SHAME    慚愧 羞／恥

SOCIAL EMOTION OF REGRET one's SELF:own FEATURES, ACTS OR ATTITUDES which one BELIEVES to have been BAD.
HUMILIATIONMORTIFICATIONCHAGRINIGNOMINYEMBARRASSMENTINDIGNITYDISCOMFORT
Old Chinese Criteria
1. The most current word referring to private feelings of shame is xiū 羞 "feel intensely morally ashamed of oneself", 2. The most current word for public shame or disgrace with regard to an action, the core of which is public opinion, is chǐ 恥, proper respect for which is also called chǐ 恥 "sense for what is publicly disgraceful". 3. Rǔ 辱 refers to public humiliation and public disgrace typically caused by overt actions or reactions of others. 4. Kuì 愧 expresses a mixture of shame and embarrassment, and the word is the only shame-word to be used as a reflexive verb meaning "be ashamed of and embarrassed about oneself". 5. Cán 慚 "feel embarrassed and ill at ease about something" is often close to a feeling of 不好意思, and it may naturally apply to things one has said rather than done. Note the current 心慚 "feel inwardly ashamed". 6. Zuò 怍 refers to being or becoming (typically, but not always, visibly on one's face) upset, typically by feelings of shame. [INCHOATIVE] 7. Nǎn 赧 refers to the external manifestation of feelings of shame through blushing, but the term is not common in pre-Buddhist literature and is marginal in the group.
Modern Chinese Criteria
慚愧 羞愧 羞慚 愧怍 慚怍 卑陬 慚恧 愧汗 慚 愧 忝 refers to something not deserving of honour. 恥 羞 恧 nǜ (obs) is an exceedingly rare classical word for being ashamed. 丟人 丟臉 沒臉 沒面子 丟面子 丟人現眼 面赤 汗顏 愧赧 愧恨 問心有愧 自慚形穢 無地自容 面有愧色 rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／
Hyponym
  • EMBARRASSED　NOT INTENSE SHAME REGARDING ONE'S SELF>OWN NOW>PRESENT SITUATION. (anc: 14/0, child: 0)
Antonym
  • PROUDDELIGHT in what one BELIEVES to be one's SELF:own EXCELLENCE.
See also
  • HUMILIATEBe IMPOLITE to someone so as to CAUSE that person to FEEL SHAME.
  • WICKEDMORALLY BAD.
  • DISGRACEACT OR SITUATION which HUMILIATES the HUMAN who is IN it.
  • BLUSHREACT so as to BECOME RED AND SHOW SHAME on one's FACE.
Hypernym
  • SOCIAL EMOTION　FEELING ENACTED IN RELATION TO OTHER HUMANS. (anc: 12/0, child: 6)
  • FEELING　NATURAL REACTION IN one's MIND. (anc: 11/0, child: 17)
  • REACT　CHANGE one's THINKING OR ACTING BECAUSE one is PERCEIVING something. (anc: 10/0, child: 5)
  • Novyj objasnitel'nyj Slovar' Sinonimov Russkogo Jazyka ( APRESJAN 2004) p. 1123

  • A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages ( BUCK 1988) p. 16.45

  • De differentiis ( DIFFERENTIAE I) p. 22

    PUDOR, PUDICITIA

    418. Inter Pudorem et pudicitiam. Pudor corporis est, pudicitia mentis.

  • Lateinische Synonyme und Etymologien ( DOEDERLEIN 1840) p.

    SHAME

    ignominia is the public shame which deprives one of political honour, and this is independent of the reports circulated concerning a person, but is rather the consequence of an official denunciation presupposed to be justified.

    infamia is the public shame which preprives one of moral honour and of one駒 good name, and this is based on public scorn which is construed as a consequence of shameless and dishoourable conduct.

    dedecus refers to manifest public deviation from honourable conduct itself.

    probrum refers to an isolated shameful act, typically a private act, by a person of whom unreproachable action is expected, and which deserves public reproach.

    opprobrium refers to a probrum which has actually come to public attention and is the subject of reproach.

