ANCESTOR    祖先祖

RELATIVE of PAST GENERATION whose DESCENDANT one is. 
FOREBEARFOREFATHERPREDECESSORANTECEDENTPROGENITORPRIMOGENITOR
Old Chinese Criteria
[ARCHAIC/CURRENT] [+FIG/LITERAL] [FEMALE/MALE] [GENERAL/SPECIFIC] 1. Zǔ 祖 (ant. hòu 後 "offspring") is the current general term for genetic literal ancestors. [CURRENT], [LITERAL], [MALE] 2. Xiān 先 (ant. hòu 後 "offspring") refers even more generally to predecessors, but may specifically refer to ancestors, and the term is often used adjectivally. [CURRENT], [DERIVED], [GENERAL], [MALE] 3. Zōng 宗 is the specific term referring to founding highest ancestor recognised within a clan. [CURRENT], [MALE], [SPECIFIC] 4. Mǔ 母 is sometimes used to refer to femals ancestors. [ARCHAIC], [FEMALE] 5. 考 6. 妣 refers to the maternal line ancestor
黄金貴：古漢語同義詞辨釋詞典
HUANG JINGUI 2006 HUMAN AFFAIRS 3.3. 祖宗。 祖，通稱。 宗，始祖之後的歷代祖先。 考，父祖的泛稱，與 “ 祖 ” 等連用。 先，亡故祖先，與 “ 君 ” 等連用。 妣，女性祖先。 4. 先祖。 高， “ 高祖 ” 的省稱，指己身以上四世的祖先。 曾， “ 曾祖 ” 的省稱，指己身上三代的祖先。 祖，祖父，一般與 “ 父 ” 等連用。 公，特指祖父。 “ 顯考 ” 祭祀時敬稱高祖，但未成專詞。 “ 皇考 ” ，祭祀曾祖或祖父、父時的敬稱。 Cf. SACRIFICE 5. 祖，祖先神靈所依附的神主，在仰韶文化中通常以陶罐或陶罐偶像的形式出現；商代採用木製牌位，稱示；周代起稱主。 社，土地之神的神主，有土、石、樹三種。 尸，代替祖先受祭的人。
Modern Chinese Criteria
祖宗 祖上 祖先 先公 先人 先世 先古 先祖 先考 皇考 祖輩 上代 上世 曾祖 高祖 遠祖 太尊 列祖列宗 祖宗十八代 first rough draft to identify synonym group members for future analysis, based on CL. 18.11.2003. CH/
Hyponym
  • SHANG ANCESTORS　BIOGRAPHIES: The ANCESTORS revered by the Shang. (anc: 9/0, child: 0)
  • GRANDFATHER　FATHER of MOTHER OR FATHER. (anc: 9/0, child: 0)
  • GRANDMOTHER　MOTHER of FATHER OR MOTHER. (anc: 9/0, child: 0)
Antonym
  • DESCENDANTHUMAN HAVING a DEFINED OTHER HUMAN as FATHER, MOTHER, OR ANCESTOR.
Hypernym
  • RELATIVES　HUMANS who HAVE COMMON ANCESTORS. (anc: 7/0, child: 6)
  • HUMAN　ANIMAL which HAS TWO LEGS AND LACKS FEATHERS. (anc: 6/0, child: 31)
  • ANIMAL　CREATURE ABLE to FEEL AND MOVE. (anc: 5/0, child: 12)
  • A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages ( BUCK 1988) p. 2.56

  • 古漢語同義詞辨釋詞典 ( HUANG JINGUI 2006) p.

  • 論衡同義詞研究 ( LUNHENG TONGYI 2004) p. 45

  • Historisches Woerterbuch der Philosophie ( RITTER 1971-2007) p. 5.729

    MANISMUS (=AHNENKULT)

  • Encyclopedia of Religion ( JONES 2005) p.

  • Encyclopedia of Social and Cultural Anthropology ( BARNARD AND SPENCER 2002) p.

