YOU    你

HUMAN ADDRESSED. [GRAMMAR]
Old Chinese Criteria
1. The current general second person pronouns are rǔ 汝 in informal contexts, and in polite contexts zǐ 子.2. The current informal pronoun is rǔ 汝, and this word is commonly used in imperatives.<div>3. Ěr 爾 is another informal second person pronoun, and the word is not generally used in imperatives.</div><div><br></div><div>4. Ruò 若 is a poetic/archaising second person pronoun that went out of current use in Tang (待考）times. </div><div><br></div><div>5. Jūn 君 addresses superiors as well as equals formally, and politely.</div><div><br></div><div>6. Qīng 卿 is probably stylistically colloquial and addresses inferiors informally.</div><div><br></div><div>7. Dà wáng 大王 is the polite formal address to any king, small or powerful. </div><div><br></div><div>8. Wú zǐ 吾子, extremely common in the Zuozhuan, is respectful and honorific, but in a communicativ and sometimes even intimate mode: ·鄭玄注："吾子，相貌之辞。<br></div><br>
黄金貴：古漢語同義詞辨釋詞典
HUANG JINGUI 2006HUMAN AFFAIRS 37. MALE ADULT POLITE REFERENCE TERME 男性尊稱。公，位於姓氏後或用於面稱。子，特指業師；一般用於敘稱或面稱，亦可位於姓氏後。君，位於姓氏或封號之後、人名之前；面稱時可用於上對下或下對上。卿，有親昵色彩。位於姓氏後，可用於敘稱或面稱；獨用時用於上對下面稱。
Modern Chinese Criteria
你 您 恁 儂 而 爾 汝 若 乃 卿 君 公 老兄 吾兄 尊兄 俊兄 仁兄 世兄 兄長 大哥 老弟 賢弟 仁弟 俊弟 大弟 兄弟 大嫂 大姐 兄台 (lit) is a ceremonial traditionalist address to a spiritual brother. 閣下 足下 台端 鈞座 大駕 尊駕 駕 同志 陛下 主公 大王 萬歲 你們 汝等 汝輩 爾等 爾輩 爾曹 汝曹 公等 諸位 各位 列位 諸公 同志們 rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／
Antonym
  • EGO[GRAMMAR] PRONOUN (or pseudo-pronoun) USING WHICH A SPEAKER REFERS to HIMSELF.
See also
  • EGO[GRAMMAR] PRONOUN (or pseudo-pronoun) USING WHICH A SPEAKER REFERS to HIMSELF.
Hypernym
  • PRONOUN　NOUN REPLACING ANOTHER NOUN. [] (anc: 13/0, child: 13)
  • NAME　SPEAK so as to REFER to something OR WORD USED for REFERRING to something. (anc: 12/0, child: 5)
  • WORD　SOUND IMAGE of a CONCEPT. (Leibniz, Couturat p. 432) (anc: 11/0, child: 7)
  • Studies in the Language of Zu-tang Ji 祖堂集 ( ANDERL 2004C) p. 172-174,186-189

  • Terms of Address: Problems of Patterns and Usage in Various Languages and Cultures ( BRAUN 1988) p.

  • Bibliographisches Handbuch zur Sprachinhaltsforschung. Teil II. Systematischer Teil. B. Ordnung nach Sinnbezirken (mit einem alphabetischen Begriffsschluessel): Der Mensch und seine Welt im Spiegel der Sprachforschung ( FRANKE 1989) p. 2

    PERSONENBEZEICHNUNGEN

  • Tolkovo-kombinatornyj slovar' sovremmenogo russkogo jazyka. Explanatory Combinatorial Dictionary of Modern Russian ( Mel'cuk 1984) p. 222ff

  • Tolkovo-kombinatornyj slovar' sovremmenogo russkogo jazyka. Explanatory Combinatorial Dictionary of Modern Russian ( Mel'cuk 1984) p. 890

  • 中國文化史三百題 ( SANBAITI 1987) p. 336

  • 漢語稱謂詞典 Hanyu chengwei cidian ( WANG HUO 1988) p.

  • 許世瑛先生論文集（二） ( XU SHIYING 1974) p. 808ff

  • 古人稱謂 Guren chengwei ( YUAN TINGDONG 1994) p.

  • 祖堂集 Sodōshū (Zǔtáng jí) Zengaku sōsho 禪學叢書 ( ZTJ/YANAGIDA) p.

