STUDENT 學生
ADULT who is TEACH:taught PERSONALLY by a TEACHER OR who is STUDYING.
DISCIPLESCHOLARUNDERGRADUATEGRADUATEGRAD STUDENTPOSTDOCTORAL FELLOWFRESHMANSOPHOMOREJUNIORSENIOR
Old Chinese Criteria
1. The current general word for a disciple of any kind, or a follower of a school or any line of thought, is tú 徒.
2. Mén rén 門人 stresses the physical abode near a master.
3. Dì zǐ 弟子 refers rather intimately to disciples of a master as the object of his affection.
4. Shǔ 屬 is a cold general word referring to someone who belongs to a certain group and under a certain leadership.
5. Cóng zhě 從者 like the English "followers" primarily focusses on the idea of following a master wherever he goes, but this nuance is weakened with time so that the term comes to mean quite abstractly "follower".
6. Xiǎo zǐ 小子 is an affectionate term only used in the vocative.
2. Mén rén 門人 stresses the physical abode near a master.
3. Dì zǐ 弟子 refers rather intimately to disciples of a master as the object of his affection.
4. Shǔ 屬 is a cold general word referring to someone who belongs to a certain group and under a certain leadership.
5. Cóng zhě 從者 like the English "followers" primarily focusses on the idea of following a master wherever he goes, but this nuance is weakened with time so that the term comes to mean quite abstractly "follower".
6. Xiǎo zǐ 小子 is an affectionate term only used in the vocative.
黄金貴：古漢語同義詞辨釋詞典
HUANG JINGUI 2006
EDUCATION 41.
生， “ 先生 ” 的省稱，轉指學生，特指儒生。
徒，泛指學生。
役，儒生之外的學生。
EDUCATION 41.
生， “ 先生 ” 的省稱，轉指學生，特指儒生。
徒，泛指學生。
役，儒生之外的學生。
Modern Chinese Criteria
學生 is the current modern word for a student or pupil or disciple.
學徒 is a current formal word for a disciple, and typically the subject studies is a basic handicraft.
徒弟 is a general slightly formal word for a disciple of any kind, scholarly or otherwise.
門徒 is a slightly more formal word referrring to a disciple within a dignified area of scholarship.
學童 focusses on low status and young age.
桃李 (lit) focusses politely on the high quality of disciples, main in addressing their teacher.
門人 (lit) refers to one of many disciples of a distinguished teacher, typically of some age.
門生 (lit) refers to disciples of a distinguished teacher who are typically still of low scholarly status.
門下 (lit) is a polite word to use in order to identify oneself as belonging to a distinguished school of scholarship.
後學 (lit) is a polite way of focussing one's belonging to the younger generation in a scholarly tradiiton.
受業 (lit) is a periphrastic way of referring to oneself as a humble disciple.
學子 (lit) is classificatory term referring to disciples as opposed to teachers.
弟子 (lit) is the classical term for a disciple which is still current.
徒眾 (lit) focusses on the large number of disciples.
徒屬 (lit) focusses on the appurtenance of disciples to their teacher or school.
及門 is always plural and refers to co-disciples.??
生徒 (lit, obs) refers to students or disciples.
諸生 (lit, obs) is always plural and refers to the students of a master as a group.
門弟子 (lit, obs) is always plural and refers to the students as belonging under one tradition.
門下生 (lit, obs) is always plural and refers to the students as belonging under one tradition.
生 is (obs) a classical expression for a disciple which is obsolete.
rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／
學徒 is a current formal word for a disciple, and typically the subject studies is a basic handicraft.
徒弟 is a general slightly formal word for a disciple of any kind, scholarly or otherwise.
門徒 is a slightly more formal word referrring to a disciple within a dignified area of scholarship.
學童 focusses on low status and young age.
桃李 (lit) focusses politely on the high quality of disciples, main in addressing their teacher.
門人 (lit) refers to one of many disciples of a distinguished teacher, typically of some age.
門生 (lit) refers to disciples of a distinguished teacher who are typically still of low scholarly status.
門下 (lit) is a polite word to use in order to identify oneself as belonging to a distinguished school of scholarship.