    SHY

    castus refers to chastity and purity as a natural quality of the soul.

    pudicus refers to the habitual moral sentiment of not wanting to be exposed to the gaze of others.

    pudens and pudor refer to the habitual sense of shame as inolving a sense of public honour resulting in a fear of exposure.

    pudibundus refers to the acute sense of shame when excited.

  • Traite elementaire des synonymes grecques ( DUFOUR 1910) p. 153

  • 韓非子同義詞研究 ( HANFEI TONGYI 2004) p. 201

  • 論衡同義詞研究 ( LUNHENG TONGYI 2004) p. 19

  • Tolkovo-kombinatornyj slovar' sovremmenogo russkogo jazyka. Explanatory Combinatorial Dictionary of Modern Russian ( Mel'cuk 1984) p. 832

  • Lateinische Synonymik ( MENGE) p.

  • “孟子”同義詞研究 ( MENGZI TONGYI 2002) p. 78

  • Historisches Woerterbuch der Philosophie ( RITTER 1971-2007) p. 8.1208

    SCHAM

  • Handbuch der lateinischen und griechischen Synonymik ( SCHMIDT 1889) p. 117

  • 王力古漢語字典 ( WANG LI 2000) p. 1420

    羞，恥，辱

  • Using Chinese Synonyms ( GRACE ZHANG 2010) p. 89

  • Chinese Synonyms Usage Dictionary ( TENG SHOU-HSIN 1996) p. 446

  • The Encyclopedia of Philosophy ( BORCHERT 2005) p.

  • Encyclopedia of Social and Cultural Anthropology ( BARNARD AND SPENCER 2002) p.

    HONOUR AND SHAME

  • SYNONYMES FRANÇOIS, LEURS DIFFÉRENTES SIGNIFICATIONS, ET LE CHOIX QU'IL EN FAUT FAIRE Pour parler avec justesse ( GIRARD 1769) p. 1.314.274

    HONTE.PUDEUR

  • Handbook of Greek Synonymes, from the French of M. Alex. Pillon, Librarian of the Bibliothèque Royale , at Paris, and one of the editors of the new edition of Plaché's Dictionnaire Grec-Français, edited, with notes, by the Rev. Thomas Kerchever Arnold, M.A. Rector of Lyndon, and late fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge ( PILLON 1850) p. NO. 37

  • 古漢語常用詞同義詞詞典 ( HONG CHENGYU 2009) p. 359/60

  • A New Dictionary of Classical Greek Synonyms ( T.W.HARBSMEIER 2004) p. NO. 37

  • Bibliographisches Handbuch zur Sprachinhaltsforschung. Teil II. Systematischer Teil. B. Ordnung nach Sinnbezirken (mit einem alphabetischen Begriffsschluessel): Der Mensch und seine Welt im Spiegel der Sprachforschung ( FRANKE 1989) p. 48A

    • Words (30 items)

    羞  xiū OC: smlu MC: sɨu 49 Attributions

    The most current word referring to private feelings of shame is xiū 羞 "feel intensely morally ashamed of oneself",

      Word relations
    • Contrast: 辱/DISGRACE Rǔ 辱 refers to public humiliation and public disgrace typically caused by overt actions or reactions of others.
    • Assoc: 恥/SHAME The most current word for public shame or disgrace the core of which is public opinion is chǐ 恥, proper respect for which is also called chǐ 恥 "sense for what is publicly disgraceful".

