BIRTH    出生

BEGINNING of LIFE.
CHILDBIRTHDELIVERYNATIVITYBIRTHINGBLESSED/HAPPY EVENTFORMAL PARTURITIONDATED CONFINEMENTARCHAIC ACCOUCHEMENTCHILDBED
Old Chinese Criteria
[BASIC/MARGINAL] [FACT/PROCESS] [+FIG/LITERAL] [GENERAL/SPECIFIC] 1. Shēng 生 (ant. sǐ 死 "die") is a colourless general word for the fact of being delivered of offspring or for engendering offspring, and the word also has many derived and related meanings. [FACT], [+FIG], [GENERAL]; [[COMMON+]] 2. Chǎn 產 can focus on the physical process of birth alone, but the word can connote the act of rearing or even breeding. See REAR. [LITERAL], [PROCESS]; [[COMMON]] 3. Zì 字 is a rare very archaic word referring to the production of offspring. [ARCHAIC], [LITERAL]; [[RARE]] 4. Yù 育 is a rare fairly archaic word for giving birth to and rearing offspring. [ARCHAIC], [LITERAL], [PROCESS] 5. Rǔ 乳 viewS the act of giving birth as immediately preceding and linked to the feeding of what one has given birth to. [LITERAL], [MARGINAL], [PROCESS]; [[RARE]] 4. Sū 穌 "be born again" belongs to the realm of religious discourse. [SPECIFIC]; [[RARE]]
Modern Chinese Criteria
誕生 出生 降生 落生 生 娩出 落地 墜地 出世 出娘胎 落草 rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／
Hyponym
  • HATCH　Give BIRTH by CAUSING EGGS to REMAIN WARM ENDURINGLY. (anc: 15/0, child: 0)
  • PREGNANT　FUTURE:about-to give BIRTH. (anc: 15/0, child: 0)
  • RESURRECTION　BIRTH:be-born AGAIN. (anc: 15/0, child: 0)
  • REBIRTH　REPEATED BIRTH IN a NEW PERSON. (anc: 15/0, child: 0)
  • DESCEND FROM　BE BORN FROM. (anc: 15/0, child: 0)
Antonym
  • DIESTOP LIVING.
See also
  • ARISEThe EVENT that something BEGINS to EXIST.
Hypernym
  • BEGIN　ENDURINGLY STOP NOT to ACT OR to BE RESEMBLING:as in the PAST. (anc: 13/0, child: 4)
  • STOP　ACT so as NOT to CONTINUE NOW:present ACTION. (anc: 12/0, child: 10)
  • ACT　MOVE OR NOT MOVE CONFORMING to one's SELF:own DECIDE:decision. (anc: 11/0, child: 24)
  • A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages ( BUCK 1988) p. 4.72

  • De differentiis ( DIFFERENTIAE I) p. 392

    275. Inter Generat et parturit. Generare masculos dicimus, parturire feminas. Ut puta: Ille generavit, illa parturiit.

  • Traite elementaire des synonymes grecques ( DUFOUR 1910) p. 99?

  • Dictionnaire culturel en langue francaise ( REY 2005) p. 1.58

  • 王力古漢語字典 ( WANG LI 2000) p. 737

    生，產

    1. WL claim that 二字在生，生長，出產，出生等意義上同。 The contrast is clear enough, though. Cha3n 產 refers to what is born, grows where and when it is intended to grow or welcome to grow. She1ng 生 is the general word which has no such connotations.

  • Encyclopedia of Religion ( JONES 2005) p.