後學 (lit) is a polite way of focussing one's belonging to the younger generation in a scholarly tradiiton.
受業 (lit) is a periphrastic way of referring to oneself as a humble disciple.
學子 (lit) is classificatory term referring to disciples as opposed to teachers.
弟子 (lit) is the classical term for a disciple which is still current.
徒眾 (lit) focusses on the large number of disciples.
徒屬 (lit) focusses on the appurtenance of disciples to their teacher or school.
及門 is always plural and refers to co-disciples.??
生徒 (lit, obs) refers to students or disciples.
諸生 (lit, obs) is always plural and refers to the students of a master as a group.
門弟子 (lit, obs) is always plural and refers to the students as belonging under one tradition.
門下生 (lit, obs) is always plural and refers to the students as belonging under one tradition.
生 is (obs) a classical expression for a disciple which is obsolete.
rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／
- A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages
(
BUCK 1988)
p.
17.26 - Verzeichnis und Motivindex der Han-Darstellungen
(
FINSTERBUSCH 2000)
p.
800 Schueler:
- Anthologia sive Florilegium rerum et materiarum selectarum
(
LANGIUS 1631)
p.
DISCIPULI
- Encyclopedia of Religion ( JONES 2005) p.
- SYNONYMES FRANÇOIS, LEURS DIFFÉRENTES SIGNIFICATIONS, ET LE CHOIX QU'IL EN FAUT FAIRE Pour parler avec justesse
(
GIRARD 1769)
p.
2.59:43 ELEVE.DISCIPLE.ECOLIER
Words
弟子 dì zǐ OC: liilʔ sklɯʔ MC: dei tsɨ 115 AttributionsWD
Dì zǐ 弟子 refers rather intimately to disciples of a master as the object of his affection.3
- Word relations
- Assoc: 門徒/STUDENT
- Synon: 門徒/STUDENT
- Oppos: 師/TEACHER
The current general word for a (revered) teacher of one's choice is shī 師. - Oppos: 先生/TEACHER
- Oppos: 大人/HERO
- Syntactic words
- NP(post-N)=Nprdisciple Npr
- NP(post-N)definitean (identifiabe) disciple, the disciple
- NP(post-N)pluralthe disciples of the contextually determinate N
- NP[post-N]your disciple
- NPc.post-V{NUM}students
- NPnonreferentiala disciple, disciples; followers, devoted adherents
- NPpluraldefinite: the attending disciplesCH
- NPpost-Npra disciple of N; a true disciple of N
- NP{PRED}be a disciple
徒 tú OC: daa MC: duo̝ 19 AttributionsWD
The current general word for a disciple of any kind, or a follower of a school or any line of thought, is tú 徒.
- Word relations
- Contrast: 黨/FRIEND
Dǎng 黨 refers to group of péng 朋pursuing a common aim, and the word is normally derogatory in meaning.
- Syntactic words
- nindefinitediscpiles, adherents
- npost-Nagentfollower, adherent (of a private person, wise person, perhaps a powerful person out of formal position); addicted person (to wine)
門人 mén rén OC: mɯɯn njin MC: muo̝n ȵin 18 AttributionsWD
Mén rén 門人 stresses the physical abode near a master.
- Syntactic words
- NPan acolyte; an adherent, a follower
- NP(post-N)acolyte(s) or followers of the contextually determinate N
- NP=Nprtitlethe acolyte, follower Npr
- NPpost-Npluralacolytes, followers, adherents
- NP{PRED}.post-Nbe an acolyte, a follower, of NCH
眷屬 juàn shǔ OC: krons djoɡ MC: kiɛn dʑi̯ok 8 AttributionsWD
- 佛經詞語匯釋 Fójīng cíyǔ huìshì The Translation of the Vocabulary of Buddhist Sūtras
(
LI WEIQI 2004)
p.
192 - 大正新修大藏經 Taishō shinshū daizōkyō Revised Edition of the Buddhist Canon in the Taishō Era
(
T.)
p.
3/154: 71c14 - 大正新修大藏經 Taishō shinshū daizōkyō Revised Edition of the Buddhist Canon in the Taishō Era
(
T.)
p.