  • 中國文化背景八千詞 Zhongguo wenhua beijing ba qian ci ( WU SANXING 2008) p. 129ff

  • 古漢語常用詞同義詞詞典 ( HONG CHENGYU 2009) p. 585

  • Bibliographisches Handbuch zur Sprachinhaltsforschung. Teil II. Systematischer Teil. B. Ordnung nach Sinnbezirken (mit einem alphabetischen Begriffsschluessel): Der Mensch und seine Welt im Spiegel der Sprachforschung ( FRANKE 1989) p. 80A

  • Bibliographisches Handbuch zur Sprachinhaltsforschung. Teil II. Systematischer Teil. B. Ordnung nach Sinnbezirken (mit einem alphabetischen Begriffsschluessel): Der Mensch und seine Welt im Spiegel der Sprachforschung ( FRANKE 1989) p. 80B

  • Begruessung und Abschied bei Homer (Dissertation) ( ELMIGER 1935) p.

    • Words (159 items)

    汝  rǔ OC: njaʔ MC: ȵi̯ɤ
    女  rǔ MC: -- OC: -- 118 Attributions

    The current general second person pronouns are rǔ 汝 and in polite contexts zǐ 子.

      Word relations
    • Synon: 子/YOU The current general second person pronouns are rǔ 汝 and in polite contexts zǐ 子.
    • Oppos: 吾 / 䱷/EGO The umarked current first person pronoun most current by Warring States times is wú 吾. This word does not normally occur in object position and is highly idiomatic in a possessive pre-nominal position. Significantly, this pronoun can never be used emphatically or contrastively. NB: The word also serves as an impersonal pronoun meaning "one", German man, French on.
    • Oppos: 我/EGO Wǒ 我 is contrastive and emphatic by Warring States times (in OBI it was not yet in opposition to wú 吾 and was the standard unmarked pronoun during earlier stages of the language). The word freely occurs in subject, mofifying, and object position and often has an idiomatic meaning like "I for my part" and the formal slightly depersonalised "our party". NB: The word also serves as an impersonal pronoun meaning "one", German man, French on.

      Syntactic words
    • nproquasi-reader: you, as if the reader of the text (which was, however, taken over from a spoken setting)LZ
    • npro+Vtobjectpreposed object: you
    • npro.adNfamiliar possessive your
    • npro.adNassociated withyourCH
    • npro.adNN=nonhuyour
    • npro.postVtobject pronoun: you
    • npro.postVtreference=emperoryou (referring to emperor!)
    • npro.postVtreference=nonhuyou (referring to a non-human - sometimes even abstract - object)
    • npro2. person singulare.g. 汝"you (my son), familiar, informal you
    • npro=Nyou (personal first person plural pronoun being followed by N in apposition which specifies the scope of the plural) 汝四子 you the four children
    • npro=Nprvocativearchaic: You Npr!
    • nproimperativeyou (in imperative sentences)
    • npronon-humanyou (addressed to a non-human sometimes even inanimate object)CH
    • nproreference=readeryou, my reader
    • nprreflexive.self-referential-汝you! (addressing oneself)
    君  jūn OC: klun MC: ki̯un 98 Attributions

      Word relations
    • Oppos: 臣/EGO
    • Oppos: 我/EGO Wǒ 我 is contrastive and emphatic by Warring States times (in OBI it was not yet in opposition to wú 吾 and was the standard unmarked pronoun during earlier stages of the language). The word freely occurs in subject, mofifying, and object position and often has an idiomatic meaning like "I for my part" and the formal slightly depersonalised "our party". NB: The word also serves as an impersonal pronoun meaning "one", German man, French on.

      Syntactic words
    • n[post-npro1.][post=npro2]you, my ruler; your lordship; you, my master
    • n[post-npro_1.][post=npro_2:]adNyour
    • n[post-npro_1.][post=npro_2:]adNhonorificyour, my lord, your lordship's
    子  zǐ OC: sklɯʔ MC: tsɨ 84 Attributions

    The current general second person pronouns are rǔ 汝 and in polite contexts zǐ 子.