  • SYNONYMES FRANÇOIS, LEURS DIFFÉRENTES SIGNIFICATIONS, ET LE CHOIX QU'IL EN FAUT FAIRE Pour parler avec justesse ( GIRARD 1769) p. 1.425.382

    ENFANTER.ACCOUCHER.ENGENDRER

  • 古漢語常用詞同義詞詞典 ( HONG CHENGYU 2009) p. 286

  • () p. 137

    • Words (34 items)

    生  shēng OC: sraaŋ MC: ʂɣaŋ 133 AttributionsWD

    Shēng 生 (ant. sǐ 死 "die") is a colourless general word for the fact of being delivered of offspring or for engendering offspring, and the word also has many derived and related meanings. [FACT], [+FIG], [GENERAL]; [[COMMON+]]

      Word relations
    • Epithet: 初/BEGIN Chū 初 (ant. mò 末 "end") is purely chronological and refers to the early stage of something that persists, without indicating any lasting influence of that early stage on later developments. See FIRST
    • Contrast: 成/COMPLETE The standard word for bringing anything to a successful conclusion is chéng 成.
    • Oppos: 有/POSSESS

      Syntactic words
    • nabbuddhistbirth (as part of the fours phases of birth, continuation, change, and extinction)
    • nabprocessbirth
    • nabprocesscycle of rebirths; rebirth
    • v-p.adVfrom birth; at birth 生而
    • v[adN](the entirety of) what is so in a creature or thing from birth (or from its origins); what is innate in a creature;CH
    • vadNborn, birth- (as in birth-place), rebirth- (as in rebirth-station)
    • vi+N{PLACE}be born in N; be reborn in
    • viactreproduce, have offspring; give birth to things
    • vimiddle voiceget born; be born
    • virebirthbe reborn
    • vt(+N[INDEF])give birth to indefinite and omitted N
    • vt(oN)give birth to the contextually determinate N
    • vt+prep+Nbe born in N; get reborn in N
    • vt+prep+Nbe born at the time NCH
    • vt+prep+Nbe born from, originate fromCH
    • vtoNgive birth to; cause to come into existence
    • vtoNcausativecause to be born; engender
    • vtoNfigurativegive birth to (oneself)
    • vtoNmiddle voicederived: begin to grow, begin to sproutCH
    • vtoNsubject=maleprocreate
    出世  chū shì OC: khljud lʰebs MC: tɕhʷit ɕiɛi 8 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • VPimiddle voiceBUDDH: be born into the world, appear in the world (in Buddhist texts often specifically referring to a Bodhisattva or a saint)
    • VPtoNBUDDH: be born in, appear in the world at (in Buddhist texts often specifically referring to a Bodhisattva or a saint)
    產  chǎn OC: sqreenʔ MC: ʂɣɛn 7 AttributionsWD

    Chǎn 產 can focus on the physical process of birth alone, but the word can connote the act of rearing or even breeding. See REAR. [LITERAL], [PROCESS]; [[COMMON]]

      Syntactic words
    • vadNbelonging to the stage of birth, childbirth- 產褥
    • viactgive birth; produce
    • viprocessbe born 陳良楚產也 [NB: the distinction with 屈產之乘 is unclear: does 產 really involve breading?]
    • vt+N{PLACE}middle voicebe born in N, hail from N
    • vtoNbe delivered of, give birth to
    出  chū OC: khljud MC: tɕhʷit 6 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • vi+N{PLACE}be born in
    • vichangecome into existence, be born
    • vifigurativecome into existence, emergeCH
    • vifigurativecome into existene, emergeCH
    • vtoNcause to arise> give rise to, bring into existence
    生而  shēng ér OC: sraaŋ njɯ MC: ʂɣaŋ ȵɨ 5 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • VPadVfrom birth, innately
    育  yù OC: luɡ MC: juk 4 AttributionsWD

    Zì 字, yù 育, and rǔ 乳 view the act of giving birth as immediately preceding and linked to the fostering up of what one has given birth to.

      Syntactic words
    • viprocreateLZ
    • viactgive birth to a child YI: 婦孕不育 if women get pregnant but do not get to give birth and bring up children
    • vtoNmiddle voice: be born
    乳  rǔ OC: njoʔ MC: ȵi̯o 3 AttributionsWD

    Zì 字, yù 育, and rǔ 乳 view the act of giving birth as immediately preceding and linked to the fostering up of what one has given birth to.

