SACRIFICE 祭祀祭
RITUAL in the form of GIVING gifts to DEITIES.
RITUAL SLAUGHTEROFFERINGOBLATIONIMMOLATION.IMMOLATE
Hypernym
- RITUALTYPICALLY COMPLEX SHOULD:obligatory PUBLIC CUSTOM.
See also
- BURYPUT a DEAD HUMAN OR ANIMAL INTO a HOLE in the EARTH.
Hyponym
- ANIMISTIC SACRIFICE SACRIFICE to DEITIES of NATURE
- ANCESTRAL SACRIFICE SACRIFICE FOR:to ANCESTORS.
- SACRIFICE TO HEAVEN AND EARTH SACRIFICE to HEAVEN AND EARTH.
- HUMAN SACRIFICE SACRIFICE OF HUMANS BY HUMANS.
Old Chinese Criteria
1. The most general word for making sacrificial offerings of wine and food to spirits of Heaven, of Earth and to the ancestors (perhaps primarily to the spirits of Earth and of the ancestors) is jì 祭 which has become the most common word in Warring States times, replacing sì 祀, which was more common in SHU and SHI.
2. Sì4 祀 is an archaic word which refers to the making of sacrificial offerings of wine and food to the spirits of Heaven, of Earth and to the ancestors, perhaps primarily and originally to the spirits of Heaven.
3. Xiǎng 饗／享 refers to making sacrificial offerings in the form of food to one's ancestors.
4. Diàn 奠 refers specifically to making formal sacrifices to the deceased not too long after his death.
5. Là 臘 refers specifically to the winter sacrifice to Heaven and Earth.
6. Fēng 封 refers to an imperial sacrifice to the spirits of Heaven at mount Taishan, where an altar had to be established for the occasion.
7. Shàn 禪 refers specifically to the imperial sacrifice to the spirits of the Earth at the foot of mount Taishan,.
8. Wàng 望 refers to sacrifices to the spirits of mountains and streams.
9. Yì 瘞 refers to placing something (typically jade, or domestic animals) in the ground as part of or as a form of sacrifice to a deceased person.
10. Lèi 酹 refers to the pouring of libations of wine on the ground.
2. Sì4 祀 is an archaic word which refers to the making of sacrificial offerings of wine and food to the spirits of Heaven, of Earth and to the ancestors, perhaps primarily and originally to the spirits of Heaven.
3. Xiǎng 饗／享 refers to making sacrificial offerings in the form of food to one's ancestors.
4. Diàn 奠 refers specifically to making formal sacrifices to the deceased not too long after his death.
5. Là 臘 refers specifically to the winter sacrifice to Heaven and Earth.
6. Fēng 封 refers to an imperial sacrifice to the spirits of Heaven at mount Taishan, where an altar had to be established for the occasion.
7. Shàn 禪 refers specifically to the imperial sacrifice to the spirits of the Earth at the foot of mount Taishan,.
8. Wàng 望 refers to sacrifices to the spirits of mountains and streams.
9. Yì 瘞 refers to placing something (typically jade, or domestic animals) in the ground as part of or as a form of sacrifice to a deceased person.
10. Lèi 酹 refers to the pouring of libations of wine on the ground.
黄金貴：古漢語同義詞辨釋詞典
HUANG JINGUI 2006
SACRIFICE 1.
祭，有牲供獻之祭，泛指祭祀。
祀，永久祭祀。後泛指祭祀，不含永久義。
SACRIFICE 2.
祠，春祭。
礿，夏、商兩代春祭為礿，周代夏祭為礿。
嘗，秋祭。烝，冬祭。
祫，集合遠近祖先神主於太廟大合祭。
禘，宗廟五年一次的舉行的大祭。
禫，除喪服時舉行祭禮。
祔，新死者附祭於先祖。
祥，古喪制，有大小祥之分。周年祭為小祥，兩周年祭為大祥。
SACRIFICE 12. THANKSGIVING 報，秋冬酬神祭。
賽，神靈滿足了願望而酬神致祭。
祠，得福謝神。漢代之後 “ 祠 ” 泛指祭祀。
蠟，年終大索百神的報謝祭。
SACRIFICE 1.