      Word relations
    • Synon: 汝 / 女/YOU The current general second person pronouns are rǔ 汝 and in polite contexts zǐ 子.
    • Oppos: 吾 / 䱷/EGO The umarked current first person pronoun most current by Warring States times is wú 吾. This word does not normally occur in object position and is highly idiomatic in a possessive pre-nominal position. Significantly, this pronoun can never be used emphatically or contrastively. NB: The word also serves as an impersonal pronoun meaning "one", German man, French on.
    • Oppos: 我/EGO Wǒ 我 is contrastive and emphatic by Warring States times (in OBI it was not yet in opposition to wú 吾 and was the standard unmarked pronoun during earlier stages of the language). The word freely occurs in subject, mofifying, and object position and often has an idiomatic meaning like "I for my part" and the formal slightly depersonalised "our party". NB: The word also serves as an impersonal pronoun meaning "one", German man, French on.

      Syntactic words
    • npro(.adN)your contextually determinate NCH
    • npro.adNhonorific: your 子之足
    • npro.adNhonorific en-famille(of wife to her husband, as it used to be in French and in German, etc) youCH
    • npro2. person singulargenerally honorific pron: you; plural: you gentlemen
    • npro2. person singularyou, sir; you, madam
    • nprofeminineyou (my lady)
    • npronon-honorificyou (my daughter etc)
    • nproreference=unspecifiedyou (the reference being poetically unspecified in context)
    • nprovocative, exlamatoryOh you, Sir!CH
    • npro{PRED}(predicative) is you
    • npro{PRED}identicalbe identical with youCH
    爾  ěr OC: mljelʔ MC: ȵiɛ
    爾儞  Click here to add pinyin OC:  MC: 77 Attributions

      Word relations
    • Synon: 而/YOU
    • Oppos: 我/EGO Wǒ 我 is contrastive and emphatic by Warring States times (in OBI it was not yet in opposition to wú 吾 and was the standard unmarked pronoun during earlier stages of the language). The word freely occurs in subject, mofifying, and object position and often has an idiomatic meaning like "I for my part" and the formal slightly depersonalised "our party". NB: The word also serves as an impersonal pronoun meaning "one", German man, French on.

      Syntactic words
    • npro.adNfamiliar: your
    • npro.postVt2. person singularyou (can also refer occasionally to the deceased, in prayers)
    • npro2. person singularfamiliar: you
    • npro2. person singularyou
    • npro=Nappositionyou N
    • npro=Nvocative爾眾"you my many servitors": youCH
    • nprovocativeYou!
    • npro{OBJ}+Vtyou
    公  gōng OC: klooŋ MC: kuŋ 50 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • n[post-npro1.][post=npro2]pronominalYou (the duke); later: colloquial in informal conversation: you
    • n[post-npro2.][post=npro1:]adNyour
    • npro{OBJ}+Vtyou, sir
    王  wáng OC: ɢʷaŋ MC: ɦi̯ɐŋ 50 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • n[post-npro1.][post=npro2]vocativeYour Majesty! (new subject....)
    • n[post-npro1.post=npro2]pronominalyour majesty
    • nadN2. person singularyour majesty's
    而  ér OC: njɯ MC: ȵɨ 42 Attributions

      Syntactic words
    • nproyou
    • npro.adNyour
    夫子  fū zǐ OC: pa sklɯʔ MC: pi̯o tsɨ 37 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post-npro1.][post=npro2:]adNyour, my master; yours, officers
    • NP[post-npro1.][post=npro2:]postVtyou, my master
    • NP[post-npro_1.][post=npro_2]you, my master (and husband)
    • NP[post-npro_1.][post=npro_2]respectfulyou, Sir
    • NP[post-npro_1.][post=npro_2]vocativeplural: You, my heroes
    先生  xiān shēng OC: sɯɯn sraaŋ MC: sen ʂɣaŋ 35 Attributions

      Word relations
    • Oppos: 吾 / 䱷/EGO The umarked current first person pronoun most current by Warring States times is wú 吾. This word does not normally occur in object position and is highly idiomatic in a possessive pre-nominal position. Significantly, this pronoun can never be used emphatically or contrastively. NB: The word also serves as an impersonal pronoun meaning "one", German man, French on.