      Syntactic words
    • viactgive birth to a child
    • vt(oN)give birth to (and foster up) the contextually determinate creature
    • vtoNgive birth to
    有  yǒu OC: ɢʷɯʔ MC: ɦɨu 2 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNinchoativebeget (a child), engender, procreate
    出自  chū zì OC: khljud sblids MC: tɕhʷit dzi 2 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • VPtoNbe born from; be descended from
    子  zǐ OC: sklɯʔ MC: tsɨ 1 AttributionWD
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNgive birth to as a child
    墮  duò OC: ɡ-loolʔ MC: dʷɑ 1 AttributionWD
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNcome to be reborn as (a hungry ghost etc)
    來  lái MC: loj OC: m-rɯɯ 1 AttributionWD
      Syntactic words
    • viprocessemerge in this world: be bornCH
    字  zì OC: sɡlɯs MC: dzɨ 1 AttributionWD

    Zì 字, yù 育, and rǔ 乳 view the act of giving birth as immediately preceding and linked to the fostering up of what one has given birth to.

      Syntactic words
    • vihave children
    生來  shēng lái OC: sraaŋ m-rɯɯ MC: ʂɣaŋ ləi 1 AttributionWD
      Syntactic words
    • VPadNthe N from the time of birth
    作  zuò MC: tsuH OC: tsaaɡ 1 AttributionWD
      Syntactic words
    • viprocessbe born; come into existence as a group; ariseCH
    興世  xīng shì OC: qhɯŋ lʰebs MC: hɨŋ ɕiɛi 1 AttributionWD
      Syntactic words
    • VPieventbe born into this world
    載誕  zài dàn OC: sɡlɯɯs laanʔ MC: dzəi dɑn 1 AttributionWD
      Syntactic words
    • NPprocessbirth
    • VPimiddle voicebe born
    • VPtoNgive birth to
    出生  chū shēng OC: khljud sraaŋ MC: tɕhʷit ʂɣaŋ 1 AttributionWD
      Syntactic words
    • NPabeventbirth
    • NPsubjectwhat is born, what is alive
    • VPichangebe born
    分身  fēn shēn OC: pɯn qhjin MC: pi̯un ɕin 1 AttributionWD
      Syntactic words
    • VPiactgive birth to a child; be delivered of a child
    別  bié MC: bjet OC: bred 1 AttributionWD
      Syntactic words
    • vito procreateLZ
    降  jiàng OC: kruums MC: kɣɔŋ 1 AttributionWD
      Syntactic words
    • videscend into this world (and be born)
    誕生  dàn shēng OC: laanʔ sraaŋ MC: dɑn ʂɣaŋ 1 AttributionWD
      Syntactic words
    • VPimiddle voicebe born
    產生  chǎn shēng OC: sqreenʔ sraaŋ MC: ʂɣɛn ʂɣaŋ 1 AttributionWD
      Syntactic words
    • VPtoNengender
    誕  dàn OC: laanʔ MC: dɑn 1 AttributionWD
      Syntactic words
    • nabbirth, the process of giving birth
    • viprocessbe born
    孕別  yùn bié MC: yingH bjet OC: p-lɯŋs bred 1 AttributionWD
      Syntactic words
    • VPiprocreateLZ
    轉身  zhuǎn shēn OC: tonʔ qhjin MC: ʈiɛn ɕin 1 AttributionWD
      Syntactic words
    • VPieventbe reborn
    娩  miǎn OC: mronʔ MC: miɛn 0 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • viprocessgive birth to a child
      Click here to add pinyin MC:  OC: 0 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • viprocessbe born; come into existence as a group; ariseCH
      Click here to add pinyin MC:  OC: 0 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • viprocessemerge in this world: be bornCH
    降生  jiàng shēng OC: kruums sraaŋ MC: kɣɔŋ ʂɣaŋ 0 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • VPtoNgive birth to from above
    度  dù OC: ɡ-laaɡs MC: duo̝ 0 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • vibe born into this world
    毓  yù OC: luɡ MC: juk 0 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNgive birth to
    蘇  sū OC: sɡlaa MC: suo̝ 0 AttributionsWD

    Sū 穌 "be born again" belongs to the realm of religious discourse.　See RESURRECTION

      Syntactic words
    生下  shēng xià OC: sraaŋ ɢraaʔ MC: ʂɣaŋ ɦɣɛ 0 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • VPt(oN)give birth to a contextually determinate N