SACRIFICE    祭祀祭

RITUAL in the form of GIVING gifts to DEITIES.
RITUAL SLAUGHTEROFFERINGOBLATIONIMMOLATION.IMMOLATE
Old Chinese Criteria
1. The most general word for making sacrificial offerings of wine and food to spirits of Heaven, of Earth and to the ancestors (perhaps primarily to the spirits of Earth and of the ancestors) is jì 祭 which has become the most common word in Warring States times, replacing sì 祀, which was more common in SHU and SHI. 2. Sì4 祀 is an archaic word which refers to the making of sacrificial offerings of wine and food to the spirits of Heaven, of Earth and to the ancestors, perhaps primarily and originally to the spirits of Heaven. 3. Xiǎng 饗／享 refers to making sacrificial offerings in the form of food to one's ancestors. 4. Diàn 奠 refers specifically to making formal sacrifices to the deceased not too long after his death. 5. Là 臘 refers specifically to the winter sacrifice to Heaven and Earth. 6. Fēng 封 refers to an imperial sacrifice to the spirits of Heaven at mount Taishan, where an altar had to be established for the occasion. 7. Shàn 禪 refers specifically to the imperial sacrifice to the spirits of the Earth at the foot of mount Taishan,. 8. Wàng 望 refers to sacrifices to the spirits of mountains and streams. 9. Yì 瘞 refers to placing something (typically jade, or domestic animals) in the ground as part of or as a form of sacrifice to a deceased person. 10. Lèi 酹 refers to the pouring of libations of wine on the ground.
黄金貴：古漢語同義詞辨釋詞典
HUANG JINGUI 2006 SACRIFICE 1. 祭，有牲供獻之祭，泛指祭祀。 祀，永久祭祀。後泛指祭祀，不含永久義。 SACRIFICE 2. 祠，春祭。 礿，夏、商兩代春祭為礿，周代夏祭為礿。 嘗，秋祭。烝，冬祭。 祫，集合遠近祖先神主於太廟大合祭。 禘，宗廟五年一次的舉行的大祭。 禫，除喪服時舉行祭禮。 祔，新死者附祭於先祖。 祥，古喪制，有大小祥之分。周年祭為小祥，兩周年祭為大祥。 SACRIFICE 12. THANKSGIVING 報，秋冬酬神祭。 賽，神靈滿足了願望而酬神致祭。 祠，得福謝神。漢代之後 “ 祠 ” 泛指祭祀。 蠟，年終大索百神的報謝祭。
Modern Chinese Criteria
祭祀 is the current modern word, just as it is the current general classical word for sacrifice. 奉祀 focusses on the offering up of the sacrifice to the deities. 祝福 refers specifically to the New Year Sacrifice in which offerings are made to ask for good fortune. 祭 祀 rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／
Hyponym
See also
  • BURYPUT a DEAD HUMAN OR ANIMAL INTO a HOLE in the EARTH.
Hypernym
  • RITUAL　TYPICALLY COMPLEX SHOULD:obligatory PUBLIC CUSTOM. (anc: 13/0, child: 4)
  • CUSTOM　REPEATED ACT CONFORMING to what is a COMMON RULE in one's GROUP. (anc: 12/0, child: 4)
  • ACT　MOVE OR NOT MOVE CONFORMING to one's SELF:own DECIDE:decision. (anc: 11/0, child: 24)
  • A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages ( BUCK 1988) p. 22.15

  • De differentiis ( DIFFERENTIAE I) p. 319

    523. Etymolog. lib. VI, cap. 19.

    ]

    523. Inter Sacrificium et hostiam haec vetus erat discretio, quod sacrificium spontanea oblatio erat; hostia vero quae devictis hostibus immolabatur. Haec et victima vocabatur. Alii victimam 67 ideo dictam putant, quia ictu percussa cadit, vel quia vincta ad aras perducitur.

  • Verzeichnis und Motivindex der Han-Darstellungen ( FINSTERBUSCH 1966) p. 227

    Opferszene:

  • 韓非子同義詞研究 ( HANFEI TONGYI 2004) p. 280

  • Semantica del Griego Antiguo ( HERNANDEZ 2000) p. 43n184

    Casabona, Sacrifice

  • Anthologia sive Florilegium rerum et materiarum selectarum ( LANGIUS 1631) p.