祭，有牲供獻之祭，泛指祭祀。
祀，永久祭祀。後泛指祭祀，不含永久義。
SACRIFICE 2.
祠，春祭。
礿，夏、商兩代春祭為礿，周代夏祭為礿。
嘗，秋祭。烝，冬祭。
祫，集合遠近祖先神主於太廟大合祭。
禘，宗廟五年一次的舉行的大祭。
禫，除喪服時舉行祭禮。
祔，新死者附祭於先祖。
祥，古喪制，有大小祥之分。周年祭為小祥，兩周年祭為大祥。
SACRIFICE 12. THANKSGIVING 報，秋冬酬神祭。
賽，神靈滿足了願望而酬神致祭。
祠，得福謝神。漢代之後 “ 祠 ” 泛指祭祀。
蠟，年終大索百神的報謝祭。
Modern Chinese Criteria
祭祀 is the current modern word, just as it is the current general classical word for sacrifice.
奉祀 focusses on the offering up of the sacrifice to the deities.
祝福 refers specifically to the New Year Sacrifice in which offerings are made to ask for good fortune.
祭
祀
rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／
奉祀 focusses on the offering up of the sacrifice to the deities.
祝福 refers specifically to the New Year Sacrifice in which offerings are made to ask for good fortune.
祭
祀
rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／
- A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages
(
BUCK 1988)
p.
22.15 - De differentiis
(
DIFFERENTIAE I)
p.
319 523. Etymolog. lib. VI, cap. 19.
]
523. Inter Sacrificium et hostiam haec vetus erat discretio, quod sacrificium spontanea oblatio erat; hostia vero quae devictis hostibus immolabatur. Haec et victima vocabatur. Alii victimam 67 ideo dictam putant, quia ictu percussa cadit, vel quia vincta ad aras perducitur.
- Verzeichnis und Motivindex der Han-Darstellungen
(
FINSTERBUSCH 1966)
p.
227 Opferszene:
- 韓非子同義詞研究
(
HANFEI TONGYI 2004)
p.
280 - Semantica del Griego Antiguo
(
HERNANDEZ 2000)
p.
43n184 Casabona, Sacrifice
- Anthologia sive Florilegium rerum et materiarum selectarum
(
LANGIUS 1631)
p.
SACRIFICIUM
- Lateinische Synonymik
(
MENGE)
p.
87 - Dictionnaire culturel en langue francaise
(
REY 2005)
p.
4.489 - Historisches Woerterbuch der Philosophie
(
RITTER 1971-2007)
p.
6.1224 - 中國文化史三百題
(
SANBAITI 1987)
p.
364-367 - "Sachwoerterbuch zum Alten China"
(
UNGER SACH)
p.
OPFER
- 古辭辨 Gu ci bian
(
WANG FENGYANG 1993)
p.
664 - 中國文化背景八千詞 Zhongguo wenhua beijing ba qian ci
(
WU SANXING 2008)
p.
274ff - Encyclopedia of Social and Cultural Anthropology ( BARNARD AND SPENCER 2002) p.
- Handbook of Greek Synonymes, from the French of M. Alex. Pillon, Librarian of the Bibliothèque Royale , at Paris, and one of the editors of the new edition of Plaché's Dictionnaire Grec-Français, edited, with notes, by the Rev. Thomas Kerchever Arnold, M.A. Rector of Lyndon, and late fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge
(
PILLON 1850)
p.
no.260 - Handbook of Greek Synonymes, from the French of M. Alex. Pillon, Librarian of the Bibliothèque Royale , at Paris, and one of the editors of the new edition of Plaché's Dictionnaire Grec-Français, edited, with notes, by the Rev. Thomas Kerchever Arnold, M.A. Rector of Lyndon, and late fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge
(
PILLON 1850)
p.
no.266 - 古漢語常用詞同義詞詞典
(
HONG CHENGYU 2009)
p.