      Syntactic words
    • nabactwhat is considered as personally shameful; what should be considered as personally shameful
    • nabgradedshame (insofar as it is a matter of degrees)
    • nabpost-Nshame for N
    • nabpsychpersonal sense of shame
    • vifeel personally ashamed; have reason to feel personally ashamed
    • vt+V[0]feel personally ashamed to V
    • vt+V[0]V=passivebe ashamed to be V-ed
    • vtoNabputativefind personally shameful; find something personally, psychologically and morally unbearable and shameful, feel morally  embarrassed by
    • vtoNab{S}putativebe ashamed about S
    • vtoNcausativereduce to a state of personal shame, humiliate psychologically
    • vtoNobject=witnessfeel ashamed before
    • vtoNpassivebe something to be personally ashamed of
    愧  kuì OC: kruls MC: ki
    愧  kuì OC: kruls MC: ki 43 Attributions

    Kuì 愧 expresses a mixture of shame and embarrassment, and the word is the only shame-word to be used as a reflexive verb meaning "be ashamed of and embarrassed about oneself".

      Word relations
    • Synon: 慚慙 / 慚慙/SHAME Cán 慚 "feel embarrassed and ill at ease about something" is often close to a feeling of 不好意思. It refers to a somewhat milder form of personal feelings of shame typically mixed with feelings of regret, and typically directed towards something in the past.

      Syntactic words
    • nab.tpsychthe feeling of shame (connected with an event N)
    • nabdispositionsense of shame
    • vadNfilled with shame 甚愧之色
    • vifeel ashamed; feel embarrassed; show embarrassment 心愧 but also 愧於心
    • vt+prep+Nbe ashamed in front of, be ashamed vis-à-vis (also abstract values)
    • vt+V[0]feel ashamed to have V-ed
    • vtoNcausativemake feel ashamed; bring shame upon
    • vtoNgradedfeel ashamed/embarrassed vis-a-vis; feel embarrassed about 甚愧之
    • vtoNPab{S}be ashamed/embarrassed that S
    • vtoNpsychbe ashamed of (oneself)　甚自愧
    慚慙  Click here to add pinyin OC:  MC:
    慚慙  Click here to add pinyin OC:  MC: 41 Attributions

    Cán 慚 "feel embarrassed and ill at ease about something" is often close to a feeling of 不好意思. It refers to a somewhat milder form of personal feelings of shame typically mixed with feelings of regret, and typically directed towards something in the past.

      Word relations

      Syntactic words
    • nabeventshame
    • vadNashamed, characterised by shame; 慚色 characterised by a sense of embarrassment
    • vadVwith a sense of embarrassment; mortified; in an embarrassed way
    • vigradedfeel embarrassed 大慚
    • vt+prep+Ngradedfeel ashamed vis-a-vis 甚慚於
    • vt+V[0]feel embarrassed to V
    • vtoNPab{S}be embarrassed that S
    • vtoNstativebe embarrassed to face (the daylight)
    恥  chǐ OC: m-lʰɯʔ MC: ʈhɨ 38 Attributions

    The most current word for public shame or disgrace the core of which is public opinion is chǐ 恥, proper respect for which is also called chǐ 恥 "sense for what is publicly disgraceful".

      Word relations
    • Ant: 榮/FAMOUS Róng 榮 (ant. rǔ 辱 "shame, humiliation") which refers to any form of widely recognised high renown.
    • Assoc: 羞/SHAME The most current word referring to private feelings of shame is xiū 羞 "feel intensely morally ashamed of oneself",
    • Assoc: 辱/DISGRACE Rǔ 辱 refers to public humiliation and public disgrace typically caused by overt actions or reactions of others.

      Syntactic words
    • nabeventpublic shame
    • nabpsychthe (proper) sense of what is publicly disgraceful, moral integrity
    • v[adN]nonreferentialthose who are endowed with a proper and good sense of shame
    • vadNcharacterised by a sense of shame
    • vifeel a sense of public shame or disgrace
    • vtoNattitudinalshow an awareness of the (possible) public disgrace in> be bashful about; feel personally ashamed of; be ashamed of
    • vtoNpassivebe publicly disgraced, feel exposed to public disgrace
    怍  zuò OC: dzaaɡ MC: dzɑk 12 Attributions

    Zuò 怍 refers to being (often visibly) upset typically by feelings of shame.