    SACRIFICIUM

  • Lateinische Synonymik ( MENGE) p. 87

  • Dictionnaire culturel en langue francaise ( REY 2005) p. 4.489

  • Historisches Woerterbuch der Philosophie ( RITTER 1971-2007) p. 6.1224

  • 中國文化史三百題 ( SANBAITI 1987) p. 364-367

  • "Sachwoerterbuch zum Alten China" ( UNGER SACH) p.

    OPFER

  • 古辭辨 Gu ci bian ( WANG FENGYANG 1993) p. 664

  • 中國文化背景八千詞 Zhongguo wenhua beijing ba qian ci ( WU SANXING 2008) p. 274ff

  • Encyclopedia of Social and Cultural Anthropology ( BARNARD AND SPENCER 2002) p.

  • Handbook of Greek Synonymes, from the French of M. Alex. Pillon, Librarian of the Bibliothèque Royale , at Paris, and one of the editors of the new edition of Plaché's Dictionnaire Grec-Français, edited, with notes, by the Rev. Thomas Kerchever Arnold, M.A. Rector of Lyndon, and late fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge ( PILLON 1850) p. no.260

  • Handbook of Greek Synonymes, from the French of M. Alex. Pillon, Librarian of the Bibliothèque Royale , at Paris, and one of the editors of the new edition of Plaché's Dictionnaire Grec-Français, edited, with notes, by the Rev. Thomas Kerchever Arnold, M.A. Rector of Lyndon, and late fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge ( PILLON 1850) p. no.266

  • 古漢語常用詞同義詞詞典 ( HONG CHENGYU 2009) p. 337

  • Encyclopedia of Comparative Iconography ( ROBERTS 1998) p. 771

    • Words (60 items)

    祭  jì OC: skeds MC: tsiɛi 51 Attributions

    The most general word for making sacrificial offerings of wine and food to spirits of Heaven, of Earth and to the ancestors (perhaps primarily to the spirits of Earth and of the ancestors) is jì 祭 which has become the most common word in Warring States times, replacing sì 祀, which was more common in SHU and SHI.

      Word relations
    • Object: 鬼/DEITY Guǐ 鬼 is very often a spirit of the deceased (See GHOST), but the word can also refer to nature spirits of all kinds.
    • Object: 神/DEITY Shén 神refers to the ethereal supernatural spirits of all kinds, primarily associated with heaven, but the word also refers to a righteous person who turns into such a spirit after death.
    • Object: 上帝/GOD Shàng dì 上帝 refers to the highest Sovereign, also identified with the the Highest Ancestor.
    • Assoc: 祀/SACRIFICE Jì4 祀 is an archaic word which refers to the making of sacrificial offerings of wine and food to the spirits of Heaven, of Earth and to the ancestors, perhaps primarily and originally to the spirits of Heaven.

      Syntactic words
    • nabactsacrifice
    • nadNsacrificial; sacred because connected with ritual performances
    • vt(oN)sacrifice to the contextually determinate object
    • vt+prep+NOBI 5: (Periods I-II) conduct a meat sacrifice to
    • vt.csacrifice
    • vt[oN]engage in sacrifice(s) to relevant spirits
    • vtoNN=placeperform sacrifice at the place NDS
    • vtoNobject=deitysacrifice to (specifically to the spirits of the Earth) with wine, grain, and meat[also: sacrifice (something)][CA]
    • vtoNobject=sacrificesacrifice
    • vtt(oN1.)+prep+N2sacrifice to the contextually determinate N1 with the offerings N2DS
    祀  sì OC: sɢlɯʔ MC: zɨ 46 Attributions

    Jì4 祀 is an archaic word which refers to the making of sacrificial offerings of wine and food to the spirits of Heaven, of Earth and to the ancestors, perhaps primarily and originally to the spirits of Heaven.

      Word relations
    • Object: 絕/STOP Jué 絕 (ant. jì 繼 "continue") is to disrupt one's current (human) activity, and fèi 廢 (ant. qín 勤 "continue to make a serioues effort") is to discontinue such an acitivity permanently.
    • Assoc: 祭/SACRIFICE The most general word for making sacrificial offerings of wine and food to spirits of Heaven, of Earth and to the ancestors (perhaps primarily to the spirits of Earth and of the ancestors) is jì 祭 which has become the most common word in Warring States times, replacing sì 祀, which was more common in SHU and SHI.

