BATTLE    戰鬥戰

WARFARE in the form of FIGHTING AND USE of WEAPONS DURING A DEFINED SHORT PERIOD, AND where TYPICALLY ONE ARMY WINS.
FIGHTARMED CONFLICTCLASHSTRUGGLESKIRMISHENGAGEMENTFRAYDUELWARCAMPAIGNCRUSADEFIGHTINGWARFARECOMBATACTIONHOSTILITIESSCRAPDOGFIGHTSHOOT-OUTBRAWL
Old Chinese Criteria
[ACTION/PROCESS] [BASIC/MARGINAL] [[COMMON/RARE]] [GENERAL/SPECIFIC] [INOFFICIAL/OFFICIAL] [LASTING/TEMPORARY] 1. The general term is zhàn 戰 (ant. hé 和 "ceasing of hostilities, ceasefire") and refers to any military engagement at a given time. [GENERAL], [TEMPORARY] 2. An extended official and centrally organised campaign lasting some time and viewed as a task for the military is yì 役. [PROCESS], [LASTING] 3. Zhēng 征 refers to an official military campaign as conducted by a state. See ATTACK [ACTION], [LASTING], [OFFICIAL] 4. Chén 陳 refers to the the forming of a battle array. See BATTLE ARRAY [SPECIFIC] 5. Jūn 軍 can come to refer generally to military action or military campaigns of any kind. [ACTION], [MARGINAL]; [[RARE]]
Modern Chinese Criteria
作戰 打仗 戰鬥 交戰 交火 交鋒 交兵 構兵 爭戰 上陣 殺 戰 征 rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／
Hypernym
  • WARFARE　FIGHT BETWEEN ARMIES. (anc: 15/0, child: 1)
  • FIGHT　COMPETE with THINGS OR PERSONS so as to TRY TO DAMAGE OR DESTROY MUTUALLY:each-other. (anc: 14/0, child: 3)
  • COMPETE　INTERACT with OTHERS so as to SHOW that one is MORE EXCELLENT IN-RELATION-TO them. (anc: 13/0, child: 3)
  • A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages ( BUCK 1988) p. 20.12

  • De differentiis ( DIFFERENTIAE I) p. 422

    78. Vide Serv., ad illud VIII Aen.: Qui sese in bella sequantur.

    -- In bello. C. Fronto.

    -- Tuba praelii. Ex Serv., XI Aen., ad illud: Bello dat signum, et ipse Etymolog. lib. XVIII, cap. 1 et 4.

    -- Praelium pars. Sic Non. dict. Bellum.

    [col. 19C] Ibid. Vat. omittit, id est, totus conflictus. Barthius memoria haec digna esse ait, sive ea ex sua observatione Isidorus promat, sive more suo aliunde describat. Quod autem Barthius saepe lectionem sui Codicis conjectura emendare conatur, actum plerumque agit; nam jam ea fere omnia in Editione Grialiana correcta erant, saltem cum Adversaria Barthii in lucem venerunt, quem aliquando Editionem Grialii vidisse constat. [AREV.]

    ]

    78. Inter Bellum et praelium. Bellum indicitur, praelium geritur. In bello enim non statim praelium; in praelio autem statim et bellum. Unde et apud antiquos tuba praelii signum erat, belli buccina. Item bellum totum est, id est, totus conflictus, ut Jugurthinum [ Al., jurgium), civile, Punicum. Pugna unius diei, praelium pars pugnae, licet et pugna duorum sit [col. 19A] aliquando, et sine ferro, unde et a pugno dicta est.

  • Lateinische Synonyme und Etymologien ( DOEDERLEIN 1840) p.

    BATTLE Schulz 379b

    pugna refers to any battle of any kind, from a minor fight or skirmish to a major battle.

    acies can refer to a major battle of two contending armies drawn up in battle array, the pitched battle, typically on land.

    proelium refers to the occasional encounter of separate divisions of the armies, as an engagement, action, skirmish.

    certamen refers to a conflict of any kind, of words of of arms, with emphasis on the competitive element.

    dimicatio refers to armed conflict insofar as it threatens one's life and the emphasis is on the defensive aspect of the struggle.

  • Tolkovo-kombinatornyj slovar' sovremmenogo russkogo jazyka. Explanatory Combinatorial Dictionary of Modern Russian ( Mel'cuk 1984) p. 148ff

  • Lateinische Synonymik ( MENGE) p. 153 AND 67

  • "Sachwoerterbuch zum Alten China" ( UNGER SACH) p.

