FOOD    食品食／飯

SUBSTANCE USED by CREATURES.
NOURISHMENTSUSTENANCENUTRIMENTFAREBREADDAILY BREADCOOKINGCUISINEFOODSTUFFSEDIBLESPROVENDERREFRESHMENTSMEALSPROVISIONSRATIONSSOLIDSINFORMAL EATSEATABLESNOSHGRUBCHOWVITTLESFORMAL COMESTIBLESLITERARY VIANDSDATED VICTUALSARCHAIC COMMONSMEATALIMENT
Old Chinese Criteria
1. The general term for food is shí 食 and this includes food as well as drink and can refer generally to one's livelihood, also to staple foods as opposed to delicacies involving meat, such as kuài 膾 "minced meat, raw". 2. Fàn 飯 which refers to basic foodstuff, usually rice and cereals. 3. Shū 疏, sūn 飧, cū 粗 refer to crude foodstuffs, grain-based or vegetable based. 4. Liáng 糧 refers to grain-based ordinary plain food. 5. Hūn 葷 refers to non-vegetarian food. NB: This group needs to be elaborated.
黄金貴：古漢語同義詞辨釋詞典
HUANG JINGUI 2006 FOOD 1 食，飯食總稱。 飯，漢以後可作口語中的飯食通稱。 膳，供應的佳美飯食。 饌，豐盛的飯食。 FOOD 33. 佐食食物。 餚，牛羊豬肉，主菜。 核，梅、李、桃為主的乾果。 羞，多滋味美餚，有奇珍異獸、四時水鮮、果脯餌餅等。 飲，各種酒和漿液。 FOOD 38. 菹，腌製的鹹菜、酸菜、糟菜。 齏，切細腌漬物；也可腌肉。 醢，醬製法制的醬肉；通稱。 臡，醬肉中帶骨者。 醓，醬肉中多汁者。
Modern Chinese Criteria
食物 食品 食 吃食 飯食 飯菜 rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／
Hyponym
  • BAIT　FOOD USED to ENTICE:seduce AND CATCH FISH. (anc: 6/0, child: 0)
  • SAUCE　SPICY LIQUID PUT ON DRY FOOD. (anc: 6/0, child: 0)
  • SOUP　LIQUID FOOD that CAN be said to be EATEN AND NOT ONLY DRUNK. (anc: 6/0, child: 1)
  • LIQUOR　LIQUID FOOD CONTAINING ALCOHOL. (anc: 6/0, child: 0)
  • CAKE　BAKED FOOD TYPICALLY CONTAINING YEAST AND EGGS. (anc: 6/0, child: 0)
  • BREAD　FOOD PRODUCED USING FLOUR AND YEAST. (anc: 6/0, child: 0)
  • CHEESE　FOOD PRODUCED USING MILK CURD. (anc: 6/0, child: 0)
  • HONEY　SUGARY FOOD SUBSTANCE PRODUCED by BEES. [] (anc: 6/0, child: 0)
  • DELICACY　EXCELLENT SPECIAL FOOD. (anc: 6/0, child: 0)
  • SPICE　SUBSTANCE ADDED to FOOD FOR CAUSING it to BECOME MORE SAVOURY. (anc: 6/0, child: 1)
  • BEVERAGE　LIQUID FOOD. (anc: 6/0, child: 0)
See also
  • EATPUT into one's MOUTH so as to SWALLOW.
Hypernym
  • SUBSTANCE　THING NOT SEPARATED into SEPARATE PARTS. (anc: 4/0, child: 28)
  • THING　CONCRETE OBJECT. (anc: 3/0, child: 10)
  • OBJECT　[NO HYPERNYM.] WHAT one CAN NAME:refer to. (anc: 2/0, child: 6)
  • Novyj objasnitel'nyj Slovar' Sinonimov Russkogo Jazyka ( APRESJAN 2004) p. 314

  • A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages ( BUCK 1988) p. 5.12

  • Lateinische Synonyme und Etymologien ( DOEDERLEIN 1840) p.

