COUNTERFACTUAL    反事實

IF-RELATION BETWEEN A SENTENCE S1 PRESUPPOSED to be NOT TRUE AND A SENTENCE S2 SPEAK:said TO BE TRUE IF S1 IS:were TRUE.
CONTRARY TO FACT
Old Chinese Criteria
1. The most current particle indicating counterfactual or occasionally remotely hypothetical conditional clauses is shǐ 使. 2. Shè 設 is remotely hypothetical in its primary use, and only occasionally used to make counterfactual conditionals. 3. Jiǎ 假 is used to make counterfactual conditionals or remotely hypothetical conditionals indifferently.
Modern Chinese Criteria
反事實 假使 設使 若使 向使 假若 設若 假如 假設 假定 倘使 rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／
Hypernym
  • IF　RELATION between sentences S1 and S2 such that it is NOT TRUE that S1 AND NOT S2. (anc: 6/0, child: 4)
  • CONDITION　SITUATION which is NECESSARY for something to be ABLE to HAPPEN. (anc: 5/0, child: 2)
  • RELATION　FEATURE of TWO OR MORE THINGS TOGETHER. (anc: 4/0, child: 15)
  • Historisches Woerterbuch der Philosophie ( RITTER 1971-2007) p. 1.333

  • The Encyclopedia of Philosophy ( BORCHERT 2005) p. 10.4

  • Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics. Second Edition ( BROWN 2005) p.

    • Words (25 items)

    若  ruò OC: njaɡ MC: ȵi̯ɐk 28 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • padS1.adS2If contrary to fact
    • vadV{PRED}.postN{SUBJ}:adSif contrary to fact
    若使  ruò shǐ OC: njaɡ srɯʔ MC: ȵi̯ɐk ʂɨ 17 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • PPadS1.adS2even supposing; if, counter to fact
    使  shǐ OC: srɯʔ MC: ʂɨ 15 Attributions

    The most current particle indicating counterfactual or occasionally remotely hypothetical conditional clauses is shǐ 使.

      Word relations
    • Assoc: 假/COUNTERFACTUAL Jiǎ 假 is used to make counterfactual conditionals or remotely hypothetical conditionals indifferently.

      Syntactic words
    • vt0oS1.adS2conditionalsupposing that, counter to fact; supposing that as a theoretical possibility
    若其  ruò qí OC: njaɡ ɡɯ MC: ȵi̯ɐk gɨ 10 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • PPadS1.adS2if (contrary to fact) GY: 若其予之　　若其有知 "if they have awareness"
    雖  suī MC: swij OC: sqlul 8 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • padS1.adS2even if, contrary to conceivable factCH
    正使  zhèng shǐ OC: tjeŋs srɯʔ MC: tɕiɛŋ ʂɨ 8 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPt0oS1.adS2even supposing that (counter to fact)
    將  jiāng OC: skaŋ MC: tsi̯ɐŋ 7 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vadVwould ever (in questions)?
    • vt+V[0].post-Swould have; would (in that entirely hypothetical case)
    • vt+V[0].postadV(to something) with the intention to VCH
    如使  rú shǐ MC: nyo sriX OC: nja srɯʔ 6 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPt+S1.adS2If, counter to factCH
    如  rú OC: nja MC: ȵi̯ɤ 4 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • padS1.adS2if counter to fact
    設使  shè shǐ OC: qhjed srɯʔ MC: ɕiɛt ʂɨ 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPtoS1.adS2conditionalassuming that, even if, although it were the case that
    假設  jiǎ shè OC: kraaʔ qhjed MC: kɣɛ ɕiɛt 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPt0oS1.adS2supposing (counter to fact) that
    也  yě OC: lalʔ MC: jɣɛ 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • ppostadNP{PRED}.adS2counterfactual特祿仕之臣也 "had he just been..." counterfactual conditional with a nominal predicate subordinate clauseCH
    • ppostadS1.adS2conditional富而可求也"If it had been proper to aim for wealth": factual, not narrative: if it were a fact that, if it were true thatCH
    苟  gǒu OC: kooʔ MC: ku 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • padS1.adS2if really (contrary to fact) S1, then S2
    誠使  chéng shǐ MC: dzyeng sriX OC: djeŋ srɯʔ 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPadS1.post-S2if really, contrary to factCH
    • VPt0oS1.adS2If it were really to happen that...
    匪  fěi OC: pɯlʔ MC: pɨi 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vadV.postN{SUBJ}:adSit is not that N Vs, but SDS
    • vtoN.adSIn the (counterfactual) absence of; without the existence of
    矣  yǐ MC: hiX OC: ɢɯʔ 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • ppostadS1.post-S2marker of the apodosis in a counterfactual conditional sentence.CH
    設  shè OC: qhjed MC: ɕiɛt 1 Attribution

    Shè 設 is remotely hypothetical in its primary use, and only occasionally used to make counterfactual conditionals.

      Syntactic words
    • vt0oS1.adS2conditionalassuming that, contrary to fact
    若復  ruò fù MC: nyae bjuwk OC: njaɡ buɡ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • PPadS1.adS2even if, contrary to conceivable factCH
    今  jīn MC: kim OC: krɯm 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • nadS1.adS2counterfactualIf S were true then...CH
    夫苟  fú gǒu MC: bju kuwX OC: ba kooʔ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • PPadS1.adS2If indeed it came to be thatCH
    假  jiǎ OC: kraaʔ MC: kɣɛ 1 Attribution

    Jiǎ 假 is used to make counterfactual conditionals or remotely hypothetical conditionals indifferently.

      Word relations
    • Assoc: 令/IF
    • Assoc: 使/COUNTERFACTUAL The most current particle indicating counterfactual or occasionally remotely hypothetical conditional clauses is shǐ 使.

      Syntactic words
    • vt0oS1.adS2supposing that
    今使  jīn shǐ MC: kim sriX OC: krɯm srɯʔ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • PPadS1.adS2even if, for example, CH
    即使  jí shǐ OC: tsɯɡ srɯʔ MC: tsɨk ʂɨ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • PPadS1.adS2if
    嘗試  cháng shì OC: djaŋ lʰɯɡs MC: dʑi̯ɐŋ ɕɨ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPt0oS1.adS2conditionalsupposing that
    早必  zǎo bì OC: tsuuʔ piɡ MC: tsɑu pit
    蚤必  zǎo bì OC: tsuuʔ piɡ MC: tsɑu pit 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words