      Syntactic words
    • nOBI 2, Period V: ritual cycle. By Period V the ritual cycle occupied practially all of the year.
    • nab.t:post-NN=indirOBJsacrifice to N
    • nabactsacrifice
    • viactcarry out the yearly sacrifices symbolic of the continuance of the state, directed to (the deceased ruler)
    • vt+prep+Nsacrifice to N
    • vtoNcarry out the yearly sacrifices symbolic of the continuance of the state, directed to (the deceased ruler etc); offer sacrifices to (a mountain etc)
    • vtt(oN1.)+N2sacrifice the contextually determinate N1 to N2
    • vttoN1:postvtoN2sacrifice N2 to N1
    祥  xiáng OC: sɢlaŋ MC: zi̯ɐŋ 19 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nabactauspicious memorial sacrifice; auspiciousness sacrifice in which one seeks (but does not necessarily get) a favourable response for a project
    • viconduct auspicious memorial sacrifice (at yearly intervals, which could be on a large scale (dà xiáng 大祥) or on a small scale (xiǎo xiáng 小祥).
    祔  Click here to add pinyin OC:  MC: 16 Attributions

    fù

      Syntactic words
    • nabactthe placing of the spirit tablet of the deceased next to that of his ancestor
    • viactsacrifice associating a deceased to his ancestor
    • vt+prep+Nplace the spirit tablet of the deceased next to (that of his ancestor, or person of higher status, or indeed of any person with whom a relation is to be ritually asserted)
    祭祀  jì sì OC: skeds sɢlɯʔ MC: tsiɛi zɨ 14 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPab{N1&N2}actsacrificing of all kinds; the various required sacrifices
    • VP[adN].adVwhen sacrificingCH
    • VPiactmake sacrifices
    • VPtoNconduct a sacrifice of N
    • VPtoNobject=spiritssacrifice to
    饗  xiǎng OC: qhaŋʔ MC: hi̯ɐŋ
    享  xiǎng OC: qhaŋʔ MC: hi̯ɐŋ
    小臣  xiǎo chén OC: smewʔ ɡjiŋ MC: siɛu dʑin 13 Attributions

    Xiǎng 饗／享 refers to making sacrificial offerings in the form of food to one's ancestors.

      Syntactic words
    • nabactsacrificial offering
    • viactpresent offerings
    • vt(oN)present religious pious offering to (a contextually determinate ruler)CH
    • vt+prep+Nmake a ritual sacrifical offering to, in the form of a feast
    • vtoNmake (large-scale) offerings of wine to (the gods in order to seek their blessings)
    • vttoN1.+N2sacrificially offer N1 to N2CH
    瘞  yì OC: qrebs MC: ʔiɛi 9 Attributions

    Yì 瘞 refers to placing something (typically jade, or domestic animals) in the ground as part of or as a form of sacrifice to a deceased person.

      Syntactic words
    • viactbury sacrificial gifts to the deceased in a sacrificial act; conduct a sacrificial burial of gifts to the deceased
    • vtoNbury ritually (offerings to the dead)
    祠  cí OC: sɢlɯ MC: zɨ 6 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nabaction of sacrificingCH
    • viactoffer sacrifice and prayer (typically in spring in order to obtain good harvest from the seed that is being sown)
    • vt+prep+Nsacrifice to N
    • vt[ prep N]offer a sacrifice to someone (whose identity does not matter in the context)CH
    • vtoNsacrifice at, sacrifice (to all sorts of divinities)
    封  fēng OC: poŋ MC: pi̯oŋ 5 Attributions

    Fēng 封 refers to an imperial sacrifice to the spirits of Heaven at mount Taishan, where an altar had to be established for the occasion.