337 - Encyclopedia of Comparative Iconography
(
ROBERTS 1998)
p.
771
Words
祭 jì OC: skeds MC: tsiɛi 50 AttributionsWD
The most general word for making sacrificial offerings of wine and food to spirits of Heaven, of Earth and to the ancestors (perhaps primarily to the spirits of Earth and of the ancestors) is jì 祭 which has become the most common word in Warring States times, replacing sì 祀, which was more common in SHU and SHI.
- Word relations
- Object: 鬼/DEITY
Guǐ 鬼 is very often a spirit of the deceased (See GHOST), but the word can also refer to nature spirits of all kinds. - Object: 神/DEITY
Shén 神refers to the ethereal supernatural spirits of all kinds, primarily associated with heaven, but the word also refers to a righteous person who turns into such a spirit after death. - Object: 上帝/GOD
Shàng dì 上帝 refers to the highest Sovereign, also identified with the the Highest Ancestor. - Assoc: 祀/SACRIFICE
Jì4 祀 is an archaic word which refers to the making of sacrificial offerings of wine and food to the spirits of Heaven, of Earth and to the ancestors, perhaps primarily and originally to the spirits of Heaven.
- Syntactic words
- nabactsacrifice
- nadNsacrificial; sacred because connected with ritual performances
- vt(oN)sacrifice to the contextually determinate object
- vt+prep+NOBI 5: (Periods I-II) conduct a meat sacrifice to
- vt.csacrifice
- vt[oN]engage in sacrifice(s) to relevant spirits
- vtoNN=placeperform sacrifice at the place NDS
- vtoNobject=deitysacrifice to (specifically to the spirits of the Earth) with wine, grain, and meat[also: sacrifice (something)][CA]
- vtoNobject=sacrificesacrifice
- vtt(oN1.)+prep+N2sacrifice to the contextually determinate N1 with the offerings N2DS
祀 sì OC: sɢlɯʔ MC: zɨ 46 AttributionsWD
Jì4 祀 is an archaic word which refers to the making of sacrificial offerings of wine and food to the spirits of Heaven, of Earth and to the ancestors, perhaps primarily and originally to the spirits of Heaven.
- Word relations
- Object: 絕/STOP
Jué 絕 (ant. jì 繼 "continue") is to disrupt one's current (human) activity, and fèi 廢 (ant. qín 勤 "continue to make a serioues effort") is to discontinue such an acitivity permanently. - Assoc: 祭/SACRIFICE
The most general word for making sacrificial offerings of wine and food to spirits of Heaven, of Earth and to the ancestors (perhaps primarily to the spirits of Earth and of the ancestors) is jì 祭 which has become the most common word in Warring States times, replacing sì 祀, which was more common in SHU and SHI.
- Syntactic words
- nOBI 2, Period V: ritual cycle. By Period V the ritual cycle occupied practially all of the year.
- nab.t:post-NN=indirOBJsacrifice to N
- nabactsacrifice
- viactcarry out the yearly sacrifices symbolic of the continuance of the state, directed to (the deceased ruler)
- vt+prep+Nsacrifice to N
- vtoNcarry out the yearly sacrifices symbolic of the continuance of the state, directed to (the deceased ruler etc); offer sacrifices to (a mountain etc)
- vtt(oN1.)+N2sacrifice the contextually determinate N1 to N2
- vttoN1:postvtoN2sacrifice N2 to N1
祥 xiáng OC: sɢlaŋ MC: zi̯ɐŋ 19 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- nabactauspicious memorial sacrifice; auspiciousness sacrifice in which one seeks (but does not necessarily get) a favourable response for a project
- viconduct auspicious memorial sacrifice (at yearly intervals, which could be on a large scale (dà xiáng 大祥) or on a small scale (xiǎo xiáng 小祥).
