EYE  眼睛目

ORGAN USED FOR SEEING THINGS.
Hypernym
  • ORGANBODY PART used for BASIC FUNCTIONS of LIFE.
  • EYE PARTSPARTS of the EYE.
    • EYELASHHAIR on the EYELID.
      • EYELIDSKIN MOVING on the EYE.
        • PUPILPART of the EYE THROUGH which LIGHT ENTERS THE EYE.
          See also
          • SEEPERCEIVE USING the EYES.
            Hyponym
            Old Chinese Criteria
            1. The general word for the eye, including the area around the eye is mù 目 (thus when one shāng mù 傷目 what is injured is not necessarily the eyeball itself). (This is a very flexible word which also has verbal uses. For which see SEE.)

            2. Yǎn 眼 is a colloquial word for the eye (particularly the eyeball, as in yú yǎn 魚眼, never yú mù 魚目 in this sense) which became current in Warring States times. See EYE PARTS.

            NB: Jīng 睛 is extremely rare in pre-Buddhist Chinese, and the word refers not so much to the eye as a whole but to the eyeball specifically.

            黄金貴：古漢語同義詞辨釋詞典
            HUANG JINGUI 2006

            BODY 34.

            目，本義是指整個眼睛，特指眼珠。

            眼，戰國文獻始見，指眼珠；到了漢末， “ 眼 ” 指整個眼睛，和 “ 目 ’ 一文一白。

            睛，黑眼珠，可泛指整個眼珠子。

            眸，眼瞳，也可泛指整個眼珠子，和 “ 睛 ” 一文一白。

            瞳（童），專指眼瞳。

            In their nominal uses, 目 and 眼 are synonyms, both being used in the sense of the eye as a perceptive and expressive whole (including eye socket and eyebrows), and in the more restricted sense of (a movable, bright) eyeball. 目 belongs to the earliest strata of written Chinese, but 眼 occurs first in late Warring States texts; in terms of style, 眼 is colloquial, whereas 目 is literary. In expressions such as 目下 / 眼下, 目前 / 眼前, there are at most stylistic differences. 眼 has no verbal uses.

            Modern Chinese Criteria
            眼

            眼睛

            目

            眸子

            肉眼

            rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／

            • A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages ( BUCK 1988) p. 4.21

            • Bibliographisches Handbuch zur Sprachinhaltsforschung. Teil II. Systematischer Teil. B. Ordnung nach Sinnbezirken (mit einem alphabetischen Begriffsschluessel): Der Mensch und seine Welt im Spiegel der Sprachforschung ( FRANKE 1989) p. 7

              AUGE

            • 古代文化詞異集類辨考 Gudai wenhua ci yi ji lei bian kao ( HUANG JINGUI 1995) p. 509

            • 古代文化詞異集類辨考 Gudai wenhua ci yi ji lei bian kao ( HUANG JINGUI 1995) p. 513

            • A Russian-English Collocational Dictionary of the Human Body ( IORDANSKAJA 1996) p. 43

            • 論衡同義詞研究 ( LUNHENG TONGYI 2004) p. 3

            • Dictionnaire culturel en langue francaise ( REY 2005) p. 3.1081

            • 古漢語同義詞管窺 Gu Hanyu tongyi ci guankui 佳木斯師專學報 Jiamusi shi zhuan xuebao ( Sun Yunjie 1987) p.

            • 《毛傳》的詞義辨析 "Mao zhuan" de ci yi bianxi 人大复印·語言文字學 Renda fuyin ziliao yuyan wenzixue ( Tang Yuming 1990) p.

            • 東漢﹣隨常用詞演變研究 ( WANG WEIHUI 2000) p. 24

            • 古辭辨 Gu ci bian ( WANG FENGYANG 1993) p. 118

            • 王力古漢語字典 ( WANG LI 2000) p. 788

              眼，目

              1. The graphic composition of mu4 目 is not avalid argument concerning the meaning of the word. WL is highly misleading on this.

            • 漢語表“紅”的顏色詞群分析（上） Hanyu biao "hong" de yanse ci qun fenxi (shang) 語文硏究 Yuwen yanjiu ( Zeng Liang 1988) p.

            • Encyclopedia of Religion ( JONES 2005) p.

            • Handwörterbuch des deutschen Aberglaubens ( BAECHTHOLD-STAEUBLI 1987) p. 1.681

            • Handbook of Greek Synonymes, from the French of M. Alex. Pillon, Librarian of the Bibliothèque Royale , at Paris, and one of the editors of the new edition of Plaché's Dictionnaire Grec-Français, edited, with notes, by the Rev. Thomas Kerchever Arnold, M.A. Rector of Lyndon, and late fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge ( PILLON 1850) p. no.346

            • 古漢語常用詞同義詞詞典 ( HONG CHENGYU 2009) p. 80

            Attributions by syntactic funtion

            • n : 56
            • nadV : 12
            • n(post-N) : 10
            • NPab : 9
            • NP : 7
            • n[post-N] : 4
            • npostVt(.post-N) : 3
            • VPi : 1

            Attributions by text

            • 韓非子 : 14
            • 祖堂集 : 12
            • 荀子 : 8
            • 莊子 : 7
            • 淮南子 : 7
            • 百喻經 : 7
            • 說苑 : 6
            • 臨濟錄 : 6
            • 春秋左傳 : 5
            • 賢愚經 : 5
            • 陸機集十一卷 : 4
            • 孟子 : 4
            • 搜神記 : 3
            • 戰國策 : 2
            • 呂氏春秋 : 2
            • 法言 : 2
            • 文子 : 2
            • 孫子 : 1
            • 阮籍集四卷 : 1
            • 論語 : 1
            • 管子 : 1
            • 楚辭 : 1
            • 六祖壇經 : 1

            Words

            目  mù OC: muɡ MC: muk 74 AttributionsWD

            The general word for the eye, including the area around the eye is mù 目(thus when one shāng mù 傷目 what is injured is not necessarily the eyeball itself). (This is a very flexible word which also has verbal uses. For which see SEE.)

