CITY    城市邑

BIG PLACE that CONTAINS MANY STREETS AND GOVERNMENT BUILDINGS, AND where INTENSELY MANY PEOPLE LIVE NEAR TOGETHER.
TOWNMUNICIPALITYMETROPOLISMEGALOPOLISMEGACITYCONURBATIONURBAN AREAMETROPOLITAN AREAURBAN MUNICIPALITYBOROUGHTOWNSHIP
Old Chinese Criteria
1. The most general term for walled urban or semi-urban administrative centres and settlements below the level of the capital, and above the level of the village without any presence of the state administration, is 邑. In OBI the word can also refer to the royal capital. 2. Dū 都 refers to a larger urbanised settlement with an ancestral shrine for the leading family in the town, and with representatives of the central state government in permanent residence. The word came to refer quite generally to a city in post-Warring States times. 3. Chéng 城 refers specifically to the part of a city surrounded by the inner city wall chéng 城. But the word is also sometimes used to refer more generally to walled cities. 4. Guō 郭 refers to the part of a walled city outside the inner city walls chéng 城 but inside the outer city walls guō 郭. Sometimes the outer walls are added on one side only of the inner city walls thus creating a kind of second-level walled city. 5. Fú 郛 refers to a large guō 郭 "inhabited area between inner and outer city walls". 6. Jiāo 郊 refers to the cultivated area outside the guō 郭 and bounded by yě 野 "open countryside". See SUBURB
Modern Chinese Criteria
城市 市 城 都 邑 垣 都會 都市 都邑 城邑 城池 通都大邑 town: 集鎮 鎮 鎮子 市鎮 鄉鎮 rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／
Hyponym
  • CITIES　PROPER NAME of the cities of ancient China. (anc: 6/0, child: 0)
  • CAPITAL CITY　CITY where the GOVERNMENT of a STATE BE-IN:is located. (anc: 6/0, child: 0)
Part of
  • CITY WALLFORTIFYING WALL ENCIRCLING a CITY.
Antonym
  • SUBURBDWELL:inhabited TERRITORY NEAR a CITY.
  • COUNTRYSIDELANDSCAPE OUTSIDE CITIES AND SUBURBS.
See also
  • VILLAGESMALL PLACE where MANY HUMANS, TYPICALLY PEASANTS, LIVE TOGETHER.
Hypernym
  • PLACE　PART of SPACE that THINGS BE-IN:are-in. (anc: 4/0, child: 39)
  • PART　OBJECT which COMBINES with OTHER OBJECTS to BECOME ONE LARGER WHOLE OBJECT. (anc: 3/0, child: 8)
  • OBJECT　[NO HYPERNYM.] WHAT one CAN NAME:refer to. (anc: 2/0, child: 6)
  • A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages ( BUCK 1988) p. 19.15

  • Vocabulaire européen des philosophies. Dictionnaire des intraduisibles ( CASSIN 2004) p. 961

    POLIS

  • De differentiis ( DIFFERENTIAE I) p. 329

    587. Ex Serv. ad ill. II Aen.: Festa velamus fronde per Urbem. Vid. Non. dictionibus. Inter Urbem, et Civitatem. Al. Ut urbe moenia civitatis significet, civitate incolas urbis.

    -- Urbem autem. Serv. ad ill. I En., Urbs antiqua fuit: et Donat. ad ill. V Urbem designat aratro.

    [col. 68C] -- Aratrum, vel. Pars aratri non aratrum, neque sulcus, sed quod sulcus fit, melius distinctiusque ipse lib. Etymolog. XV, cap. 2.

    [col. 68D] -- Ab orbe. Servius, loco citato, ab orbe, quod antiquae civitates in orbem fiebant.

    ]

    587. Inter Urbem et civitatem ita distinguit Cicero, ut urbem moenia civitatis significent, civitas incolas urbis. Nam ad Dolabellam sic scripsit: Liberasti urbem a periculo, civitatem a metu. Urbem autem ab urbo, quem aratrum vel sulcum veteres dicebant, aut ab orbe dictam putant, cujus in se imaginem respublica contineret. Porro oppidum ad habitantes pertinet, civitas ad leges, urbs ad utrumque.

  • China Handbuch ( FRANKE 1974) p. 1309

  • Anthologia sive Florilegium rerum et materiarum selectarum ( LANGIUS 1631) p.

    URBS

  • 論衡同義詞研究 ( LUNHENG TONGYI 2004) p. 49

  • Dictionnaire culturel en langue francaise ( REY 2005) p. 4.1915

  • Das grosse China-Lexikon ( STAIGER 2003) p. 716

  • "Sachwoerterbuch zum Alten China" ( UNGER SACH) p.

    PFRUENDEN 食邑

    CITY

  • 王力古漢語字典 ( WANG LI 2000) p. 1463

    邑，都，國

  • Encyclopedia of Religion ( JONES 2005) p.