祔 Click here to add pinyin OC: MC: 16 AttributionsWD
fù
- Syntactic words
- nabactthe placing of the spirit tablet of the deceased next to that of his ancestor
- viactsacrifice associating a deceased to his ancestor
- vt+prep+Nplace the spirit tablet of the deceased next to (that of his ancestor, or person of higher status, or indeed of any person with whom a relation is to be ritually asserted)
祭祀 jì sì OC: skeds sɢlɯʔ MC: tsiɛi zɨ 14 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NPab{N1&N2}actsacrificing of all kinds; the various required sacrifices
- VP[adN].adVwhen sacrificingCH
- VPiactmake sacrifices
- VPtoNconduct a sacrifice of N
- VPtoNobject=spiritssacrifice to
饗 xiǎng OC: qhaŋʔ MC: hi̯ɐŋ
享 xiǎng OC: qhaŋʔ MC: hi̯ɐŋ
小臣 xiǎo chén OC: smewʔ ɡjiŋ MC: siɛu dʑin 13 AttributionsWD
Xiǎng 饗／享 refers to making sacrificial offerings in the form of food to one's ancestors.
- Syntactic words
- nabactsacrificial offering
- viactpresent offerings
- vt(oN)present religious pious offering to (a contextually determinate ruler)CH
- vt+prep+Nmake a ritual sacrifical offering to, in the form of a feast
- vtoNmake (large-scale) offerings of wine to (the gods in order to seek their blessings)
- vttoN1.+N2sacrificially offer N1 to N2CH
瘞 yì OC: qrebs MC: ʔiɛi 9 AttributionsWD
Yì 瘞 refers to placing something (typically jade, or domestic animals) in the ground as part of or as a form of sacrifice to a deceased person.
- Syntactic words
- viactbury sacrificial gifts to the deceased in a sacrificial act; conduct a sacrificial burial of gifts to the deceased
- vtoNbury ritually (offerings to the dead)
祠 cí OC: sɢlɯ MC: zɨ 6 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- nabaction of sacrificingCH
- viactoffer sacrifice and prayer (typically in spring in order to obtain good harvest from the seed that is being sown)
- vt+prep+Nsacrifice to N
- vt[ prep N]offer a sacrifice to someone (whose identity does not matter in the context)CH
- vtoNsacrifice at, sacrifice (to all sorts of divinities)
封 fēng OC: poŋ MC: pi̯oŋ 5 AttributionsWD
Fēng 封 refers to an imperial sacrifice to the spirits of Heaven at mount Taishan, where an altar had to be established for the occasion.
- Syntactic words
- viactconduct the feng sacrifice
薦 jiàn OC: tseens MC: tsen 4 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- nabactsacrifice without wine and meat
- vtoNmake a sacrifice of; sacrifice from
柴 chái OC: dzree MC: ɖʐɣɛ 3 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- viactmake an offering by burning firewood; rear a burning pile of wood
物 wù OC: mɯd MC: mi̯ut 3 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- nnonreferentialsacrificial object; sacrificial offerings; local sacrificial offerings
血食 xuè shí OC: qhʷiiɡ ɢljɯɡ MC: het ʑɨk 3 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- vtoNpassivereceive blood sacrifice; be sacrificed to with bloody victims [cf. 肉食者]
落 luò OC: ɡ-raaɡ MC: lɑk 2 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- vtoNZUO: drip sacrificial blood on; present at an inauguration feast; consecrate
用 yòng OC: k-loŋs MC: ji̯oŋ 2 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- vtoNcommon in OBI: sacrifice
奠 diàn OC: diiŋs MC: den 1 AttributionWD
Diàn 奠 refers specifically to making formal sacrifices to the deceased not too long after his death.
