DRUM    鼓鼓

[[A MUSICAL INSTRUMENT of the percussive class, consisting of a hollow cylindrical or hemispherical frame of wood or metal, with a head of tightly stretched membrane at one or both ends, by the striking of which and the resonance of the cavity the sound is produced.]]
Old Chinese Criteria
1. The current general word for a drum is gǔ 鼓. The ancient Chinese drum was beaten on the sides and not on the top. 2. Pí 鼙 refers to a small handdrum wonderfully illustrated in a recent excavation from Sichuan. 3. Jiàn gǔ 建鼓 refers to a drum set up on a war chariot and used in war times to give signals to soldiers. [The term specifically refers to a drum used in this way in war times, but it can generally refer to any drum set up on a wooden base and beaten on two sides. 4. Gāo 鼛 refers to a large drum suspended on a frame. This was typically used to summon meetings. [Large drum used during feasts and to give signals in large public works; both functions are mentioned already in SHIJING. 5. Fú 桴／枹 is the current general term for a drumstick. 6. Fén 鼖 refers to a big drum which could be mounted on a vehicle and be used to give signals to soldiers. 7. Fǔ2 柎 refers to a small handdrum filled with grain which was used to give a rhytm in musical performances. 8. Táo 鞀 is a small two-eared hand-drum on the handle which one beat on by shaking it; it was used to regulate musical performances. 9. Qì 蟿 is drum used to announce the night watches which is mentioned in ZHOULI. 10. Tuó gǔ 鼉鼓 refers to a drum covered with alligator skin; the oldest evidence of this kind of drum is from the 3rd millenium B.C.
黄金貴：古漢語同義詞辨釋詞典
HUANG JINGUI 2006 ARTS 6. 鼓，鼓類打擊樂器的總稱。 鼙，帶柄小鼓。用作軍中令鼓，漢以後亦名騎鼓，也可在樂隊中用以裨助鼓節。 鼖，大鼓，長八尺，以鼓軍事。鼛，大鼓，長一丈二尺，主要用於役事，也用於演奏宴食之樂。 鼜，巡夜戒守所擊之鼓。 鞀，兩旁有耳的帶柄小鼓，轉動手柄使兩耳搖擺擊鼓發聲；樂隊演奏時，播鞀以節樂。
Modern Chinese Criteria
鼓 銅鼓 大鼓 小鼓 腰鼓 八角鼓 太平鼓 漁鼓 羯鼓 板鼓 定音鼓 簡板 呱嗒板兒 單皮 木魚 梆子 鐃鈸 鈸 鑼 鑼鼓 金鼓 rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／
Hypernym
  • MUSICAL INSTRUMENT　TOOLS USED FOR PRODUCING MUSIC. (anc: 5/0, child: 6)
  • ARTEFACT　THING PRODUCED by MAN. (anc: 4/0, child: 26)
  • THING　CONCRETE OBJECT. (anc: 3/0, child: 10)
  • Verzeichnis und Motivindex der Han-Darstellungen ( FINSTERBUSCH 1966) p. 229

    Pauke:

  • Verzeichnis und Motivindex der Han-Darstellungen ( FINSTERBUSCH 2000) p. 753

    Gong:

  • Verzeichnis und Motivindex der Han-Darstellungen ( FINSTERBUSCH 2000) p. 761

    hsien-t'ao:

  • Verzeichnis und Motivindex der Han-Darstellungen ( FINSTERBUSCH 2000) p. 815

    Trommel:

  • 漢代無知文化資料圖說 ( SUN JI) p. 377

  • 古辭辨 Gu ci bian ( WANG FENGYANG 1993) p. 310

  • Encyclopedia of Religion ( JONES 2005) p.

    • Words (16 items)

    鼓  gǔ OC: kaaʔ MC: kuo̝ 46 Attributions

    The current general word for a drum is gǔ 鼓. The ancient Chinese drum was beaten on the sides and not on the top.

      Word relations
    • Assoc: 鍾/BELL The current general word for a bell of any kind is zhōng 鐘/鍾. When hung up singly, it is called tè zhōng 特鐘, with round opening as in illustration SUN JI. Rhythmic instrument. Also, hung up in a series of tuned bells, in two rows of eight bells each. Note that these bells were already rare by Han times. [In use mainly from the Western Zhou till the Warring States.
    • Assoc: 鐘/BELL
    • Assoc: 鼙/DRUM Pí 鼙 refers to a small handdrum wonderfully illustrated in a recent excavation from Sichuan.