  • Handbook of Greek Synonymes, from the French of M. Alex. Pillon, Librarian of the Bibliothèque Royale , at Paris, and one of the editors of the new edition of Plaché's Dictionnaire Grec-Français, edited, with notes, by the Rev. Thomas Kerchever Arnold, M.A. Rector of Lyndon, and late fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge ( PILLON 1850) p. no.105

  • Handbook of Greek Synonymes, from the French of M. Alex. Pillon, Librarian of the Bibliothèque Royale , at Paris, and one of the editors of the new edition of Plaché's Dictionnaire Grec-Français, edited, with notes, by the Rev. Thomas Kerchever Arnold, M.A. Rector of Lyndon, and late fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge ( PILLON 1850) p. no.363

  • New Dictiornary of the History of Ideas, 6 vols. ( HOROWITZ 2005) p.

    • Words (15 items)

    邑  yì OC: qrɯb MC: ʔip 42 Attributions

    The most general term for walled urban or semi-urban administrative centres and settlements below the level of the capital, and above the level of the village without any presence of the state administration, is 邑. In OBI the word can also refer to the royal capital.

      Word relations
    • Contrast: 城/CITY Chéng 城 refers specifically to the part of a city surrounded by the inner city wall chéng 城. But the word is also sometimes used to refer more generally to walled cities.
    • Contrast: 都/CAPITAL CITY Dū 都 typically refers to a conurbation which serves as an administrative centre below the level of a capital, but the meaning of the word does often include the capital and it is occasionally used to refer specifically to the capital.
    • Contrast: 鄉/VILLAGE Xiāng 鄉 as an administrative term refers to a fairly non-urban neighbourhood area which will normally include several lǐ 里. ZHOULI and Han commentators arbitrarily define this as containing 12 500 families; when used informally, the term refers to a person's home or the vicinity where he lives, as in xiāng rén 鄉人.
    • Assoc: 都/CITY Dū 都 refers to a larger urbanised settlement with an ancestral shrine for the leading family in the town, and with representatives of the central state government in permanent residence. The word came to refer quite generally to a city in post-Warring States times.

      Syntactic words
    • ntown which serves as an administrative centre
    • npost-Nprcity, urbanised settlementCH
    • npost=Nprthe city of NprDS
    • vt+prep+NN=placeto establish a city (somewhere)
    • vttoN1.+prep+N2give a city to N1 in a place N2
    城  chéng OC: djeŋ MC: dʑiɛŋ 21 Attributions

    Chéng 城 refers specifically to the part of a city surrounded by the inner city wall chéng 城. But the word is also sometimes used to refer more generally to walled cities.

      Word relations
    • Contrast: 邑/CITY The most general term for walled urban or semi-urban administrative centres and settlements below the level of the capital, and above the level of the village without any presence of the state administration, is 邑. In OBI the word can also refer to the royal capital.
    • Assoc: 市/MARKET The current general term for a market is shì 市.

      Syntactic words
    • na walled city
    • n(post-N)cities belonging to the contextually determinate NCH
    • npost-NN's cityDS
    • vtoNcausativemake a place into a walled city; establish a place as a walled city
    都  dū OC: k-laa MC: tuo̝ 20 Attributions

    Dū 都 refers to a larger urbanised settlement with an ancestral shrine for the leading family in the town, and with representatives of the central state government in permanent residence. The word came to refer quite generally to a city in post-Warring States times.

      Word relations
    • Assoc: 邑/CITY The most general term for walled urban or semi-urban administrative centres and settlements below the level of the capital, and above the level of the village without any presence of the state administration, is 邑. In OBI the word can also refer to the royal capital.

      Syntactic words
    • nmajor administrative and ritual centre, local centre at the lower administrative level immediately below the state capital
    都邑  dū yì OC: k-laa qrɯb MC: tuo̝ ʔip 4 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPpluraladministrative centres and settlements
    郭  guō OC: kʷaaɡ MC: kɑk 3 Attributions

    Guō 郭 refers to the part of a walled city outside the inner city walls chéng 城 but inside the outer city walls guō 郭. Sometimes the outer walls are added on one side only of the inner city walls thus creating a kind of second-level walled city.

      Syntactic words
    • npart of the suburb close to the outer walls
    國邑  guó yì OC: kʷɯɯɡ qrɯb MC: kək ʔip 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPpluralcities
    鄉邑  xiāng yì MC: xjang 'ip OC: qhaŋ qrɯb 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPsettlements and townsCH
    城廓  chéng kuò OC: djeŋ khʷaaɡ MC: dʑiɛŋ khɑk 1 Attribution

    city, town [CA]

      Syntactic words
    • NPcity
    屬城  shǔ chéng MC: dzyowk dzyeng OC: djoɡ djeŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NP(post-N)plurN's subordinate citiesDS
    郛  fú OC: pho MC: phi̯o 1 Attribution

    Fú 郛 refers to a large guō 郭"inhabited area between inner and outer city walls".

      Syntactic words
    • nsuburban area of some size
    城邑  chéng yì OC: djeŋ qrɯb MC: dʑiɛŋ ʔip 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPcity
    聚  jù OC: sɡos MC: dzi̯o
    聚  jù OC: sɡoʔ MC: dzi̯o 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nSHJI, Wudibenji: small city
    郊  jiāo OC: kreew MC: kɣɛu 0 Attributions

    Jiāo 郊 refers to the cultivated area outside the guō 郭 and bounded by yě 野 "open countryside". See SUBURB

      Syntactic words
    城郭  chéng guō OC: djeŋ kʷaaɡ MC: dʑiɛŋ kɑk 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPpostadVwithin the city walls
    師  shī OC: sril MC: ʂi 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • ncity