    FOOD/MEAL

    epulae is the general word referring to a meal of any kind.

    convivium refers to a social convivial meal.

    dapes refers to a religious meal as part of a religious service to the gods.

    epulum is a formal dinner party, prototypically in honour of someone, on a large scale, and with the presence of notables.

    commissatio refers to a lavish meal involving many courses of delicacies.

  • Traite elementaire des synonymes grecques ( DUFOUR 1910) p. 115

  • 中國上古烹食字典 Zhongguo shanggu pengshi zidian ( LIN YINSHENG 1993) p.

  • 論衡同義詞研究 ( LUNHENG TONGYI 2004) p. 90

  • Lateinische Synonymik ( MENGE) p. 277

  • Dictionnaire culturel en langue francaise ( REY 2005) p. 1.214

  • "Sachwoerterbuch zum Alten China" ( UNGER SACH) p.

    NAHRUNG

  • Histoire des moeurs ( POIRIER 1991) p. 1.1447

  • Encyclopedia of Religion ( JONES 2005) p.

  • Encyclopedia of Social and Cultural Anthropology ( BARNARD AND SPENCER 2002) p.

  • SYNONYMES FRANÇOIS, LEURS DIFFÉRENTES SIGNIFICATIONS, ET LE CHOIX QU'IL EN FAUT FAIRE Pour parler avec justesse ( GIRARD 1769) p. 1.279.235

    SUBSISTANCE.NOURRITURE.ALIMENTS

  • Bibliographisches Handbuch zur Sprachinhaltsforschung. Teil II. Systematischer Teil. B. Ordnung nach Sinnbezirken (mit einem alphabetischen Begriffsschluessel): Der Mensch und seine Welt im Spiegel der Sprachforschung ( FRANKE 1989) p. 89B

    • Words (51 items)

    食  shí OC: ɢljɯɡ MC: ʑɨk 71 Attributions

    The general term for food is shí 食 and this includes food as well as drink and can refer generally to one's livelihood, also to staple foods as opposed to delicacies involving meat, such as kuài 膾 "minced meat, raw".

      Word relations
    • Assoc: 穀 / 谷/GRAIN Gǔ 谷/穀 is general term for a food grain; (in some local dialects, it can also refer to foxtail millet (Setaria italica)).
    • Assoc: 簞/FOOD BASKET Dān 簞 is put in food a basket of round shape and with a cover. [SUN 1991: 344; ill.: SUN 1991: 86-8]
    • Assoc: 衣/GARMENT The current general word for garments of any kind is yī 衣, and the word refers specifically to the upper garments like jackets rather than the lower garments like skirts. [HUANG 1995: 711 - 712]
    • Assoc: 酒/LIQUOR
    • Assoc: 羹/SOUP
    • Relat: 嘗 / 嘗甞/SAVOUR The current word for tasting something, trying to determine its flavour, is cháng 嘗. I have not found any near-synonyms so far.
    • Oppos: 飲/DRINK The dominant word for imbibing any liquid, alcoholic or non-alcoholic is yǐn 飲.

      Syntactic words
    • nmNote that Lù Démíng reads this meaning as sì in several places of 經典釋文: provisions; food supply; staple food; food for general sustenance while at home; (e.g. beg for) something to eat; food supplies; fodder (e.g. for horses)
    • nmabstractediblesCH
    • nmadVwith nourishment/foodCH
    • nmfigurative(spiritual) nourishment
    飲食  yǐn shí OC: qrɯmʔ ɢljɯɡ MC: ʔim ʑɨk 16 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPmfood in general; nutrition; mealtime
    糧  liáng OC: ɡ-raŋ MC: li̯ɐŋ 15 Attributions

    Liáng 糧 refers to grain-based ordinary plain food.

