BE IN  在在

RELATION between a THING AND what that THING FILLS OR PART:partially FILLS.
PRESENTINAT
Hypernym
  • RELATIONFEATURE of TWO OR MORE THINGS TOGETHER.
    • FEATUREABSTRACT OBJECT a THING is SAID to BE OR to HAVE.
      • OBJECT[NO HYPERNYM.] WHAT one CAN NAME:refer to.
See also
  • INSIDEPLACE which BE-IN:is-in ANOTHER MORE BIG PLACE.
    Hyponym
    • BE AT HOME　BE-IN one's SELF:own DWELLING.
      • DWELL　BE-IN a HOME ENDURINGLY:permanently.
        • EXIST　BE-IN the UNIVERSE of SPACE AND TIME.
          • LIVE　EXIST AND USE FOOD....
          • NEW　EXIST AND have BEGUN to EXIST RECENTLY.
          • REALITY　EXIST and NOT ONLY BE IMAGINED....
          • COMMON　EXISTING IN MANY THINGS OR PLACES....
          • TRUE　EXIST CONFORMing to SPEAK(what is claimed). (BE AS SAID(asserted))[[NB: the subject of this syntactic predicate is the situation identified in the "sentence" of which this syntactic predicate is predicated. "God made Heaven and Earth" is TRUE iff the situation identified in this sentence (the creation of Heaven and Earth by God) EXISTS(i.e. occurred).]...
        • REMAIN　BE-IN ENDURINGLY:continuously in the FUTURE.
          • LIE DOWN　REMAIN OR DISPLACE ONESELF so as to BECOME in VERTICAL POSITION.
        • SPACE　What ALL THINGS BE-IN:are-in.
        • AMONG　BEing-IN a GROUP of THINGS. 
          • BE ON　BE IN ABOVE.
            Old Chinese Criteria
            [GRAMMATICALISED/LEXICAL]

            1. The general word is zài 在 (ant. wáng 亡 "be not present, be absent") which refers to any presence of anything in anything.

            [GENERAL]

            2. Chù 處 is often non-literally spatial and refers to occupancy of a well-defined place in society, but has a wide range of associated meanings and is very common.

            [ABSTRACT!]

            3. Yú 於 is grammaticalised as a preposition but can come to function as a main verb "be in", and this verbal use may perhaps be taken to be etymologically primary.

            [GRAMMATICALISED]

            4. Jū 居 is orginally "to dwell at home" and sometimes comes to mean more generally "be in". See BE AT HOME

            [MARGINAL]; [[RARE]]

            5. Lu# 履 "tread on" occasionally refers to being in a certain position.

            [ABSTRACT], [ELEVATED]; [[RARE]]

            Modern Chinese Criteria
            在

            rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／

            • Lateinische Synonyme und Etymologien ( DOEDERLEIN 1840) p.

              BE IN

              adesse is to be near to something.

              interesse refers to participatory presence.

            • 論衡同義詞研究 ( LUNHENG TONGYI 2004) p. 122

            • SYNONYMES FRANÇOIS, LEURS DIFFÉRENTES SIGNIFICATIONS, ET LE CHOIX QU'IL EN FAUT FAIRE Pour parler avec justesse ( GIRARD 1769) p. 1.450.407

              DANS.EN

            • 古辭辨 Gu ci bian ( WANG FENGYANG 1993) p. 466

            Attributions by syntactic funtion

            • vtoN : 231
            • vt[0]oN.postadV : 197
            • vtoN.adV : 38
            • vt+prep+N : 25
            • vt[0]oN.adV : 13
            • vtoN : 11
            • vt(oN) : 9
            • vt0oN : 4
            • vt0oN.adV : 4
            • vttoN1.+prep+N2 : 3
            • vtoN.postadV : 2
            • vt(+prep+N) : 2
            • VPt0oN{SUBJ} : 2
            • vt0+N1.postadN2 : 2
            • vt+N.postvt'+N:postV : 2
            • vadN : 1
            • vtoN.adS : 1
            • vpostadVtoN : 1
            • vt+N : 1
            • vt[oN] : 1
            • vt0oN.adS : 1
            • vtoN.+V : 1
            • vt+prep+N1.postadN2 : 1