      Syntactic words
    • viactconduct the feng sacrifice
    薦  jiàn OC: tseens MC: tsen 4 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nabactsacrifice without wine and meat
    • vtoNmake a sacrifice of; sacrifice from
    血食  xuè shí OC: qhʷiiɡ ɢljɯɡ MC: het ʑɨk 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNpassivereceive blood sacrifice; be sacrificed to with bloody victims [cf. 肉食者]
    柴  chái OC: dzree MC: ɖʐɣɛ 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • viactmake an offering by burning firewood; rear a burning pile of wood
    物  wù OC: mɯd MC: mi̯ut 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nnonreferentialsacrificial object; sacrificial offerings; local sacrificial offerings
    落  luò OC: ɡ-raaɡ MC: lɑk 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNZUO: drip sacrificial blood on; present at an inauguration feast; consecrate
    用  yòng OC: k-loŋs MC: ji̯oŋ 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNcommon in OBI: sacrifice
    肜  róng OC: luŋ MC: juŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • nOBI 3: one of the series of five rituals in Shāng times, sometimes offered in the evening and then called the róng xì 肜夕. When unspecified the sacrifice is offered in the daytime, and sometimes this daytime ritual is then specifically recorded as róng rì 肜日.
    • vt(oN)sacrifice the contextually determinate N
    • vtoNsacrifice performed one day after the main sacrifice
    宗祀  zōng sì MC: tsowng ziX OC: tsuuŋ sɢlɯʔ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNcarry out the ancestral sacrifice to someoneLZ
    門  mén OC: mɯɯn MC: muo̝n 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • nabactgate sacrifice
    類  lèi OC: ruds MC: li 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNsacrifice to; offer the lèi sacrifice to
    餼  xì OC: qhɯds MC: hɨi 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • nadNmeat-sacrificial
    告朔  gào shuò OC: kuuɡs sqrooɡ MC: kɑu ʂɣɔk 1 Attribution

    (sacrifice of) the announcement of the new month

      Syntactic words
    • NPAnnouncement of the New Month sacrifice
    封禪  fēng shàn OC: poŋ djans MC: pi̯oŋ dʑiɛn 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPiactperform the fēng and shàn imperial sacrifices
    薦進  jiàn jìn MC: tsenH tsinH OC: tseens tsins 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPtoNoffer up as ritual sacrificeCH
    大祭  dà jì OC: daads skeds MC: dɑi tsiɛi 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NP{vadN}the Great Sacrifice
    有事  yǒu shì OC: ɢʷɯʔ dzrɯs MC: ɦɨu ɖʐɨ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPt+prep+Nmake formal sacrifices to
    牲用  shēng yòng OC: sraaŋ k-loŋs MC: ʂɣaŋ ji̯oŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPabactsacrifice
    奠  diàn OC: diiŋs MC: den 1 Attribution

    Diàn 奠 refers specifically to making formal sacrifices to the deceased not too long after his death.

      Syntactic words
    • viactsacrifice to HeavenCH
    殉  xùn MC: zwinH OC: sɢʷlins 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vt[oN]reflexivesacrifice [oneself] (in the service of something)CH
    朝祭  zhāo jì MC: trjew tsjejH OC: taw skeds 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPmorning sacrifice DS
    祀  sì OC: sɢlɯʔ MC: zɨ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPiactconduct the di4 sacrifice
    祖  zǔ OC: skaaʔ MC: tsuo̝ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • viactsacrifice to the gods of the roads (GR: 《詩 Shi 》 1. Les aïeux mâles (p. opp. aux aïeules). Ds 先祖 xiān zǔ Les ancêtres défunts. Ds 烈祖 liè zǔ Les illustres ancêtres. 2. Ds 田祖 tián zǔ Le Père de l’agriculture : 神農 Shen nong. 3. Offrir un sacrifice au dieu des chemins (avant de se mettre en route).
    祼  guàn OC: kloons MC: kʷɑn 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • nabactlibation ceremony
    • viactpour libation in sacrifice in an elaborate ceremony
    禪  shàn OC: djans MC: dʑiɛn 1 Attribution

    Shàn 禪 refers specifically to the imperial sacrifice to the spirits of the Earth at the foot of mount Taishan,.

      Syntactic words
    • nabactshàn sacrifie
    • viactperform the shàn sacrifice
    練  liàn OC: ɡ-reens MC: len 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • viactconduct mourning sacrifice during the period of mourning
    享祀  xiǎng sì OC: qhaŋʔ sɢlɯʔ MC: hi̯ɐŋ zɨ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabactsacrifices; offering of sacrifices
    郊祀  jiāo sì MC: kaew ziX OC: kreew sɢlɯʔ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • viacthold a suburban sacrificeLZ
    • vtoNhold a suburban sacrifice for someoneLZ
    臘  là OC: raab MC: lɑp
    臘腊  Click here to add pinyin OC:  MC: 0 Attributions

    Là 臘 refers specifically to the winter sacrifice to Heaven and Earth.