      Syntactic words
    • nmvictuals; grain, provisions; food rations for travel; rations
    飧  sūn OC: squun MC: suo̝n 8 Attributions

    Shū 疏, sūn 飧, liáng 糧, cū 粗 refer to crude foodstuffs, grain-based or vegetable based.

      Syntactic words
    • nccmeal
    • nmfood for general sustenance while at home [someimtes referring to the food consumed during the evening meal][CA]
    • viactLIJI: add liquid to the rice before and eat it, probably at the end of a meal (see WANGLI: 1661)Rarely also: 'eat a warm meal'GY 08.01.03/287 優施出， 里克辟奠， 不飧而寑〔一〕。 ( 飧 : 熟食曰飧。 )
    飯  fàn OC: bons MC: bi̯ɐn 8 Attributions

    Fàn 飯 which refers to basic foodstuff, usually rice and cereals.

      Syntactic words
    • nccmeal
    • nmcereal; staple foodstuff; grain/rice based foodstuffsgeneral: a meal
    養  yǎng OC: laŋʔ MC: ji̯ɐŋ 7 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nabfigurativenurtureCH
    • nmmeans of support, sustenance; nourishment
    畜積  xù jī OC: qhluɡ skleɡ MC: huk tsiɛk 4 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPmaccumulated food supplies
    糧食  liáng shí OC: ɡ-raŋ ɢljɯɡ MC: li̯ɐŋ ʑɨk 4 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NP{N1=N2}nonreferentialfoodstuff; food supplies (of an army)
    糗  qiǔ OC: khuʔ MC: khɨu 4 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nmdry provisions; parched wheat or rice
    饌  zhuàn OC: sɡrons MC: ɖʐiɛn 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nmprovisions; food; meal; dish
    酒食  jiǔ shí OC: skluʔ ɢljɯɡ MC: tsɨu ʑɨk 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NP{N1&N2}elaborate meal where wine is being served
    葷  hūn OC: qhun MC: hi̯un 2 Attributions

    Hūn 葷 refers to non-vegetarian food.

      Syntactic words
    • nmnon-vegetarian food; meat
    餱糧  hóu liáng OC: ɡoo ɡ-raŋ MC: ɦu li̯ɐŋ 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPmnonreferentialdried food, provisions
    餐  cān OC: tshaan MC: tshɑn 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nmfood; foodstuff
    餱  hóu OC: ɡoo MC: ɦu 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nmprovisions; dried foodstuff
    麴  qū OC: khuɡ MC: khuk 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nmleaven; yeast
    魚肉  yú ròu MC: ngjo nyuwk OC: ŋɡla njuɡ 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPfish and meatCW
    共  gōng OC: koŋ MC: ki̯oŋ
    拱  gǒng OC: koŋʔ MC: ki̯oŋ
    供  gōng OC: koŋ MC: ki̯oŋ 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nmmaterial support (for elders); sustenance
    疏食  shū shí OC: sqra ɢljɯɡ MC: ʂi̯ɤ ʑɨk 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPmsimple food
    常珍  cháng zhēn OC: djaŋ k-lɯn MC: dʑi̯ɐŋ ʈin 2 Attributions