            Attributions by text

            • 荀子 : 72
            • 論語 : 67
            • 莊子 : 52
            • 說苑 : 39
            • 春秋左傳 : 33
            • 韓非子 : 32
            • 淮南子 : 28
            • 孟子 : 23
            • 禮記 : 19
            • 呂氏春秋 : 14
            • 搜神記 : 13
            • 祖堂集 : 13
            • 百喻經 : 13
            • 孝經 : 9
            • 阮籍集四卷 : 9
            • 臨濟錄 : 9
            • 劉義慶世說新語 : 8
            • 管子 : 8
            • 陸機集十一卷 : 7
            • 史記 : 7
            • 墨子 : 7
            • 晏子春秋 : 6
            • 賢愚經 : 6
            • 毛詩 : 6
            • 戰國策 : 5
            • 穆天子傳 : 4
            • 古列女傳 : 4
            • 春秋公羊傳 : 3
            • 楚辭 : 3
            • 列子 : 3
            • 六祖壇經 : 3
            • 尚書 : 3
            • 春秋穀梁傳 : 3
            • 逸周書 : 3
            • 文選 : 2
            • 春秋繁露 : 2
            • 論衡 : 2
            • 周易 : 2
            • 法言 : 2
            • 妙法蓮華經 : 2
            • 韓詩外傳 : 2
            • 新序 : 1
            • 公孫龍子 : 1
            • 王羲之集二卷 : 1
            • 法句經 : 1
            • 法集要頌經 : 1

            Words

            在  zài OC: sɡɯɯʔ MC: dzəi
            才  zài MC: -- OC: -- 203 AttributionsWD

            The general word is zài 在 (ant. wáng 亡"be not present, be absent") which refers to any presence of anything in anything. [GENERAL]

              Word relations
            • Object: 位/RANK Wèi 位 and the rarer liè 列 typically refer to relatively elevated official ranks only.
            • Synon: 處/BE IN Chǔ 處 is often non-literally spatial and refers to occupancy of a well-defined place in society, but has a wide range of associated meanings and is very common. [ABSTRACT!]

              Syntactic words
            • vt(oN)be in the contextually determinate place > be inside, be there; be present
            • vt+NN=timehappen at the time N; be cone at the time N
            • vt+prep+Nliterally: be in the place N
            • vt+prep+N1.postadN2in
            • vt+prep+Nabstractconsist in
            • vt+prep+Nfigurativefiguratively dwell in, live in, be immersed inLZ
            • vt+prep+Nfigurativereside in; consist inCH
            • vt0oN.adStemporalOBI 3: at (a certain time), during (a certain period)
            • vt0oNfigurativethe point is in; the abstract thing resides in
            • vt[0]oN.postadVN=placein, into
            • vt[0]oN.postadVN=timeduring, at (a time)
            • vtoN在天下"be under the sky": be in the place N
            • vtoNbe visibly present inCH
            • vtoN.adVfigurativein; at
            • vtoN.adVplacein; at
            • vtoN.postadVin; at
            • vtoNabstractconsist in; have its main point in; be essentially concerned with;belong to; reside in
            • vtoNfigurativebe in; hold (an office etc.)
            • vtoNfigurativebe concerned withCH
            • vtoNfigurativeabstract: consist inCH
            • vtoNimperativekeep in the place N!
            • vtoNinchoativecome to find itself in; come to be in the place NCH
            • vtoNspacebe in (a certain place)
            於  yú OC: qa MC: ʔi̯ɤ 173 AttributionsWD

            Yú 於 is grammaticalised as a preposition but can come to function as a main verb "be in", and this verbal use may perhaps be taken to be etymologically primary. [GRAMMATICALISED]

