Antonym

• OPEN AIRThe PLACE OUTSIDE BUILDINGS.

Hypernym

• ARTEFACTTHING PRODUCED by MAN.
  • THINGCONCRETE OBJECT.
    • OBJECT[NO HYPERNYM.] WHAT one CAN NAME:refer to.
      • PRIME...

• CHIMNEYTUBE OR HOLE IN a ROOF THROUGH which SMOKE LEAVES a STOVE.
• CORRIDORWAY INSIDE a BUILDING THROUGH which to WALK FROM ONE ROOM TO ANOTHER.
• DOORHOLE IN A WALL which CAN be BLOCKED, TYPICALLY PRODUCED USING TIMBER.
• ROOFMOST UPWARD PART of a BUILDING which PROTECTS that BUILDING AGAINST RAIN.
• ROOMPLACE in which one DWELLS, SURROUNDED BY WALLS, in a BUILDING.
• SCREENTHIN WALL which CAN be MOVED, OR WALL WHICH is USED to BLOCK the WIND OR LOOKING.
• STAIRSPART of a BUILDING USED TO ASCEND OR DESCEND FROM ONE STOREY TO ANOTHER.
• WALLSLIM, AND TYPICALLY HIGH VERTICAL PART of a BUILDING, TYPICALLY SURROUNDING a ROOM, OR USED FOR SHOWING a BOUNDARY OR PROTECTING a PLACE INSIDE.
• WINDOWHOLE IN a WALL, TYPICALLY with a TIMBER FRAME, COVERED USING GLASS, USED FOR LOOKING OUT OR LETTING IN LIGHT OR AIR.
• BALCONYPART OF BUILDING ISSUING OUTSIDE FROM WALL.

See also

• BRIDGEARTIFACT BUILT FOR:in order to CAUSE HUMANS to be ABLE to CROSS TYPICALLY a RIVER OR a VALLEY.  
• GARDENSMALL FIELD CONTAINING FLOWERS, FRUIT TREES AND VEGETABLES ETC. FOR HOME USE.
• HOMEPLACE where one DWELLS ENDURINGLY OR ORIGINALLY.

Hyponym

• BRIDGE　ARTIFACT BUILT FOR:in order to CAUSE HUMANS to be ABLE to CROSS TYPICALLY a RIVER OR a VALLEY.  
• OFFICE　BUILDING OR social INSTITUTION in which PUBLIC DUTIES are ACTED:performed BY OFFICIALS.
  • GOVERNMENT　MOST HIGH BURAUCRATIC OFFICE which GOVERNS a STATE.
• PAVILION　SMALL BUILDING PRODUCED FOR RESTING AND FEASTS.
• RUINS　BUILDING OR BUILDINGS that have been COMPLETELY DESTROYED.
• SCHOOL　INSTITUTION OR BUILDING USED FOR TEACHING.
  • UNIVERSITY　SCHOOL FOR ADULT STUDENTS.
  • ACADEMY　STATE INSTITUTION OR SCHOOL FOR EXCELLENT SCHOLARS. 
• STABLE　BUILDING USED FOR REARING DOMESTIC ANIMALS.
• STOREHOUSE　BUILDING USED FOR KEEPING USEFUL THINGS.
  • LIBRARY　STOREHOUSE FOR DOCUMENTS
• TEMPLE　BUILDING USED FOR WORSHIP of DEITIES.
• TENT　TYPICALLY SMALL BUILDING PRODUCED USING CLOTH AND TIMBER.
• TOMB　PLACE OR BUILDING which SHOWS where one has BURIED a HUMAN.
• WELL　SMALL BUILDING USED FOR FETCHING WATER FROM DEEP INSIDE THE EARTH.
• TOILET　ROOM or BUILDING USED FOR DEFECATION.
• DWELLING　BUILDING PRODUCED so as to PERMIT HUMANS to DWELL in it.
  • HUT　SMALL DWELLING.
  • MONASTERY　DWELLING FOR MONKS. See TEMPLE
• PUBLIC BUILDING　BUILDING USED by OFFICIALS FOR WORK.
  • COURT　PUBLIC-BUILDING in which the RULER ACTS:conducts GOVERNMENT. See also LAWCOURT.
  • PRISON　PUBLIC BUILDING IN which CONVICTED GUILTY HUMANS ARE CONDEMNED to DWELL, AND which they are NOT PERMITTED TO LEAVE.
  • GUEST HOUSE　PUBLIC BUILDING FOR GUESTS.
  • LAWCOURT　PUBLIC BUILDING USED FOR the ADMINISTRATION of LITIGATION.
  • PALACE　BIG PUBLIC-BUILDING USED as a DWELLING by a RULER OR an ARISTOCRAT.
  • HOSPITAL　BUILDING PRODUCED OR USED FOR CURING HUMANS who have ILLNESSES.
  • MONASTIC BUILDING　PUBLIC BUILDING that is PART of a MONASTERY.
• HOTEL　BUILDING PRODUCED OR USED FOR PERMITTING GUESTS OR STRANGERS TO DWELL in it DURING a SHORT PERIOD.
• TOWER　BUILDING which is MUCH HIGHER THAN BROAD.
• WORKSHOP　BUILDING USED TO PRODUCE THINGS.
• FORTRESS　INTENSELY FORTIFIED BUILDING.
• MILL　BUILDING PRODUCED FOR GRINDING GRAIN.
• SHOP　BUILDING IN which one SELLS.
  • BOOKSHOP　SHOP where BOOKS are SOLD.
  • PHARMACY　SHOP WHICH SELLS DRUGS.
  • RESTAURANT　SHOP WHICH SELLS MEALS to be EATEN in the SHOP.
• FACTORY　BUILDING FOR PRODUCING INTENSELY MANY of the SAME ARTEFACTS.
  • INDUSTRY　SYSTEM OF FACTORIES PRODUCING MANY of the SAME of ARTEFACTS.
• TURRET　SMALL TOWER OR PART of a BUILDING INTENSELY MORE HIGH than the OTHER PART of the BUILDING.
• MUSEUM　PUBLIC-BUILDING USED TO SHOW TYPICALLY OLD OR RARE THINGS.