              Word relations
            • Object: 揜 / 掩 / 奄/COVER Yǎn 掩/揜 is an informal word which focusses on the deliberate act by a human, executed with his hand, which is designed to prevent something from being discovered or from getting in touch with other things.
            • Assoc: 耳/EAR The current standard word for the ear is ěr 耳.
            • Oppos: 神/SOUL Shén 神 is primarily a subtle physical substance which gives man his spiritual dimension (ant. xíng 形 "body")), and the body xíngtǐ 形體 is the abode shè 舍 of the soul.
            • Oppos: 腹/STOMACH The general term for the belly is fù 腹.
            • Oppos: 耳/EAR The current standard word for the ear is ěr 耳.

              Syntactic words
            • neye
            • n(post-N)dualisthe eyes of the contexually determinate N
            • n[post-N]pluralhuman eyes; one's eyesCH
            • nadVinstrumentwith one's own eyes; with one's eyes; in one's eyes
            • nderivedreadersCH
            • npostVt(.post-N)one's eyesCH
            眼  yǎn OC: ŋɡrɯɯnʔ MC: ŋɣɛn 11 AttributionsWD

            Yǎn 眼 is a colloquial word for the eye (particularly the eyeball, as in yú yǎn 魚眼, never yú mù 魚目 in this sense) which became current in Warring States times. See EYE PARTS.

              Syntactic words
            • ncolloquial: eye; attested from Warring States.
            • nfigurativeeye
            法眼  fǎ yǎn OC: pab ŋɡrɯɯnʔ MC: pi̯ɐp ŋɣɛn 9 AttributionsWD
              Syntactic words
            • NPabbuddhistBUDDH: dharma eye (skr. dharma-cakṣus) > the true understanding of the Buddhist teaching
            道眼  dào yǎn OC: ɡ-luuʔ ŋɡrɯɯnʔ MC: dɑu ŋɣɛn 3 AttributionsWD
              Syntactic words
            • NPeyes supernaturally equipped for the Buddhist truth
            天眼  tiān yǎn OC: lʰiin ŋɡrɯɯnʔ MC: then ŋɣɛn 2 AttributionsWD
              Syntactic words
            • NPdivine eye
            • VPibe endowed with a heavenly/spiritual eye
            人目  rén mù OC: njin muɡ MC: ȵin muk 1 AttributionWD
              Syntactic words
            • NPthe human eye
            眼目  yǎn mù OC: ŋɡrɯɯnʔ muɡ MC: ŋɣɛn muk 1 AttributionWD
              Syntactic words
            • NPeye, eyesight
            眼腦  yǎn nǎo OC: ŋɡrɯɯnʔ nuuʔ MC: ŋɣɛn nɑu 1 AttributionWD
            • 唐五代語言詞典 Táng Wǔdài yǔyán cídiǎn A Dictionary of the Language of the Tang and Five Dynasties Periods ( JIANG/CAO 1997) p. 403

              眼珠；指眼睛

              ALso appearing in BIANWEN

              Syntactic words
            • NPeye
            • NPfigurativeeye to discern > understanding
            盼  pàn OC: phrɯɯns MC: phɣɛn 0 AttributionsWD
              Syntactic words
            • nclear and bright eyes
            睛  jīng OC: tseŋ MC: tsiɛŋ 0 AttributionsWD

            NB: Jīng 睛 is extremely rare in pre-Buddhist Chinese, and the word refers not so much to the eye as a whole but to the eyeball specifically.

              Syntactic words
            • nthe eyeball
            淨眼  jìng yǎn OC: skhreeŋ ŋɡrɯɯnʔ MC: dziɛŋ ŋɣɛn 0 AttributionsWD
              Syntactic words
            • NPundefiled Buddha-eye
            清淨法眼  qīng jìng fǎ yǎn OC: tsheŋ skhreeŋ pab ŋɡrɯɯnʔ MC: tshiɛŋ dziɛŋ pi̯ɐp ŋɣɛn 0 AttributionsWD
              Syntactic words
            • NPabbuddhistBUDDH: pure dharma-eye (This is an alternative expression for zhèng-ǎ yǎnzāng 正法眼藏 which is a specific Chán/Zen term referring to the mind which is transmitted from Buddha to Buddha, master to master, independent of any scriptual teachings; it refers to the 'eye' of wisdom which can discern the ultimate truth and is as such synonymous with ultimate wisdom; this expression did not appear before Song times (although the phrase fǎyǎn jìng 法眼淨 is of early origin and appears in sūtra literature; see FOGUANG: 3388b-c) in Chán works such as LIANDENG, often in combination with nièpán miàoxīn 涅槃妙心; the two phrases are occasionally contracted into zhèngfǎ miàoxīn 正法妙心 'the wonderful mind of the right dharma' (see FOGUANG: 1993c-1994a). ZTJ is either the earliest source for this term or the passage was probably interpolated during the early Song)

            Existing SW for

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