OATH. 4. Quàn 券 and the somewhat more archaic qì 契 refers to the physical object which constitutes the written version of a contract or an agreement. See TALLY.
黄金貴：古漢語同義詞辨釋詞典
HUANG JINGUI 2006 TRADE 10. 契，分左右兩片，邊上刻齒，最早證明出賣、租賃、借貸、抵押等關係的憑證，從契刻相合的鋸齒稱之。 券，戰國前後證明出賣、租賃、借貸、抵押等關係的憑證，就其憑證性與約束性稱之。 傅別，中間書字半分的借貸憑證。 質，人口、牛馬等人畜買賣契據的專稱。 劑，古代兵器、珍異等物品買賣契據的專稱。 1. Méng 盟 are between feudal lords, shì 誓 can be between any respectable private individuals. 2. Méng 盟 involves the blood of sacrificial domestic animals, shì 誓 does not normally involve the use of sacrificial animals.. 3. Méng 盟 involves invocation through the blood of sacrificial animals, and it is typically in red writing, while shì 誓 is by the use of invocation of the spirits through words only, inviting the gods to punish those who break the oath. Occasionally this can be accompanied by casting a jade object into the river. 4. Shì 誓 can be an oath sworn by one individual, whereas méng 盟 is always a covenant between different parties. See CONTRACT. Zhan Jinsen 1991
Modern Chinese Criteria
合同 合約 契 契紙 契據 rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／
Hyponym
  • TALLY　CONTRACT where ALL:each MEMBER HAS ONE PART of a PIECE of TIMBER.A physical CONTRACT in the form stick or rod of wood, usually squared, marked on one side with transverse notches representing the amount of a debt or payment, or an agreement. The rod being cleft lengthwise across the notches, the debtor and creditor each retained one of the halves, the agreement or tallying of which constituted legal proof of the agreement etc. (anc: 17/0, child: 0)
  • ALLIANCE　CONTRACT in which GROUPS PROMISE to COOPERATE. (anc: 17/0, child: 0)
Hypernym
  • PROMISE　ADDRESS ANOTHER SAYING that one FUTURE:will CERTAINLY DO something DESIRED by him/her. (anc: 15/0, child: 4)
  • ADDRESS　SPEAK OR WRITE INTENDING ANOTHER TO HEAR OR READ AND TO REACT to IT.  (anc: 14/0, child: 23)
  • WRITE　PRODUCE a DOCUMENT. (anc: 13/0, child: 4)
Other Hypernyms
  • PROMISEnew-7dbfff55-7b07-4674-bfff-557b075674c7　ADDRESS ANOTHER SAYING that one FUTURE:will CERTAINLY DO something DESIRED by him/her. (anc: 14/1, child: 4)
  • ADDRESSnew-b2b104ff-6112-4947-b104-ff611229470d　SPEAK OR WRITE INTENDING ANOTHER TO HEAR OR READ AND TO REACT to IT.  (anc: 13/0, child: 23)
  • SPEAK　ACT so as to USE WORDS FOR SHOWING MEANING.*Speech by speaker X, directed towards audience Y, in order to communicate message Z. (anc: 12/0, child: 32)
  • Lateinische Synonyme und Etymologien ( DOEDERLEIN 1840) p.

    CONTRACT

    foedus refers to a contract for security conducted with a view to securing mutual interests.

    societas refers to an engagement to cvollaborate on some undertaking on the ground of mere agreement.

  • Bibliographisches Handbuch zur Sprachinhaltsforschung. Teil II. Systematischer Teil. B. Ordnung nach Sinnbezirken (mit einem alphabetischen Begriffsschluessel): Der Mensch und seine Welt im Spiegel der Sprachforschung ( FRANKE 1989) p.

  • 韓非子同義詞研究 ( HANFEI TONGYI 2004) p. 305

  • 古代文化詞異集類辨考 Gudai wenhua ci yi ji lei bian kao ( HUANG JINGUI 1995) p. 123

  • Geschichtliche Grundbegriffe ( KOSELLECK 1972-97) p. 6.901-954

  • "Sachwoerterbuch zum Alten China" ( UNGER SACH) p.

    BUNDESSCHWUR

  • 古辭辨 Gu ci bian ( WANG FENGYANG 1993) p. 420

  • 王力古漢語字典 ( WANG LI 2000) p. 778

    盟，誓

    • Words (25 items)

    盟  méng OC: mraŋ MC: mɣaŋ 58 Attributions

    Méng 盟 refers to a momentous formal (typically written) contract or oath of allegiance betwen feudal lords confirmed by ritual blood sacrifice, although such oaths could occasionally be taken by humble individuals (bī rén 卑人 "persons of low status") in which case the day of the ritual was not recorded.

      Word relations
    • Contrast: 誓 / 逝 / 矢/OATH The general word for an oath of any kind, binding individuals, families or states by word of honour is shì 誓.
    • Assoc: 誓/CONTRACT Shì 誓 is sometimes used in ancient texts to refer to a sworn covenant between individuals, but the word also refers to a personal oath. See OATH.