Old Chinese Criteria

黄金貴：古漢語同義詞辨釋詞典

Modern Chinese Criteria

• A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages ( BUCK 1988) p. 7.12

• De Rerum Humanarum Emendatione ( COMENIUS 1665) p. 455

  AEDIFICIUM:

  Comenius gives a detailed subclassification.

• Lateinische Synonyme und Etymologien ( DOEDERLEIN 1840) p.

  HOUSE

  aedificium is the generic term for any building.

  domus is the residence of a family.

  aedes refers to the large residence of a family, typically consisting of several buildings.

  HOUSE

  villa refers to a country house, usually with a real estate attached to it.

  fundus refers to a real estate, usually with a country house.

  praedium refers to landed property of any kind, with or without a house on it.

• Traite elementaire des synonymes grecques ( DUFOUR 1910) p. 112

• Verzeichnis und Motivindex der Han-Darstellungen ( FINSTERBUSCH 1966) p. 200

  Architektur: here are found all relevant entries.

• Verzeichnis und Motivindex der Han-Darstellungen ( FINSTERBUSCH 1966) p. 229

  Pfahlhaus:

• Verzeichnis und Motivindex der Han-Darstellungen ( FINSTERBUSCH 2000) p. 744

  Gebaeude; Gebaeude, im Aufriss wiedergegeben:

• Verzeichnis und Motivindex der Han-Darstellungen ( FINSTERBUSCH 2000) p. 785

  Pfahlhaus:

• China Handbuch ( FRANKE 1974) p. 486

• Lateinische Synonymik ( MENGE) p. 218

• Dictionnaire culturel en langue francaise ( REY 2005) p. 3.275

• Das grosse China-Lexikon ( STAIGER 2003) p. 292

• 中國文化背景八千詞 Zhongguo wenhua beijing ba qian ci ( WU SANXING 2008) p. 313ff

• Bibliographisches Handbuch zur Sprachinhaltsforschung. Teil II. Systematischer Teil. B. Ordnung nach Sinnbezirken (mit einem alphabetischen Begriffsschluessel): Der Mensch und seine Welt im Spiegel der Sprachforschung ( FRANKE 1989) p. 120B