WHITE    白色的白

COLOUR RESEMBLING COLOUR of FRESH SNOW.
COLORLESSUNPIGMENTEDBLEACHEDNATURALSNOWYMILKYCHALKYIVORY
Old Chinese Criteria
1. The dominant word for whiteness is bái 白 (ant. hēi 黑 "black"). 2. Sù 素 (ant. zī 緇 "black") refers to a pristine natural absence of colouring close to what we call off white. 3. Hào 皓 (ant. xuán 玄 and zào 皂 "dark and black") refers to gleaming whiteness. 4. Ái 皚 refers specifically to the white appearance of snow, xī 皙 refers to the whiteness or paleness of skin, cuǒ 瑳 to the white tinge of jade, pó 皤 refers to whiteness of hair. 5. Hào 皜 refers to a pure but unshiny white, as in porcelain.
黄金貴：古漢語同義詞辨釋詞典
HUANG JINGUI 2006 ART 14. 白，白色的總稱。 素，未染的細密繒帛；表 “ 本色 ” 、 “ 未經染飾 ” 之白。 皙，膚色之白。皚，霜雪之白。皤，老人鬚髮之白。 皎，月之亮白之貌。 皓，日出時亮白之貌。
Modern Chinese Criteria
白 粉 霜 銀 雪 素 縞 皓 皓皓 皚皚 潔白 雪白 涅白 純白 粉白 乳白 白淨 皎潔 白花花 白晃晃 白茫茫 白不呲咧 粉裝玉琢 rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／
Hyponym
  • GRAY　DARK WHITE. (anc: 7/0, child: 0)
  • PALE　WHITE OR LOSING COLOUR IN THE FACE (anc: 7/0, child: 0)
Antonym
  • BLACKINTENSELY DARK COLOUR of THINGS LACKING LIGHT.
Hypernym
  • COLOUR　APPEARANCE of SURFACES which REFLECT OR ISSUE LIGHT, PERCEIVED USING the EYES. (anc: 5/0, child: 8)
  • APPEARANCE　CLEAR:visible BUT SUBJECTIVELY PERCEIVED FEATURES. (anc: 4/0, child: 6)
  • FEATURE　ABSTRACT OBJECT a THING is SAID to BE OR to HAVE. (anc: 3/0, child: 19)
  • A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages ( BUCK 1988) p. 15.64

  • De differentiis ( DIFFERENTIAE I) p. 365

    ALBUS, CANDIDUS

    35. Ex C. Front. et ipse Etymolog. lib. X littera C.

    -- Item... Ex Serv., ad ill. III Georg.: Color deterimus albis. Ex quo pro aurorae leg. pallori.

    [col. 14D] Ibid. Hispanis adhuc alba auroram notat, atque ita fere Italis, quod animadvertit Barthius, ad verba: Album vero quod aurorae constat esse vicinum; et plura observaverat ad Apuleium, qui aurorae album lacertum laudat. [AREV.]

    ]

    35. Inter Album et candidum. Album natura, candidum studio sive cura; Albos ergo capillos, ceram candidam dicimus. Item candidum est quadam nitenti [ Al., ante] luce perfusum, album vero quod aurorae constat esse vicinum.

  • Lateinische Synonymik ( MENGE) p. 347

  • Dictionnaire culturel en langue francaise ( REY 2005) p. 1.951

  • Handbuch der lateinischen und griechischen Synonymik ( SCHMIDT 1889) p. 47

  • Kleine Schriften Deutsche Ostasienstudien ( UNGER 2009) p. 1-9

  • 語言學論集 ( ZHANG YONGYAN 1992) p. 100-135

    Zhang lists 85 terms for WHITE and compares adjacent languages.

  • Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the Other Italic Languages ( DE VAAN 2008) p.

    albus 'white' [adj. o/a) (P1.+)

    Derivatives: albere 'to be(come) white' (Sis.+), albescere 'to become white'

    (Lucr.+), albicare 'to have a whitish tinge' (Varro+), albulus 'white' (Varro+).

    [ALSO: albedo CH]

  • Handbook of Greek Synonymes, from the French of M. Alex. Pillon, Librarian of the Bibliothèque Royale , at Paris, and one of the editors of the new edition of Plaché's Dictionnaire Grec-Français, edited, with notes, by the Rev. Thomas Kerchever Arnold, M.A. Rector of Lyndon, and late fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge ( PILLON 1850) p. no.312

  • 古漢語常用詞同義詞詞典 ( HONG CHENGYU 2009) p. 200

  • Encyclopedia of Comparative Iconography ( ROBERTS 1998) p. 935

    • Words (16 items)

    白  bái OC: braaɡ MC: bɣɛk 39 Attributions

    The dominant word for whiteness is bái 白 (ant. hēi 黑 "black").

      Word relations
    • Ant: 黑/BLACK The standard word is hēi 黑 (ant. bái 白 "white") which refers to anything very dark. [LITERAL], [PROSAIC]; [[COMMON]]
    • Contrast: 素/PURE Sù 素 (ant. huá 華 "well-adorned") adds to the notion of purity that of the unadulaterated original state of something.
    • Assoc: 潔 / 絜 / 潔絜洁/PURE Jié 潔/絜 (ant. wū 污 "impure" and zhuó 濁 "dirty") refers abstractly to the absence of any material or immaterial impurity or blemish.