      Syntactic words
    • nabactthe swearing of oaths of typically interstate allegiance confirmed by blood sacrifice
    • nabact(private) contract
    • nabtextformal diplomatic written and ritual agreement, oath of allegiance covenant; pact
    • vi2swear blood oath (of allegiance etc.); make a covenant; join a pact; make a treaty
    • vi2post.N1+N2X and Y entered a formal contract by swearing an oath
    • vigeneral, actswear blood oaths, practise the swearing of blood oathsCH
    • vt+prep+Nmake a contract confirmed by a blood oath (e.g. with the Yellow River as the contractor)
    • vt1post.vt2oN1: prep N2N2=placemake an agreement with somebody at N2DS
    • vtoNswear f formal oath of allegiance with
    • vtoNpreposed objectswear a formal oath of allegiance with
    • vtoN{PLUR}make a contract with
    • vtpost-.VtoNswear a formal oath of allegiance (of several subjects)
    約  yuē OC: qplewɡ MC: ʔi̯ɐk 21 Attributions

    The current general word for a contract of any kind is yuē 約.

      Word relations
    • Assoc: 契/CONTRACT Quàn 券 and the somewhat more archaic qì 契 refers to the physical object which constitutes the written version of a contract or an agreement. See TALLY.

      Syntactic words
    • nabcontract, formal agreement
    • viactenter into alliances
    • vtoNenter into an alliance with
    • vtpost-.VtoNhave an agreement with
    契  qì OC: khees MC: khei 7 Attributions

    Quàn 券 and the somewhat more archaic qì 契 refers to the physical object which constitutes the written version of a contract or an agreement. See TALLY.

      Word relations
    • Object: 執/ACT
    • Assoc: 券/CONTRACT Quàn 券 and the somewhat more archaic qì 契 refers to the physical object which constitutes the written version of a contract or an agreement. See TALLY.
    • Assoc: 約/CONTRACT The current general word for a contract of any kind is yuē 約.

      Syntactic words
    • nbinding document of any kind, legal or contractual
    • viactenter an alliance, make a contract for cooperation
    券契  quàn qì OC: khons khees MC: khi̯ɐn khei 5 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPcontract; contracts
    盟誓  méng shì OC: mraŋ ɡljeds MC: mɣaŋ dʑiɛi 5 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPnonreferentialsworn contracts, oaths of allegiance
    • VPiactmake sworn contracts of any kind
    要  yāo OC: qew MC: ʔiɛu 4 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nabtextagreement; treaty
    • vtoSmake an agreement to the effect that S
    • vtpost-.VtoNmake an agreement with N
    同盟  tóng méng OC: looŋ mraŋ MC: duŋ mɣaŋ 4 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPi2make a covenant
    與  yǔ OC: k-laʔ MC: ji̯ɤ 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNenter into an association or alliance with
    詛盟  zǔ méng OC: skras mraŋ MC: ʈʂi̯ɤ mɣaŋ 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPnonreferentialsworn contracts
    • VPiactenter a sworn contract
    券  quàn OC: khons MC: khi̯ɐn 3 Attributions

    Quàn 券 and the somewhat more archaic qì 契 refers to the physical object which constitutes the written version of a contract or an agreement. See TALLY.

      Word relations
    • Assoc: 契/CONTRACT Quàn 券 and the somewhat more archaic qì 契 refers to the physical object which constitutes the written version of a contract or an agreement. See TALLY.

      Syntactic words
    • nbinding contractual document;
    固  gù OC: kaas MC: kuo̝ 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vt+prep+Nmaintain a close alliance with
    • vtoNmake a firm alliance with
    誓  shì OC: ɡljeds MC: dʑiɛi 2 Attributions

    Shì 誓 is sometimes used in ancient texts to refer to a sworn covenant between individuals, but the word also refers to a personal oath. See OATH.

      Word relations
    • Assoc: 盟/CONTRACT Méng 盟 refers to a momentous formal (typically written) contract or oath of allegiance betwen feudal lords confirmed by ritual blood sacrifice, although such oaths could occasionally be taken by humble individuals (bī rén 卑人 "persons of low status") in which case the day of the ritual was not recorded.

      Syntactic words
    • nabactsworn contract; declaration of allegiance
    載書  zài shū OC: sɡlɯɯs qhlja MC: dzəi ɕi̯ɤ 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabtextcovenant
    貲  zī OC: tse MC: tsiɛ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • ncontract
    連  lián OC: b-ren MC: liɛn 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNlink up with, make diplomatic ties with
    隨  suí MC: zjwe OC: sɢlol 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNally oneself with, become a loyal ally of
    要盟  yāo méng OC: qew mraŋ MC: ʔiɛu mɣaŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPabactforced covenant; covenant entered under duress
    約結  yuē jié MC: 'jak ket OC: qplewɡ kiid 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPagreementLZ
    屬  zhǔ OC: tjoɡ MC: tɕi̯ok 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • v[adN]indefiniteally; cooperating power
    書  shū OC: qhlja MC: ɕi̯ɤ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • ncontract
    盟載  méng zài OC: mraŋ sɡlɯɯs MC: mɣaŋ dzəi 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPtext of the contract
    約契  yuē qì OC: qplewɡ khees MC: ʔi̯ɐk khei 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPiactmake contracts of any kind
    許和  xǔ hé OC: hŋaʔ ɡool MC: hi̯ɤ ɦʷɑ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPtoNenter into an agreement with
    稱  chēng OC: thjɯŋ MC: tɕhɨŋ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNto contract a loan, to take up a loan
    義  yì OC: ŋrals MC: ŋiɛ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nagreement in the name of justice/moral principles