      Syntactic words
    • NPmstandard fare, standard food
    皽  zhāo OC: tjaw MC: tɕiɛu 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nmscurf (of fried meat,etc.)
    食用  shí sì yòng MC: zyik yowngH  OC: ɢljɯɡ k-loŋs 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPmnecessities like food; food an other items of daily useCH
    • NPmfoodstuffCH
    積  jī OC: skleɡ MC: tsiɛk 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nmsupplies (esp. of food)
    粻  zhāng OC: krlaŋ MC: ʈi̯ɐŋ 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nmprovisions of food
    糝  sǎn OC: suumʔ MC: səm 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • viactmix rice into (soup) [LIJI: that refers to dumplings or cakes which consist of equal quantities of beef, mutton and pork which are mixed with rice, formed into balls and fried][CA]
    資糧  zī liáng OC: sti ɡ-raŋ MC: tsi li̯ɐŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPmfood, foodstuff
    米粟  mǐ sù OC: miiʔ soɡ MC: mei si̯ok 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPmprovisions
    醯  xī OC: qhee MC: hei 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • nmminced food in vinegar (LIJI)
    肴膳  yáo shàn OC: ɡraaw ɡjens MC: ɦɣɛu dʑiɛn 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPmdelicacies
    飱  cān MC: -- OC: -- 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • nm=餐　victualsCH
    饔  yōng OC: qoŋ MC: ʔi̯oŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • nmSHI: cooked food or food ready for consumption; MENG 6B10: banquet (in the morning?)�
    • vtoNMENG 3A4: make one's own food for breakfast [really for breakfast or prepare food in general??][CA]
    飯食  fàn shí OC: bonʔ ɢljɯɡ MC: bi̯ɐn ʑɨk 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPmfood
    麤  cū OC: tshaa MC: tshuo̝
    粗  cū OC: skhaa MC: tshuo̝ 1 Attribution

    Shū 疏, sūn 飧, cū 粗 refer to crude foodstuffs, grain-based or vegetable based.

      Word relations
    • Oppos: 粱/MILLET Liáng 粱 is a fine millet grain.

      Syntactic words
    • nmnot properly threshed grain; crude food; coarse rice
    麨  chǎo MC: tsyhewX OC: -- 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • nmcrushed fried barley or other cereals used as staple foodDS
    供  gōng OC: koŋ MC: ki̯oŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • nmsupplies of food and other necessities of life
    異饌  yì zhuàn OC: p-lɯɡs sɡrons MC: jɨ ɖʐiɛn 1 Attribution

      Syntactic words
    • NPmexotic food; exotic dishes; outlandish fare
    委積  wěi zì MC: 'jweX tsjeH OC: qrolʔ skleɡs 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPsupplies of foodLZ
    菽粟  shū sù MC: syuwk sjowk OC: qhljɯwɡ soɡ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPsimple meatless foodLZ
    福  fú OC: pɯɡ MC: puk 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • nmsacrificial meat and wine
    秩  zhì MC: drit OC: rliɡ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • nmdaily sustenance; daily needs such as foodCH
    菜蔬  cài shū MC: tshojH -- OC: tshɯɯs sqra 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPleaf and root vegetablesCW
    薧  kǎo OC: khoowʔ MC: khɑu 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nmdried food (often fish) (LI; ZHOULI)
    餉  xiǎng OC: qhjaŋs MC: ɕi̯ɐŋ
    饟  shàng OC: hnjaŋs MC: ɕi̯ɐŋ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nmfood SHI
    餔  bū OC: paa MC: puo̝ 0 Attributions

      Word relations
    • Contrast: 膳/DELICACY Shàn 膳, yáo 肴/餚/殽, zhēn 珍, wèi 味, xiū 饈/羞 all refer generally to delicacies.

      Syntactic words
    • nmeal
    餗  sù OC: sooɡ MC: suk 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nmstew (of meat and vegetables)
    鱻  xiān OC: sen MC: siɛn 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nmfresh foodstuff (ZHOULI)
    齏  jī OC:  MC: tsei 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nmpickled food
    具  jù OC: ɡos MC: gi̯o 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nabactpreparations for a meal
    疏  shū OC: sqra MC: ʂi̯ɤ 0 Attributions

    Shū 疏, sūn 飧, liáng 糧, cū 粗 refer to crude foodstuffs, grain-based or vegetable based.

      Syntactic words
    • nmplain, undistinguished food, particularly vegetables[is there any nominal usage ??; usually used as vadN: see COARSE][CA]
    籹  nǚ OC: naʔ MC: ɳi̯ɤ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nmdumplings made of rice-flour and honey (CC)
    粔  jù OC: ɡaʔ MC: gi̯ɤ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nmdumplings made of rice flour and honey (CC)