  • Handwörterbuch des deutschen Aberglaubens ( BAECHTHOLD-STAEUBLI 1987) p. 1.226

  • SYNONYMES FRANÇOIS, LEURS DIFFÉRENTES SIGNIFICATIONS, ET LE CHOIX QU'IL EN FAUT FAIRE Pour parler avec justesse ( GIRARD 1769) p. 1.343.306

    NOS ANCETRES.NOS AYEUX.NOS PERES

  • 古漢語常用詞同義詞詞典 ( HONG CHENGYU 2009) p. 67

  • New Dictiornary of the History of Ideas, 6 vols. ( HOROWITZ 2005) p.

    ANCESTOR WORSHIP

  • Bibliographisches Handbuch zur Sprachinhaltsforschung. Teil II. Systematischer Teil. B. Ordnung nach Sinnbezirken (mit einem alphabetischen Begriffsschluessel): Der Mensch und seine Welt im Spiegel der Sprachforschung ( FRANKE 1989) p. 71B

    AHNEN

    • Words (26 items)

    祖  zǔ OC: skaaʔ MC: tsuo̝ 17 Attributions

    Zǔ 祖 (ant. hòu 後 "offspring") is the current general term for genetic literal ancestors. [CURRENT], [LITERAL], [MALE]

      Word relations
    • Contrast: 妣/ANCESTOR
    • Assoc: 宗/ANCESTOR Zōng 宗 is the specific term referring to founding highest ancestor recognised within a clan. [CURRENT], [MALE], [SPECIFIC]
    • Synon: 宗/ANCESTOR Zōng 宗 is the specific term referring to founding highest ancestor recognised within a clan. [CURRENT], [MALE], [SPECIFIC]
    • Synon: 初/BEGIN Chū 初 (ant. mò 末 "end") is purely chronological and refers to the early stage of something that persists, without indicating any lasting influence of that early stage on later developments. See FIRST
    • Synon: 始/BEGIN The general word for something occurring for the crucial and influential first time or initiating anything, in particular any development, is shǐ 始 (ant. zhōng 終"bring to an end; come to an end" and chéng 成 "bring to a successful end, complete").
    • Synon: 本/BASIS The basic word is běn 本 "the trunk, the main part" (ant. mò 末 "marginal part") and this word refers to the crucial constituent of something in any sense. [GENERAL], [STATIC]; [[COMMON]]

      Syntactic words
    • n.redfather's father of the father's father :> first ancestor, founding ancestor
    • n.red:adVfrom patriarch to patriarch
    • n.redallreduplicated N: all the ancestors, all the patriarchs
    • nab.post-Nfigurativeearliest (metaphysical) ancestor (of all things)CH
    • npost-NZUO Zhao 22: original first ancestor of the clan; the highest ancestor (BUDDH: patriarch (the founder or transmitter of a Buddhist lineage))
    宗  zōng OC: tsuuŋ MC: tsuo̝ŋ 15 Attributions

    Zōng 宗 is the specific term referring to founding highest ancestor recognised within a clan. [CURRENT], [MALE], [SPECIFIC]

      Word relations
    • Assoc: 祖/ANCESTOR Zǔ 祖 (ant. hòu 後 "offspring") is the current general term for genetic literal ancestors. [CURRENT], [LITERAL], [MALE]
    • Synon: 祖/ANCESTOR Zǔ 祖 (ant. hòu 後 "offspring") is the current general term for genetic literal ancestors. [CURRENT], [LITERAL], [MALE]

      Syntactic words
    • nhonoured early ancestor of the clan; early ancestor, ancestry; common pre-Buddhist: ancestral, pertaining to ancestral worship or clan worship
    • nadNancestral
    • npluralancestry; ancestors
    先人  xiān rén OC: sɯɯn njin MC: sen ȵin 11 Attributions