      Syntactic words
    • nabfeaturewhiteness (can be specified) 此白
    • nabpost-Nstatethe being white of NCH
    • nabstativewhiteness, white spot
    • v(adN)what is white; the contextually determinate white thing
    • v[adN]a white thing, something whiteCH
    • vadNwhite; of swords: blank, i.e. drawn; derived nominal usage
    • vibe white; of swords: blank, i.e. drawn; of hair: be grey
    • viinchoativeturn white; turn grey
    皓  hào OC: ɡuuʔ MC: ɦɑu 6 Attributions

    Hào 皓 (ant. xuán 玄 and zào 皂 "dark and black") refers to gleaming whiteness.

      Word relations
    • Epithet: 齒/TOOTH Chǐ 齒 refers to the visible front teeth, thus when one smiles one shows one's chǐ 齒, xiàn chǐ 見齒, and only if one were vampire-like would one show any yá 牙. Chǐ 齒 does not typically refer to the teeth as weapons of aggressive action. The teeth by which one judges age are always chǐ 齒, and the teeth with which one commonly chews tend quite as often to be chǐ 齒. The front teeth that get cold when the lips are gone, are chǐ 齒 in classical Chinese, and they are not seen in that common saying as aggressive weapons. The admirable white teeth of a lady are the chǐ 齒, only in the case of vampires yá 牙. We have goǔ yá 狗牙 but mǎ chí 馬齒. One grinds one's chǐ 齒, 切齒, not one's yá 牙. The first teeth of a child are never yá 牙 and regularly chǐ 齒, and similarly for the teeth that an old man loses, when chǐ duò 齒墮"the teeth fall out". Interestingly, the elephant has chǐ 齒, never yá 牙, presumably because these tusks were taken to be a threat to his own survival, not to man.

      Syntactic words
    • vadNflashing white (as beautiful women's teeth)
    • vibe flashing white
    素  sù OC: saas MC: suo̝ 5 Attributions

    Sù 素 (ant. zī 緇 "black") refers to a pristine natural absence of colouring close to what we call off white.

      Syntactic words
    • vadNpale white; pristine off-white, unadorned plain white; clad in unadorned plain white
    • vadVin white colour 素服
    堊  è OC: qaaɡ MC: ʔɑk 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vidusty white
    • vtoNcausative(cause to be white >) to white-wash
    斑白  bān bái OC: praan braaɡ MC: pɣan bɣɛk 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPibe greying
    潔白  jié bái OC: keed braaɡ MC: ket bɣɛk 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPibe clean and white (of complexion)
    練  liàn OC: ɡ-reens MC: len 2 Attributions

      Word relations
    • Ant: 染/DYE The current general word for dyeing something is rǎn 染 "to dye".

      Syntactic words
    • vadNwhite, undyed
    變白  biàn bái OC: prons braaɡ MC: piɛn bɣɛk 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPichangeturn white
    皎  jiǎo OC: keewʔ MC: keu 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • viwhite; bright; clear
    皙  xī OC: seeɡ MC: sek 1 Attribution

    Ái 皚 refers specifically to the white appearance of snow, xī 皙 refers to the whiteness or paleness of skin, cuō 瑳 to the white tinge of jade, pó 皤refers to whiteness of hair.

      Syntactic words
    • nsubjectwhat is white
    • vadNpalish (colour of skin)
    玉  yù OC: ŋɡoɡ MC: ŋi̯ok 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vadNoff-white; jade-coloured
    瑳  cuō OC: skhaal MC: tshɑ 0 Attributions

    Ái 皚 refers specifically to the white appearance of snow, xī 皙 refers to the whiteness or paleness of skin, cuō 瑳 to the white tinge of jade produced by polishing , pó 皤refers to whiteness of hair.

      Syntactic words
    • nabfeaturerare, poetic, SHI jade-like faded white produced in jade by polishing
    皚  ái OC: ŋɡɯɯl MC: ŋəi 0 Attributions

    Ái 皚 refers specifically to the white appearance of snow, xī 皙 refers to the whiteness or paleness of skin, cuǒ 瑳 to the white tinge of jade, pó 皤refers to whiteness of hair.

      Syntactic words
    • vadNsnow-white
    皜  hào MC: -- OC: -- 0 Attributions

    Hào 皜 refers to a pure but unshiny white, as in porcelain.

      Syntactic words
    • vadNwhite and pure
    皤  pó OC: baal MC: bʷɑ 0 Attributions

    Ái 皚 refers specifically to the white appearance of snow, xī 皙 refers to the whiteness or paleness of skin, cuǒ 瑳 to the white tinge of jade, pó 皤refers to whiteness of hair.

      Syntactic words
    • viwhite-haired
    翯翯  hè hè OC: ɡoowɡ ɡoowɡ MC: ɦuok ɦuok 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vi.red:adNglossy, shining white