3/184: 461a19 - 大正新修大藏經 Taishō shinshū daizōkyō Revised Edition of the Buddhist Canon in the Taishō Era
(
T.)
p.
3/186: 483c21,23 於是世尊名旦與諸菩薩及諸聲聞眷屬圍繞
- 大正新修大藏經 Taishō shinshū daizōkyō Revised Edition of the Buddhist Canon in the Taishō Era
(
T.)
p.
3/189: 622b19 - 大正新修大藏經 Taishō shinshū daizōkyō Revised Edition of the Buddhist Canon in the Taishō Era
(
T.)
p.
4/201: 299b21 兄弟眷屬千人
- Syntactic words
- NPdefiniteBUDDH: disciple
- NPpluralBUDDH: family members > disciples of the Buddha, assembly of monks/nuns
子 zǐ OC: sklɯʔ MC: tsɨ 7 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- n[post-N][my] disciple(s) (of a sage); the students [of Confucius]
玄徒 xuán tú OC: ɡʷeen daa MC: ɦen duo̝ 6 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NPBUDDH: disciple of the mysterious > follower of Buddhism, Buddhist monk; Buddhist disciple
門徒 mén tú OC: mɯɯn daa MC: muo̝n duo̝ 6 AttributionsWD
- Word relations
- Assoc: 弟子/STUDENT
Dì zǐ 弟子 refers rather intimately to disciples of a master as the object of his affection.3 - Synon: 弟子/STUDENT
Dì zǐ 弟子 refers rather intimately to disciples of a master as the object of his affection.3
- Syntactic words
- NPpluraldisciples
- NPsingulardisciple
學人 xué rén OC: ɡruuɡ njin MC: ɦɣɔk ȵin 5 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NPpluralstudents
學者 xué zhě OC: ɡruuɡ kljaʔ MC: ɦɣɔk tɕɣɛ 5 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NP(post-N)nonreferentialthe serious students of the contextually determinate NCH
- NPpluralstudents (of Buddhisms); acolytes
檀越 tán yuè OC: daan ɢʷad MC: dɑn ɦi̯ɐt 5 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NPBUDDH: layman, lay-Buddhist, supporter of the Buddhist teaching; skr. dānapati
- NPpost-NBuddhist disciple in charge of N
聲聞 shēng wén OC: qjeŋ mɯn MC: ɕiɛŋ mi̯un 5 AttributionsWD
- An Introduction to Buddhism
(
TAKASAKI 1987)
p.
241 "The 'listener' (sSraavaka, she1ngwe2n 聲聞) seeks only to become himself a saint, giving no thought to the salvation of others (namely, the laity), and the self-enlightened one too treads only his own path. Accordingly, these two modes of being, both considered to represent the pursuit of personal welfare only, were referred to collectively as the Hiinayaana or known alternatively as the 'two vehicles' (yaana-dvaya. e4rshe4ng 二乘).
- Syntactic words
- NPadNBUDDH: of a disciple of the Buddha, follower of the Small Vehicle
- VP[adN]BUDDH: listen to the sound > those who listened to the sermons of the Buddha > disciple of the Buddha (in Mahāyāna Buddhism usually deratory for followers of the Hīnayāna, the 'Small Vehicle'); skr. śrāvaka
小子 xiǎo zǐ OC: smewʔ sklɯʔ MC: siɛu tsɨ 4 AttributionsWD
Xiǎo zǐ 小子 is an affectionate term often used in the vocative.
- Syntactic words
- NP=Npryour student Npr
- NP[post-N]my dear students, my little ones
- NP{vadN}vocativelittle ones, disciples
屬 shǔ OC: djoɡ MC: dʑi̯ok 3 AttributionsWD
Shǔ 屬 is a cold general word referring to someone who belongs to a certain group and under a certain leadership.