    ancestor

      Syntactic words
    • NP(post-N)the contextually determinate N's ancestorCH
    • NP[post-N]our forefathers; the forefathersCH
    • NPpost-Nancestor; deceased father
    • NPtpost-N=NprNpr, N's ancestorDS
    禰  nǐ OC: m-liilʔ MC: nei 8 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • n(post-N)deceased father (as represented in the temple); (dead father's tablet and temple); deceased father-in-law (Legge on Liji)
    • nadNancestral
    先祖  xiān zǔ OC: sɯɯn skaaʔ MC: sen tsuo̝ 6 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NP(post-N)ancestors; ancestry
    • NP[post-N]the grammatical subject's ancestorsCH
    祖考  zǔ kǎo OC: skaaʔ khuuʔ MC: tsuo̝ khɑu 5 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPpost-NLIJI: highest ancestors in the father's lineage; lineage of ancestors; sometimes also referring specifically to the father of the king
    祖師  zǔ shī OC: skaaʔ sril MC: tsuo̝ ʂi 4 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPtBUDDH: the Buddhist ancestors (Patriarchs) as defined by the Zen/Chán schools
    • NPtdefiniteBUDDH: ancestor in a predefined Chán/Zen Buddhist lineage; Patriarch (indentifiable from the context)
    考  kǎo OC: khuuʔ MC: khɑu 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nancestor
    • npost=Nprancestor Npr
    • npost=Nprancestor NprCH
    舊  jiù OC: ɡus MC: gɨu 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nmancestry
    文人  wén rén OC: mɯn njin MC: mi̯un ȵin 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPtperiphrastic: the elegant/dignified one>the (relevant) ancestor(s)
    先  xiān OC: sɯɯn MC: sen 2 Attributions

    Xiān 先 (ant. hòu 後 "offspring") refers even more generally to predecessors, but may specifically refer to ancestors. [CURRENT], [DERIVED], [GENERAL], [MALE]

      Syntactic words
    • npredecessor> ancestor
    帝  dì OC: k-leeɡs MC: tei 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • n+prhighest ancestor, High Lord
    • nindefinitevenerated ancestor, ancestor venerated and sacrificed to？？
    • ntitleposthumous title conferred on certain Shāng kings (Heji 23272)
    祖妣  zǔ bǐ OC: skaaʔ piʔ MC: tsuo̝ pi 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPtLIJI: 'souvereign grandmother'; mother of the king
    先子  xiān zǐ OC: sɯɯn sklɯʔ MC: sen tsɨ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NP{vadN}refers to one's deceased father, grandfather, etc
    禪祖  chán zǔ OC: djan skaaʔ MC: dʑiɛn tsuo̝ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPtBUDDH: ancestors/patriarchs of the Chan/Zen School
    先帝  xiān dì OC: sɯɯn k-leeɡs MC: sen tei 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPtearly ancestors
    高祖  gāo zǔ OC: koow skaaʔ MC: kɑu tsuo̝ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPtgreat-great-grandfather (father of the father of the grandfather)
    先生  xiān shēng OC: sɯɯn sraaŋ MC: sen ʂɣaŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post-N][my] ancestor
    皇祖  huáng zǔ OC: ɡʷaaŋ skaaʔ MC: ɦɑŋ tsuo̝ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPSovereign Ancestor
    公  gōng OC: klooŋ MC: kuŋ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • npluralOBI ancestors 多公 "the many ancestors" 公宮 "Temple of the Ancestors"
    先臣  xiān chén OC: sɯɯn ɡjiŋ MC: sen dʑin 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NP{vadN}ancestor
    妣  bǐ OC: piʔ MC: pi 0 Attributions

      Word relations
    • Contrast: 祖/ANCESTOR Zǔ 祖 (ant. hòu 後 "offspring") is the current general term for genetic literal ancestors. [CURRENT], [LITERAL], [MALE]

      Syntactic words
    • nccOBI: dead female ascendant
    前寧人  qián níng rén OC: dzeen neeŋ njin MC: dzen neŋ ȵin 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NP{vadN}"the preceding peaceful men"> ancestors SHU
    上甲  shàng jiǎ OC: ɡljaŋs kraab MC: dʑi̯ɐŋ kɣap 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPprtempleproper name of the pre-dynastic highest ancestor venerated and sacrificed to by the Late Shāng elite.
    母  mǔ OC: mɯʔ MC: mu 0 Attributions

    Mǔ 母 is sometimes used to refer to femals ancestors. [ARCHAIC], [FEMALE]

      Syntactic words
    曾祖  zēng zǔ OC: tsɯɯŋ skaaʔ MC: tsəŋ tsuo̝ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPtgreat grandfather