              Syntactic words
            • vt(oN)N=this place, herebe here, "be around"CH
            • vt0oN.adSat the time of N S happened　[See REACH, and 於是 for a large set of examples.]
            • vt0oN.adVN=timeat (time)CH
            • vt[0]oN.adVin (indicating place in front of the main verb)
            • vt[0]oN.postadVfigurative無君於上"there is no ruler above": in, at (an abstract location)
            • vt[0]oN.postadVN=place舞於庭"dance in the court": in; at (a physical location)
            • vt[0]oN.postadVN=time於陽"during daytime": in time of NCH
            • vtoNabstractbe abstractly in (neither a place nor a time but an abstract realm)CH
            • vtoNconcreteto be in; to be at; be conducted in/at (place or time)
            • vtoNN=timebe at (a time N)
            乎  hū OC: ɢaa MC: ɦuo̝ 49 AttributionsWD

              Syntactic words
            • vt[0]oN.postadVN=abstract placeinCH
            • vt[0]oN.postadVN=Placein
            • vt[0]oN.postadVN=timeat the time ofCH
            處  chǔ OC: khljaʔ MC: tɕhi̯ɤ 43 AttributionsWD

            Chǔ 處 is often non-literally spatial and refers to occupancy of a well-defined place in society, but has a wide range of associated meanings and is very common. [ABSTRACT!]

              Word relations
            • Contrast: 居/BE IN Jū 居 is orginally "to dwell at home" and sometimes comes to mean more generally "be in". See BE AT HOME [MARGINAL]; [[RARE]]
            • Synon: 在 / 才/BE IN The general word is zài 在 (ant. wáng 亡"be not present, be absent") which refers to any presence of anything in anything. [GENERAL]

              Syntactic words
            • vadNN=placewhich the subject dwells in, is in, lives inCH
            • vt+prep+Nfind oneself in, be in
            • vt[oN]be in a placeCH
            • vtoNfigurativefind oneself in (a condition, at a time); occupy (a position or an office)
            于  yú OC: ɢʷra MC: ɦi̯o 27 AttributionsWD

              Word relations
            • Synon: 乎/BE IN
            • Synon: 於/BE IN Yú 於 is grammaticalised as a preposition but can come to function as a main verb "be in", and this verbal use may perhaps be taken to be etymologically primary. [GRAMMATICALISED]

              Syntactic words
            • vt+N.postvt'+N:postVtwo prepositional phrasesat (a place)
            • vt0+N.adStimeV at the time N
            • vt0+N1.postadN2in
            • vt[0]oN.postadV(typically in formal or archaic contexts for the different word 於) in, at, on, by; referring to the future in this construction
            • vt[0]oN.postadVinLZ
            • vtoN.+V(to V) in N
            • vtoN.postadVN=placeat the place N (ritual, high style register)CH
            居  jū OC: ka MC: ki̯ɤ 18 AttributionsWD

            Jū 居 is orginally "to dwell at home" and sometimes comes to mean more generally "be in". See BE AT HOME [MARGINAL]; [[RARE]]

              Word relations
            • Contrast: 處/BE IN Chǔ 處 is often non-literally spatial and refers to occupancy of a well-defined place in society, but has a wide range of associated meanings and is very common. [ABSTRACT!]
            • Synon: 在 / 才/BE IN The general word is zài 在 (ant. wáng 亡"be not present, be absent") which refers to any presence of anything in anything. [GENERAL]

              Syntactic words
            • vtoNbe located in; occupy (a space, or a space of time, or a part)
            • vtoNcausativecause to be in: put in the place NCH
            • vtoNfigurativebe in and fill (a social position) be in (a situation)
            • vtoNmathematical termCHEMLA 2003:
            存  cún OC: sɡɯɯn MC: dzuo̝n 10 AttributionsWD
              Syntactic words
            • vt(+prep+N)persist in a contextually determinate place (also figuratively)LZ
            • vt+prep+Nexist in; persist in
            • vtoNfigurativereside in; be directed towards; be preoccupied by
            • vttoN1.+prep+N2cause N1 to exist in N2
            向  xiàng OC: qhaŋs MC: hi̯ɐŋ 9 AttributionsWD
            • Studies in the Language of Zǔtáng jí 祖堂集 ( ANDERL 2004B) p. 335-338

              There are ca. 100 occurrences of locative 向 in ZTJ.