- Syntactic words
- viactsacrifice to HeavenCH
祖 zǔ OC: skaaʔ MC: tsuo̝ 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- viactsacrifice to the gods of the roads (GR: 《詩 Shi 》 1. Les aïeux mâles (p. opp. aux aïeules). Ds 先祖 xiān zǔ Les ancêtres défunts. Ds 烈祖 liè zǔ Les illustres ancêtres. 2. Ds 田祖 tián zǔ Le Père de l’agriculture : 神農 Shen nong. 3. Offrir un sacrifice au dieu des chemins (avant de se mettre en route).
祼 guàn OC: kloons MC: kʷɑn 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- nabactlibation ceremony
- viactpour libation in sacrifice in an elaborate ceremony
禪 shàn OC: djans MC: dʑiɛn 1 AttributionWD
Shàn 禪 refers specifically to the imperial sacrifice to the spirits of the Earth at the foot of mount Taishan,.
- Syntactic words
- nabactshàn sacrifie
- viactperform the shàn sacrifice
練 liàn OC: ɡ-reens MC: len 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- viactconduct mourning sacrifice during the period of mourning
肜 róng OC: luŋ MC: juŋ 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- nOBI 3: one of the series of five rituals in Shāng times, sometimes offered in the evening and then called the róng xì 肜夕. When unspecified the sacrifice is offered in the daytime, and sometimes this daytime ritual is then specifically recorded as róng rì 肜日.
- vt(oN)sacrifice the contextually determinate N
- vtoNsacrifice performed one day after the main sacrifice
門 mén OC: mɯɯn MC: muo̝n 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- nabactgate sacrifice
類 lèi OC: ruds MC: li 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- vtoNsacrifice to; offer the lèi sacrifice to
餼 xì OC: qhɯds MC: hɨi 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- nadNmeat-sacrificial
告朔 gào shuò OC: kuuɡs sqrooɡ MC: kɑu ʂɣɔk 1 AttributionWD
(sacrifice of) the announcement of the new month
- Syntactic words
- NPAnnouncement of the New Month sacrifice
大祭 dà jì OC: daads skeds MC: dɑi tsiɛi 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- NP{vadN}the Great Sacrifice
封禪 fēng shàn OC: poŋ djans MC: pi̯oŋ dʑiɛn 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- VPiactperform the fēng and shàn imperial sacrifices
有事 yǒu shì OC: ɢʷɯʔ dzrɯs MC: ɦɨu ɖʐɨ 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- VPt+prep+Nmake formal sacrifices to
牲用 shēng yòng OC: sraaŋ k-loŋs MC: ʂɣaŋ ji̯oŋ 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- NPabactsacrifice
祀 sì OC: sɢlɯʔ MC: zɨ 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- VPiactconduct the di4 sacrifice
宗祀 zōng sì MC: tsowng ziX OC: tsuuŋ sɢlɯʔLZ 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- vtoNcarry out the ancestral sacrifice to someoneLZ
薦進 jiàn jìn MC: tsenH tsinH OC: tseens tsinsCH 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- VPtoNoffer up as ritual sacrificeCH
殉 xùn MC: zwinH OC: sɢʷlinsCH 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- vt[oN]reflexivesacrifice [oneself] (in the service of something)CH
朝祭 zhāo jì MC: trjew tsjejH OC: taw skedsDS 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- NPmorning sacrifice DS
侑 yòu OC: ɢʷɯs MC: ɦɨu 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- vt(oN)sacrifice
- vt+prep+Nsacrifice to N
- vt+V[0]make a sacrifice/offering of something
- vtoNoffer up N
- vtt+prep+N1.oN2OBI 5: make offering (to someone) (of something)
- vttoN1(.+prep+N2)sactifice N1 to N2
- vttoN1.+N2OBI 5: make offering (to recipient N1) (of a disposable item N2)
Click here to add pinyin OC: MC: 0 AttributionsWD
OBI: yo3u-cutting sacrifice
- Syntactic words
- viactsacrifice
- vtoNsacrifice to
- vtoN1.+N2sacrifice
- vttoN1.+N2OBI: perform yo3u-cutting sacrifice of a sacrificial item N1 to N2