- Syntactic words
- v[adN]one who serves under someone> adherents; underlings
左右 zuǒ yòu OC: skaalʔ ɢʷɯʔ MC: tsɑ ɦɨu 3 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NPplurBUDDH: ?? those to the left and right of the master > disciples
優婆塞 yōu pó sāi OC: qu baal sɯɯɡ MC: ʔɨu bʷɑ sək 3 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NPbuddhistBUDDH: male lay followers of the way of the Buddha
下 xià OC: ɢraaʔ MC: ɦɣɛ 2 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- v[adN]those below (the master) > disciple
優婆夷 yōu pó yí OC: qu baal li MC: ʔɨu bʷɑ ji 2 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NPbuddhistBUDDH: a female follower of the way of the Buddha
學 xué MC: haewk OC: ɡruuɡCH 2 AttributionsWD
- Word relations
- Conv: 師/TEACHER
The current general word for a (revered) teacher of one's choice is shī 師.
- Syntactic words
- nstudent; apprenticeCH
晚 wǎn OC: monʔ MC: mi̯ɐn 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- n(later-born) disciple
資 zī OC: sti MC: tsi 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- none with talent > disciple
學徒 xué tú OC: ɡruuɡ daa MC: ɦɣɔk duo̝ 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- NPpluraldisciples, students
師徒 shī tú OC: sril daa MC: ʂi duo̝ 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- NPdisciples
徒屬 tú shǔ OC: daa djoɡ MC: duo̝ dʑi̯ok 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- NPpluraldisciples; adherents
從屬 cóng shǔ OC: dzoŋ djoɡ MC: dzi̯oŋ dʑi̯ok 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- NPadherents of any kind
腳下 jiǎo xià OC: kaɡ ɢraaʔ MC: ki̯ɐk ɦɣɛ 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- NPpost-N[those below the feet of N>] the disciples
門子 mén zǐ OC: mɯɯn sklɯʔ MC: muo̝n tsɨ 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- NPpluralfollowers
四部眾 sì bù zhòng OC: plids bɯʔ tjuŋs MC: si buo̝ tɕuŋ 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- NPthe four groups of Buddhist disciples (also called 四輩，四輩弟子）
門弟子 mén dì zǐ OC: mɯɯn liilʔ sklɯʔ MC: muo̝n dei tsɨ 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- NPpluraldisciples
學道之人 xué dào zhī rén OC: ɡruuɡ ɡ-luuʔ kljɯ njin MC: ɦɣɔk dɑu tɕɨ ȵin 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- NPpluralstudents
宦 huàn MC: hwaenH OC: ɢʷraans CH 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- nacolyte, studentCH
子 zǐ MC: tsiX OC: sklɯʔCH 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- npost-N(N's) disciple, the person who is under N's chargeCH
門生 mén shēng MC: mwon sraeng OC: mɯɯn sraaŋDS 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- NPindefinitea student; a pupilDS
弟 dì OC: liilʔ MC: dei 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- n[post-N][my] student(s)
生 shēng OC: sraaŋ MC: ʂɣaŋ 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- nstudent (examples late)
學僮 xué tóng OC: ɡruuɡ dooŋ MC: ɦɣɔk duŋ 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NPstudent
徒弟 tú dì OC: daa liilʔ MC: duo̝ dei 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NPpluraldisciples
常隨眾 cháng suí zhòng OC: djaŋ sɢlol tjuŋs MC: dʑi̯ɐŋ ziɛ tɕuŋ 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NPbuddhistBUDDH: the permanently following assembly > this refers to the disciples of Buddha or a Buddhist teacher who permanently are in the presence of their teacher (i.e. the direct disciples of the Buddha, as opposed to lay disciples who on gather on certain occasions in order to listen to the dharma; compare 雲集眾)
雲集眾 yún jí zhòng OC: ɢun sɡub tjuŋs MC: ɦi̯un dzip tɕuŋ 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NPbuddhistBUDDH: assembly which gathers like a cloud > the non-permanent assembly of listeners of the Buddhist teaching; as contrasted to the resident disciples of the Buddha who continuously listen to his teachings (chángsuízhòng 常隨眾), members of the non-permanent assembly do not live together with there teaching (usually leading a regular secular life) and only gather if there is an opportunity to listen to the dharma
子 zǐ MC: tsiX OC: sklɯʔCH 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- npost-N(N's) disciple, the person who is under N's chargeCH
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