              A few examples of this particular function appeared already in the Six Dynasties period (e.g. SHISHUO). Occurrences became more frequent during the Tang (e.g. YOUXIANKU; Tang poetry; Bianwen). Usually in the preverbal position but occasionally also used in the postverbal position. This function was quite common until Ming times.983

              755) ZTJ 1.108,06; WU: 66

              向外覓功夫

              xia4ng wa4i mi4 go1ng-fu1

              COV.LOC/outside/seek/merit-?

              If one seeks merit on the outside...

              In ZTJ xia4ng is frequently used in correlation with relative place words/localizers (N.GR.LOC):

              xia4ng 向 (COV.LOC) + N + qia2n 前 (N.GR.LOC) 'in front of N'

              xia4ng 向 (COV.LOC) + N + li3 P (N.GR.LOC) 'inside N'

              xia4ng 向 (COV.LOC) + N + sha4ng 上 (N.GR.LOC) 'on top of N'

              756) ZTJ 1.120; WU: 74

              師向地上劃作一字。

              shi1 xia4ng di4 sha4ng hua4 zuo4 yi1 zi4

              master/COV.LOC/ground/N.GR.LOCon top/paint-make/NUMone/chinese graph

              The master painted the character '一' ('one') on the ground.

              There are actually many cases where it is not easy to decide whether xia4ng is a main verb or a coverb. Look at the following sentence:

              757) ZTJ 1.107,01; WU: 65

              “向諸方學佛法去。”

              xia4ng zhu1 fa1ng xue2 fo2-fa3 qu4

              Main verb: "Head in all directions and study the teaching of Buddhism."

              Coverb: "Go and study Buddhism in all directions."

              This uncertainty is not surprising since the connection between coverbs and the main verbs they derive from is often gradual and transient. In addition the original main verb is often still common also after the emergence of the respective coverb (a typical example of layering of functions).

              758) ZTJ 4.094; WU: 342

              “者一隊漢，向這裡覓什摩？

              zhe3 yi1 dui4 ha4n xia4ng zhe4-li3 mi4 shi2-mo2

              NPRO.DEMthis/NUMone/group of/fellow/COV.LOC/NPRO.DEMthis-N.GR.LOC> here/seek/NPRO.QUESTwhat

              "This bunch of fellows, what are they seeking here?"

              759) ZTJ 2.034; WU: 130

              “出去！莫向這裡痾！”

              chu1-qu4 mo4 xia4ng zhe4-li3 e1

              leave-V.COMP.DIR/NEG.IMP/COV.LOC/NPRO.DEMthis-N.GR.LOC>here/shit

              "Get out! Do not shit at this place here?"

              Occasionally xia4ng is used as a locative preposition, xia4ng 向 (PREP.LOC):

              760) ZTJ 1.068; WU: 42

              說向漢江濱。

              shuo1 xia4ng Ha4n jia1ng bi1n

              teach/PREP.LOC/NPR/river/shore

              Teaching at the shores of the Ha4njia1ng River.

              Occasionally xia4ng means 'within (a certain spatial range)':

              761) ZTJ 2.057; WU: 142

              “直須向萬里無寸草處立！”

              zhi2-xu1 xia4ng wa4n li3 wu2 cu1n ca3o chu4 li4

              INT-V.MOD.OBLshould/COV.LOC/NUMten thousand/mile/not exist/inch/grass/place/stand

              "Within 10,000 miles there should not be an inch of grass to stand on!"

              Unusual usages of coverb xia4ng 向:

              With an abstract object:

              762) ZTJ 1.106,07; WU: 65

              “檀越因什摩向四威儀中見貧道？”"Why do you, the lay-supporter (daanapati), visit me in this formal way?"984

              In the following example the main verb is hui4 會 'to understand':

              763) ZTJ 5.043; WU: 395

              長慶云：Cha2ngqi4ng said:

              “若向兩頭會，"If you understand both sides (or: from both perspectives) [?]

              盡不見趙州意。”than you do not understand Zha4ozho1u's intention at all."

              Xia4ng indicates an abstract location (xi1n-to2u 'the mind'):

              764) ZTJ 2.062; WU: 144

              “猶將教意向心頭作病在。”"It is just like producing a sickness in the mind (i.e. mental sickness) through the the teaching [of Buddhism]." [?]