劌 guì OC: kʷrads MC: kiɛi 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- viactsacrifice; offer a sacrifice
寧 níng OC: neeŋ MC: neŋ 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- vttoN1.+prep+N2OBI: make a pacifying sacrifice concerning N1 at N2
尞 liào OC: - MC: liɛu 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- vt+prep+Nmake a burnt sacrifice to N
- vtoNmake a burning sacrifice of N
彝 yí OC: li MC: ji 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- vt(+N)sacrifice
- vtoNconduct an yi4 sacrifice at the place N
遍 biàn OC: peens MC: pen 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- nkind of sacrifice (SHU)
方 fāng OC: paŋ MC: pi̯ɐŋ 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- nsacrifice to the spirits of the four quarters (SHI)
灌 guàn OC: koons MC: kʷɑn 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- viactcarry out libation
燎 liào OC: ɡ-rews MC: liɛu 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- vt(oN)make a burnt sacrifice to the contextually determinate deity N
- vt+prep+Nmake a burning offering to
- vtoNOBI: sacrifice by burning
獻 xiàn OC: hŋans MC: hi̯ɐn 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- vtoNoffer up at sacrifice or in sacrifice
禨 jī OC: kɯl MC: kɨi 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- viengage in sacrificial religion; carry out sacrifical practises LIE: 越人禨
臘 là OC: raab MC: lɑp
臘腊 Click here to add pinyin OC: MC: 0 AttributionsWD
Là 臘 refers specifically to the winter sacrifice to Heaven and Earth.
- Syntactic words
賓 bīn OC: pin MC: pin 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- vt(oN)sacrifice to the contextually determinate N
- vtoNsacrifice to
造 zào OC: sɡuuʔ MC: dzɑu 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- viactconduct the zào sacrifice
- vt+prep+Noffer the zào sacrifice to N
酹 lèi OC: ruuls MC: luo̝i 0 AttributionsWD
Lèi 酹 refers to the pouring of libations of wine on the ground.
- Syntactic words
- vtoNHAN: pour libation on the ground in a simple ceremony
事神 shì shén OC: dzrɯs ɢljin MC: ɖʐɨ ʑin 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NPabactservice through sacrifice to the deities/spirits
享祀 xiǎng sì OC: qhaŋʔ sɢlɯʔ MC: hi̯ɐŋ zɨ 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NPabactsacrifices; offering of sacrifices
劌歲 guì suì OC: kʷrads sqʷads MC: kiɛi siɛi 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- ndeverbalOBI 3: that which has been cut (for sacrificing) 劌
- vt+prep+NOBI 4: conduct the chopping sacrifice to (an ancestor)
- vtoNpassiveOBI 2: be sacrificed to in the manner of guì 歲/劌 "carving up of sacrificial animals"
喪祭 sāng jì OC: smaaŋ skeds MC: sɑŋ tsiɛi 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NPabactfuneral sacrifice
大牢 dà láo OC: daads ruu MC: dɑi lɑu 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NPabactgreat tailao sacrifice
歲卯 suì mǎo OC: sqʷads mbruuʔ MC: siɛi mɣɛu 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- VPttoN1.+N2(sacrifice) by splitting open (sacrificial animals) (to deities)
禋祀 yīn sì OC: qin sɢlɯʔ MC: ʔin zɨ 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NPabactsacrifices of all kinds
立春 lì chūn OC: ɡ-rub thjun MC: lip tɕhʷin 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NPabactsacrifice on the first day of spring
歲 suì OC: sqʷads MC: siɛi 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- nabactOBI: yearly sacrifice
郊祀 jiāo sì MC: kaew ziX OC: kreew sɢlɯʔLZ 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- viacthold a suburban sacrificeLZ
- vtoNhold a suburban sacrifice for someoneLZ
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