      Syntactic words
    賓  bīn OC: pin MC: pin 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vt(oN)sacrifice to the contextually determinate N
    • vtoNsacrifice to
    造  zào OC: sɡuuʔ MC: dzɑu 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • viactconduct the zào sacrifice
    • vt+prep+Noffer the zào sacrifice to N
    遍  biàn OC: peens MC: pen 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nkind of sacrifice (SHU)
    酹  lèi OC: ruuls MC: luo̝i 0 Attributions

    Lèi 酹 refers to the pouring of libations of wine on the ground.

      Syntactic words
    • vtoNHAN: pour libation on the ground in a simple ceremony
    禋祀  yīn sì OC: qin sɢlɯʔ MC: ʔin zɨ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabactsacrifices of all kinds
    大牢  dà láo OC: daads ruu MC: dɑi lɑu 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabactgreat tailao sacrifice
    立春  lì chūn OC: ɡ-rub thjun MC: lip tɕhʷin 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabactsacrifice on the first day of spring
    侑  yòu OC: ɢʷɯs MC: ɦɨu 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vt(oN)sacrifice
    • vt+prep+Nsacrifice to N
    • vt+V[0]make a sacrifice/offering of something
    • vtoNoffer up N
    • vtt+prep+N1.oN2OBI 5: make offering (to someone) (of something)
    • vttoN1(.+prep+N2)sactifice N1 to N2
    • vttoN1.+N2OBI 5: make offering (to recipient N1) (of a disposable item N2)
    劌  guì OC: kʷrads MC: kiɛi 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • viactsacrifice; offer a sacrifice
    歲卯  suì mǎo OC: sqʷads mbruuʔ MC: siɛi mɣɛu 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPttoN1.+N2(sacrifice) by splitting open (sacrificial animals) (to deities)
    喪祭  sāng jì OC: smaaŋ skeds MC: sɑŋ tsiɛi 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabactfuneral sacrifice
    寧  níng OC: neeŋ MC: neŋ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vttoN1.+prep+N2OBI: make a pacifying sacrifice concerning N1 at N2
    尞  liào OC: - MC: liɛu 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vt+prep+Nmake a burnt sacrifice to N
    • vtoNmake a burning sacrifice of N
    彝  yí OC: li MC: ji 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vt(+N)sacrifice
    • vtoNconduct an yi4 sacrifice at the place N
    方  fāng OC: paŋ MC: pi̯ɐŋ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nsacrifice to the spirits of the four quarters (SHI)
    劌歲  guì suì OC: kʷrads sqʷads MC: kiɛi siɛi 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • ndeverbalOBI 3: that which has been cut (for sacrificing) 劌
    • vt+prep+NOBI 4: conduct the chopping sacrifice to (an ancestor)
    • vtoNpassiveOBI 2: be sacrificed to in the manner of guì 歲/劌 "carving up of sacrificial animals"
    歲  suì OC: sqʷads MC: siɛi 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nabactOBI: yearly sacrifice
    灌  guàn OC: koons MC: kʷɑn 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • viactcarry out libation
    燎  liào OC: ɡ-rews MC: liɛu 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vt(oN)make a burnt sacrifice to the contextually determinate deity N
    • vt+prep+Nmake a burning offering to
    • vtoNOBI: sacrifice by burning
    󰩜  Click here to add pinyin OC:  MC: 0 Attributions

    OBI: yo3u-cutting sacrifice

      Syntactic words
    • viactsacrifice
    • vtoNsacrifice to
    • vtoN1.+N2sacrifice
    • vttoN1.+N2OBI: perform yo3u-cutting sacrifice of a sacrificial item N1 to N2
    獻  xiàn OC: hŋans MC: hi̯ɐn 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNoffer up at sacrifice or in sacrifice
    禨  jī OC: kɯl MC: kɨi 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • viengage in sacrificial religion; carry out sacrifical practises LIE: 越人禨
    事神  shì shén OC: dzrɯs ɢljin MC: ɖʐɨ ʑin 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabactservice through sacrifice to the deities/spirits