      Syntactic words
    • vadNembarrassed/shame-ridden (facial expression etc)
    • viactshow a sense of shame; to blush; change the color of face; show shyness, be shy
    • vigradedfeel ashamed, be visibly embarrased; show scruples 甚怍　慎子：楚王大怍
    • vt+prep+Nbe ashamed vis-a-vis
    • vtoNbe ashamed about
    • vtoNcausativereduce to shame
    慚愧  cán kuì OC: dzaam kruls MC: dzɑm ki 7 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabpsychshame
    • VPifeel very much ashamed
    • VPiimperativeimperative: feel shamed of yourselves!
    • VPt prep Nbe ashamed about NCH
    慚  cán 7 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vadNashamed; full of shameDS
    • vireflexivebe ashamed of oneselfCH
    • vt+prep+Nfeel shame vis-à-visCH
    心慚  xīn cán OC: slɯm dzaam MC: sim dzɑm 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPifeel ashamed in one's heart
    愧恥  kuì chǐ OC: kruls m-lʰɯʔ MC: ki ʈhɨ 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPistativebe filled with shame
    • VPtoNstativefeel ashamed about, feel embarrassed about
    蹴然  zú rán OC: tsuɡ njen MC: tsuk ȵiɛn 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPadVintensitivewith great embarrassment
    可恥  kě chǐ MC: khaX trhiX OC: khlaalʔ m-lʰɯʔ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPito be ashamed of> be shamefulCH
    謑  xǐ OC: ɡeeʔ MC: ɦei 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • nabpublic disgrace
    恥怍  chǐ zuò OC: m-lʰɯʔ dzaaɡ MC: ʈhɨ dzɑk 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPtoNcausativecause to find something disgraceful or shameful
    可羞  kě xiū OC: khlaalʔ smlu MC: khɑ sɨu 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPadNof the kind that one should be personally ashamed of; of the kind that should be ashamed of themselves
    慚羞  cán xiū OC: dzaam smlu MC: dzɑm sɨu 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPichangebecome ashamed, feel ashamed
    洿辱  wū rǔ MC: 'u nyowk OC: qʷlaa njoɡ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPabimmoral shamefulnessCH
    侮  wǔ OC: moʔ MC: mi̯o 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • nabsocialpublic disgrace, shame
    • vifeel objectively humiliated and insulted
    羞恥  xiū chǐ OC: smlu m-lʰɯʔ MC: sɨu ʈhɨ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPtoNstativebe ashamed of
    恧  nǜ MC: -- OC: nuɡ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNfeel ashamed ofCH
    愧  kuì OC: kruls MC: ki 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNexpose oneself to the shame of???
    懅  qú OC: gla MC: gi̯ɤ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vt[oN]be ashamed of what one has done
    汙  wù OC: qʷlaas MC: ʔuo̝ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • nabactself-humiliation
    赧  nǎn OC: rnaanʔ MC: ɳɣan 0 Attributions

    Nǎn 赧 refers to the external manifestation of feelings of shame through blushing.

      Syntactic words
    • vichangeblush
    自愧  zì kuì OC: sblids kruls MC: dzi ki 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPistativefeel ashamed of oneself
    慚心  cán xīn OC: dzaam slɯm MC: dzɑm sim 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabpsychshame, ashamedness
    慚怍  cán zuò OC: dzaam dzaaɡ MC: dzɑm dzɑk 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPibe struck by feelings of shame (Qianfulun) Hanshu: 慚怍而退
    汗顏  hàn yán OC: ɡaans ŋraan MC: ɦɑn ŋɣan 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPipost-Han, HANYU: start sweating out of shame
    內慚  nèi cán OC: nuubs dzaam MC: nuo̝i dzɑm 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPifeel inwardly embarrassed
    瞢  méng OC: mɯŋ MC: muŋ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • viZUO: shame???
    心怍  xīn zuò OC: slɯm dzaaɡ MC: sim dzɑk 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPifeel inwardly ashamed (without showing this on one's face)　Shiji: 景公心怍