              In the following example there is the construction xia4ng 向 + N + qia2n 前 (N.GR.LOC), however, shu1 書 'book' is not a concrete location and xia4ng is probably temporal. The translation below highly tentative:

              765) ZTJ 5.092; WU: 423

              書出語多虛，The words which emerge from the writings are often empty

              虛中帶有無。and anmidst emptiness they bear existence and non-existence. [??]

              卻向書前會，One should rather understand before [consulting] written documents [?]

              放卻意中珠。and release the pearl in its meaning. [?]

            • 近代漢語語法研究 Jìndài hànyǔ yǔfǎ yánjiū ( FENG CHUNTIAN 2000) p. 324

            • 唐詩語言研究 Táng shī yǔyán yánjiū A Study of the Language of Tang poetry ( JIANG SHAOYU 1990) p. 323

              There seem to be a few examples in Tang poetry (e.g. Ce2nca1n 岑參〈漁父〉朝從灘上飯，墓向蘆中宿。)

            • 《祖堂集》虛詞研究 Zǔtáng jí xūcí yánjiū A Study of Function Words in Zǔtáng jí ( SONG YINSHENG 1996) p. 252, 278

              Syntactic words
            • vtoN.adVlocative coverb: in, at, on (this is a special usage of 向 in vernacular texts of the Tang and Song periods; there are only few examples dating from the Six Dynasties period but this function became quite common during the Tang; during the Ming locative xiàng gradually became obsolete) In Song texts typically appearing in the construction 向 N 中 "in N"
            當  dāng OC: taaŋ MC: tɑŋ 7 AttributionsWD

              Word relations
            • Assoc: 今/NOW The current word for the present is jīn 今. Note 趙歧on Mencius: 孟子傷今時之君 "of his time, contemporary".

              Syntactic words
            • vtoN.adVtimeon, at
            安  ān OC: qaan MC: ʔɑn 4 AttributionsWD
              Syntactic words
            • vtoNbe in (a place or position), remain undisturbed in (a place), thrive in (a location) (of plants etc) 安其處 "thrive in one's place"
            履  lǚ OC: riʔ MC: li 3 AttributionsWD

            Lǘ 履 "tread on" occasionally refers to being in a certain position. [ABSTRACT], [ELEVATED]; [[RARE]]

              Syntactic words
            • vtoNoccupy (a position) 履位 "occupy a rank"
            座下  zuò xià OC: sɡools ɢraaʔ MC: dzʷɑ ɦɣɛ 2 AttributionsWD
              Syntactic words
            • VPt0oN{SUBJ}be in attendance under the Buddhist pulprit
            以  yǐ OC: k-lɯʔ MC: jɨ 2 AttributionsWD
              Syntactic words
            • vtoN.adSe.g. 十八年 "was born in the 18th year" at the time N
            • vtoN.postadVN=placein the place NCH
            著  zhuó OC: k-laɡ MC: ʈi̯ɐk 1 AttributionWD
              Syntactic words
            • vt0oN{SUBJ}lie
            • vtoNstativelie in the place N
            箸  zhuó MC: -- OC: --DS 1 AttributionWD
              Syntactic words
            • vpostadVtoNsuffixV so that one is attached to NDS
            出  chū MC: tsyhwijH OC: khljudDS 1 AttributionWD
              Syntactic words
            • vtoNbe in (like 在), see HDC meaning No. 27. German: sich befindenDS
            住  zhù OC: tos MC: ʈi̯o 0 AttributionsWD
              Syntactic words
            • vtoNfigurativeconsist in
            寄  jì OC: krals MC: kiɛ 0 AttributionsWD
              Syntactic words
            • vtoNspend a little time in
            方  fāng OC: paŋ MC: pi̯ɐŋ 0 AttributionsWD
              Syntactic words
            • vt+prep+Nhave one's metaphysical place in/among
            位  wèi MC: hwijH OC: ɢrubsCH 0 AttributionsWD
              Syntactic words
            • vtoNfigurativereside in, be essentially part of, essentially belong toCH

            Existing SW for

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