      Syntactic words
    • ndrum used to order troops to attackBUDDH: drum used in monasteries to accompany the recitation of scriptures or to signal activities
    • nadVV=actto the accompaniment of drumsCH
    • v[adN]drummer
    • vt[oN]beat the drum for an attack
    • vtoNbeat the drum to send (soldiers) into an attack
    鞀  táo OC: ɡ-laaw MC: dɑu 4 Attributions

    Táo 鞀 is a small two-eared hand-drum on the handle which one beat on by shaking it; it was used to regulate musical performances.

    • () p. 379 {99-2}

      Syntactic words
    • nsmall hand-drum with two ears
    鳴鼓  míng gǔ OC: mreŋ kaaʔ MC: mɣaŋ kuo̝ 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPdrumCH
    • VPistrike the drum
    法鼓  fǎ gǔ OC: pab kaaʔ MC: pi̯ɐp kuo̝ 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPbuddhistBUDDH: dharma Drum; SANSKRIT dharma-dundubhi
    鞞  pí OC: bee MC: bei 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • nsmall drum played on horseback
    鼛  gāo OC: klɯɯw MC: kɑu 1 Attribution

    Gāo 鼛 refers to a large drum suspended on a frame. This was typically used to summon meetings. [Large drum used during feasts and to give signals in large public works; both functions are mentioned already in SHIJING.

      Syntactic words
    • nlarge drum hung on a frame with which to call people to a gathering
    建鼓  jiàn gǔ OC: kans kaaʔ MC: ki̯ɐn kuo̝ 1 Attribution

    Jiàn gǔ 建鼓 refers to a drum set up on a war chariot and used in war times to give signals to soldiers. [The term specifically refers to a drum used in this way in war times, but it can generally refer to any drum set up on a wooden base and beaten on two sides.

    • 漢代の文物 Kandai no bunbutsu ( HAYASHI 1976) p. {pp. 179, tab. 9-5: pp. 182, tab. 9-18}

    • () p. 378 {95-11 - 14}

      Syntactic words
    • NPa drum with a stand, set up on a chariot, beaten from the sides. Still current in Han times See illustrations.
    鞀  táo OC: ɡ-laaw MC: dɑu 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • na small hand-drum with ears and with a handle which one beats by shaking it while holding it by the handle. See táo 鞀
    鼖  fén OC: bɯn MC: bi̯un 0 Attributions

    Fén 鼖 refers to a big drum which could be mounted on a vehicle and be used to give signals to soldiers.

      Syntactic words
    • nZHOULI: big drum used in military camps
    鼙  pí OC: bee MC: bei 0 Attributions

    Pí 鼙 refers to a small handdrum wonderfully illustrated in a recent excavation from Sichuan.

      Word relations
    • Object: 鼓/KNOCK
    • Assoc: 鼓/DRUM The current general word for a drum is gǔ 鼓. The ancient Chinese drum was beaten on the sides and not on the top.

    • () p. 379 {95-9?}

      Syntactic words
    • nsmall hand drum
    鼜  qì OC: tshɯɯwɡ MC: tshek 0 Attributions

    Qì 蟿is drum used to announce the night watches which is mentioned in ZHOULI. CHECK CHARACTER

      Syntactic words
    • ndrum of the night-watch (ZHOULI)
    咢  è OC: ŋɡlaaɡ MC: ŋɑk 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • viactplay the solo drum
    壽  shòu OC: djuʔ MC: dʑɨu 0 Attributions

    DELENDUM

      Syntactic words
    鼉鼓  tuó gǔ OC: daal kaaʔ MC: dɑ kuo̝ 0 Attributions

    Tuó gǔ 鼉鼓 refers to a drum covered with alligator skin; the oldest evidence of this kind of drum is from the 3rd millenium B.C..

    • [100 page synonym dictionary which I have in Oslo and shall identify.CH] ( XIANG 1997) p. 659

      Syntactic words
    拊  fǔ OC: phoʔ MC: phi̯o 0 Attributions

    Fǔ 柎refers to a small handdrum filled with grain which was used to give a rhytm in musical performances.

      Syntactic words
    • na kind of drum
    罊  qì OC: kheeɡs MC: khei 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • ndrum used to announce the night watches