    SCHLACHTEN

  • SYNONYMES FRANÇOIS, LEURS DIFFÉRENTES SIGNIFICATIONS, ET LE CHOIX QU'IL EN FAUT FAIRE Pour parler avec justesse ( GIRARD 1769) p. 1.99.75

    BATAILLE.COMBAT

  • Handbook of Greek Synonymes, from the French of M. Alex. Pillon, Librarian of the Bibliothèque Royale , at Paris, and one of the editors of the new edition of Plaché's Dictionnaire Grec-Français, edited, with notes, by the Rev. Thomas Kerchever Arnold, M.A. Rector of Lyndon, and late fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge ( PILLON 1850) p. no.323

    • Words (16 items)

    戰  zhàn OC: tjans MC: tɕiɛn 85 Attributions

    The general term is zhàn 戰 (ant. hé 和 "ceasing of hostilities, ceasefire") and refers to any military engagement at a given time. [GENERAL], [TEMPORARY]

      Word relations
    • Subject: 罷/STOP Bà 罷 is to deliberately discontinue a course of action one is embarked on, particularly a military action.
    • Result: 克 / 剋/WIN Kè 克 (ant. shī 失 "lose in battle") refers to subduing an enemy force by military means, winning against an enemy so as to control him as a result.
    • Result: 破/DEFEAT Pò 破 (ant. quán 全 "leave intact") refers to a complete routing of an opponent.

      Syntactic words
    • nab.post-V{NUM}acta battle
    • nabactwarfare
    • nabactbattleCH
    • nadNbattle-
    • v2.+prep+NN=placeengage in battle with each other in the place NDS
    • vadVin battle
    • vi2actengage in battle with each other
    • viactengage in battle, give battle; be professionally engaged in an act of warfare [NB: giving battle is not a vi2. The use of 戰 with two subjects is actually not very common.]
    • vt+prep+NmutualDELETE to engage (someone) in battle 與X戰
    • vt1post.vt2oNgo to war against; go to battle against; wage war against
    • vtoNcausativecause (the people etc) to fight, send into battle
    • vtoNcausativebe made to go to battle
    • vtoNpassivebe gone to battle with
    役  yì OC: ɢʷleɡ MC: jiɛk 23 Attributions

    An extended official and centrally organised campaign lasting some time and viewed as a task for the military is yì 役. [PROCESS], [LASTING]

      Syntactic words
    • nabactmilitary campaign (including battles and marches)
    • viactmeet up for military service in a campaign
    • vtoNjoin the battle against (as conscript etc)
    軍  jūn OC: kun MC: ki̯un 4 Attributions

    Jūn 軍 can come to refer generally to military action or military campaigns of any kind. [ACTION], [MARGINAL]

      Syntactic words
    • nabactwarfare
    • nabeventmilitary action
    輅  lù OC: ɡ-raaɡs MC: luo̝ 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNmeet in battle, go out to meet in battle
    遇  yù OC: ŋos MC: ŋi̯o 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • viactface the enemy in battle
    • vtoNface in battle
    為惡  wéi è OC: ɢʷal qaaɡ MC: ɦiɛ ʔɑk 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPt.postVtoN{OBJ}engage in hostilities with
    治戎  chí róng OC: rlɯ njuŋ MC: ɖɨ ȵuŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPiactdo battle
    逆  nì OC: ŋɡlaɡ MC: ŋɣɛk 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNmeet in battle; go out to meet in battle when attacked or provoked
    鬨  hòng OC: ɡooŋs MC: ɦuŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vt+prep+Nmutualto clash (with somebody) in a battle
    稱兵  chēng bīng OC: thjɯŋ praŋ MC: tɕhɨŋ pɣaŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPt+prep+Nmake battle against
    合  hé MC: hop OC: ɡloob 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vi2meet in a battleDS
    征  zhēng OC: tjeŋ MC: tɕiɛŋ 1 Attribution

    Zhēng 征 refers to an official military campaign as conducted by a state. See ATTACK [ACTION], [LASTING], [OFFICIAL]

      Syntactic words
    • viactgo on a campaign
    • vtoNlead into battle
    會  huì OC: ɡloobs MC: ɦɑi 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vito join the battle; to encounter the enemy in battle
    地戰  dì zhàn MC: dijH tsyenH OC: lils tjans 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPabactland battleCH
    征戍  zhēng shù OC: tjeŋ qhjos MC: tɕiɛŋ ɕi̯o 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabactmilitary campaign
    戰陳  zhàn zhèn OC: tjans ɡrliŋs MC: tɕiɛn ɖin 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabactbattle; warfare