BUILD    建筑

PRODUCE as a BUILDING.
CONSTRUCTERECTPUT UPASSEMBLEMAKEFORMCREATE
Old Chinese Criteria
1. The general current word for erecting or rebuilding a permanent structure of any kind is zhú 築. 2. Lì 立 "to erect" focuses on the resulting uprightness of the structure, but the word. 3. Xiū 脩 focusses on the careful finishing work of construction, and the word also applies to reconstruction with careful attention paid to the finish. [See REPAIR] 4. Gòu 構 "make a structure" focusses on the fitting together of different parts, Lothar Ledderose's modules, to make a structured whole. 5. Qǐ 起 "raise (a building)" is an administrative neutral term that can refer to the building of any larger structure, and the word become current in this meaning in Han times. 6. Wéi 為 is currently used to refer specifically to the building of houses or capitals. See PRODUCE 7. Zuò 作 "take the initiative to build" a very general word to use which can refer to all sorts of making of things. See PRODUCE. 8. Jiàn 建 "to establish" is mostly used abstractly and not for concrete physical structures. See ESTABLISH 9. Jīng 經 and yíng 營 are archaic and poetic words focussing on a concerted large-scale public effort.
Modern Chinese Criteria
建筑 refers specifically to the building of a building. 建 is a general modern word for establishing or building anything. 建造 is a formal word referring to the raising of a typically major building. 筑 (lit) refers to raising a building. 建立 is often figurative. See ESTABLISH 确立 focussing on building something on solid foundations. 基于 refers to something being built on certain foundations. 构造 focusses on the establishing of the structure of something. 興建 refers to the raising of a building. 營建 refers in a traditiional way to the erecting of a building. 建造 建築 興建 修建 first rough draft to identify synonym group members for future analysis, based on CL. 18.11.2003. CH
Hyponym
  • FORTIFY　BUILD CITY WALLS FOR DEFENDING a PLACE. (anc: 14/0, child: 0)
See also
  • ESTABLISHCAUSE TO BECOME:come to ENDURINGLY EXIST.
  • ESTABLISHCAUSE TO BECOME:come to ENDURINGLY EXIST.
Hypernym
  • PRODUCE　ACT so as to DELIBERATELY CAUSE something to BEGIN to EXIST. (anc: 12/0, child: 17)
  • ACT　MOVE OR NOT MOVE CONFORMING to one's SELF:own DECIDE:decision. (anc: 11/0, child: 24)
  • MOVE　CHANGE PLACE OR SITUATION. (anc: 10/0, child: 21)
  • Lateinische Synonymik ( MENGE) p. 106

  • 東漢﹣隨常用詞演變研究 ( WANG WEIHUI 2000) p. 258

  • Chinese Synonyms Usage Dictionary ( TENG SHOU-HSIN 1996) p. 229

    • Words (24 items)

    築  zhù OC: tuɡ MC: ʈuk 27 Attributions

    The general current word for erecting or rebuilding a permanent structure of any kind is zhù 築.

      Word relations
    • Object: 城/CITY WALL Chéng 城 refers to the inner city wall. It was originally built of rammed earth, but during the Han there were also walls built of bricks or stones.

      Syntactic words
    • v[adN]builder
    • vt[oN]engage in building
    • vtoNbuild, erect
    為  wéi OC: ɢʷal MC: ɦiɛ 10 Attributions

      Word relations
    • Ant: 毀/DESTROY The current general word for destruction of any kind is huǐ 毀, and what is destroyed may anything from a toy or a house to a state.

      Syntactic words
    • vtoNbuild
    • vtoNiussivehave built; order to buildDS
    造  zào OC: sɡuuʔ MC: dzɑu 9 Attributions

      Word relations
    • Assoc: 構/BUILD Gòu 構 "make a structure" focusses on the fitting together of different parts, Ledderose's modules, to make a structured whole.

      Syntactic words
    • vtoNpost-Han: arrange for the building of, erect a larger structure, HOUHANSHU 造構
    作  zuò OC: tsaaɡs MC: tsuo̝
    作  zuò OC: tsaals MC: tsɑ
    作  zuò OC: tsaaɡ MC: tsɑk 9 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vt+prep+Nmiddle voicebe built from the stage N
    • vtoNOBI 5: take the initiative to build
    起  qǐ OC: khɯʔ MC: khɨ 8 Attributions

    Qǐ 起 "raise (a building)" is an administrative neutral term that can refer to the building of any larger structure, and the word become current in this meaning in Han times.

      Syntactic words
    • vt(oN)raise the contextually determinate building
    • vtoNcommon Han usage: raise (a building)
    成  chéng OC: djeŋ MC: dʑiɛŋ 8 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNfinish the building process of, get built
    • vtoNpassiveget finished as a building
    構  gòu OC: koos MC: ku 7 Attributions

    Gòu 構 "make a structure" focusses on the fitting together of different parts, Ledderose's modules, to make a structured whole.

      Syntactic words
    • vtoNconstruct, design (a house etc)
    • vtoNfigurativecreate (trouble etc)
    修  xiū OC: sqlɯw MC: sɨu 6 Attributions

    Xiū 脩 focusses on the careful finishing work of construction, and the word also applies to reconstruction with careful attention paid to the finish. [See REPAIR]

      Syntactic words
    • nabactact of building/producing
    • vtoNbuild up and keep in good repair; typically jussive: have built
    • vtoNpassivebe builtCH
    營  yíng OC: ɢʷleŋ MC: jiɛŋ 6 Attributions

    Jīng 經 and yíng 營 focus on the the planning effort required in large-scale construction work.

      Syntactic words
    • nabmethodplan (typically for a building)
    • vadNbuilt; constructed; excavated
    • vtoNto plan and lay out; to build
    • vtoNfigurativebuild up (good relations etc)
    起立  qǐ lì OC: khɯʔ ɡ-rub MC: khɨ lip 4 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPt(oN)build the contextually determinate edifice
    • VPtoNbuild, raise, erect (a building)
    設  shè OC: qhjed MC: ɕiɛt 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nfigurativewhat is built up as a figment of the imagination: inventions
    • vtoNbuild (a house)
    • vtoNpassivebe built; be arrangedDS
    建  jiàn OC: kans MC: ki̯ɐn 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vt(oN)set up the contextually determinate NLZ
    • vtoNbuild, erect, set up; establish (a person in a position)
    廬  lú OC: k-ra MC: li̯ɤ 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vt+prep+Nbuild a hut to live in at N
    • vt[oN]occasionally verbal: build a small hut
    架  jià OC: kraals MC: kɣɛ 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNbuild (a nest, house, etc.)
    立  lì OC: ɡ-rub MC: lip 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNbuild up physically
    • vtoNpassivebe built, be set up
    置  zhì OC: tɯɡs MC: ʈɨ 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNset up, build (city wall etc)
    興  xīng OC: qhɯŋ MC: hɨŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNbuild; have built
    豎  shù OC: djoʔ MC: dʑi̯o 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNcausativecause to rise up > erect; build
    興立  xīng lì OC: qhɯŋ ɡ-rub MC: hɨŋ lip 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPtoNbuild, construct, raise (a building)
    治  chí OC: rlɯ MC: ɖɨ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNorganise the production of
    結  jié MC: ket OC: kiid 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNbuild (a hut)DS
    脩  xiū OC: sqlɯw MC: sɨu 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNbuild up again
    改作  gǎi zuò OC: klɯɯʔ tsaaɡ MC: kəi tsɑk 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPt(oN)omrebuild something contextually determinate anew
    修造  xiū zào OC: sqlɯw sɡuuʔ MC: sɨu dzɑu 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPtoNiussivehave built for oneself