      Syntactic words
    • NP[post-npro_1.][post=npro_2]you, master
    大王  dà wáng OC: daads ɢʷaŋ MC: dɑi ɦi̯ɐŋ 26 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post-npro1.][post=npro2:]adNYour Great Majesty's
    • NP[post-npro1.][post=npro2:]postVtyou (as OBJECT)
    • NP[post-npro1.][post=npro2]pronominalYour Great Majesty
    道流  dào liú OC: ɡ-luuʔ ru MC: dɑu lɨu 26 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NP[adN]you, followers of the Way
    • NPadNpluralof you, followers of the Way
    和尚  hé shàng OC: ɡool djaŋs MC: ɦʷɑ dʑi̯ɐŋ 24 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPadNhonorificBUDDH: your, the Preceptor's
    • NPhonorificBUDDH: you, the Preceptor
    • NPpostVthonorificBUDDH: you, the Preceptor
    • NPvocativeyou, monk
    若  ruò OC: njaɡ MC: ȵi̯ɐk 23 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • npro.adN2. person singularyour (informal)
    • npro.postVtsingularyou (the object)
    • nprosubjectyou
    • nprovocativeyou!
    • npro{OBJ}+VtobjectyouDS
    吾子  wú zǐ OC: ŋaa sklɯʔ MC: ŋuo̝ tsɨ 23 Attributions

      Word relations
    • Oppos: 我/EGO Wǒ 我 is contrastive and emphatic by Warring States times (in OBI it was not yet in opposition to wú 吾 and was the standard unmarked pronoun during earlier stages of the language). The word freely occurs in subject, mofifying, and object position and often has an idiomatic meaning like "I for my part" and the formal slightly depersonalised "our party". NB: The word also serves as an impersonal pronoun meaning "one", German man, French on.

      Syntactic words
    • NP[post=npro_2]you
    • NPpro.adNyour
    • NPpro.postVtyou
    世尊  shì zūn OC: lʰebs tsuun MC: ɕiɛi tsuo̝n 17 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VP[adN.][post=npro2]BUDDH: you, the World-honoured One
    之  zhī OC: kljɯ MC: tɕɨ 16 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • npro.postVt2. person singularyou
    卿  qīng OC: khraŋ MC: khɣaŋ 11 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nproinformal: you
    • npro.adNyourDS
    君子  jūn zǐ OC: klun sklɯʔ MC: ki̯un tsɨ 10 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPpronominalyou, sir, of noble character
    身  shēn OC: qhjin MC: ɕin 10 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • npronominalyou yourself; your person???
    將軍  jiāng jūn OC: skaŋ kun MC: tsi̯ɐŋ ki̯un 10 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post=npro_2]you, general; mon general!, generalissimo;
    其  qí OC: ɡɯ MC: gɨ 10 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • npro.adNyour; your own
    大  dà OC: daads MC: dɑi 10 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vadN[.post-npro2]your distinguished 大國
    陛下  bì xià OC: biiʔ ɢraaʔ MC: bei ɦɣɛ 9 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NP[adN]N=humanYour Majesty
    大夫  dà fū OC: daads pa MC: dɑi pi̯o 9 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post=npro_2]you, distinguished sir
    大師  dà shī OC: daads sril MC: dɑi ʂi 9 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post-npro_1.][post=npro_2]you, the Grand master
    天師  tiān shī OC: lʰiin sril MC: then ʂi 9 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post=npro2]You, Heavenly Master
    • npro.adNyourCH
    真人  zhēn rén OC: tjin njin MC: tɕin ȵin 8 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post=npro2][you,] a perfected
    • NPadNyourCH
    這  Click here to add pinyin OC:  MC: 7 Attributions

    zhè

      Syntactic words
    • npro.adNderogatorycolloquial: this N > you N (used in derogatory and insulting expressions when the speaker avoids to address the dialogue partner directly)
    大德  dà dé OC: daads tɯɯɡ MC: dɑi tək 7 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NP[adN.][post=npro_2]you, person of great virtue
    • NPvocativeyou, of great virtue!
    主君  zhǔ jūn OC: tjoʔ klun MC: tɕi̯o ki̯un 7 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post-npro_1.][post=npro_2]you mylord
    闍梨  shé lí OC: ɡlja ril MC: dʑɣɛ li 6 Attributions
    • Studies in the Language of Zǔtáng jí 祖堂集 ( ANDERL 2004B) p. 187

      This semi-pronoun has a frequency of ca. 100 occurrences in ZTJ. It is actually not clear whether it should be regarded as honorific semi-pronoun since it is usually used by the master when addressing a disciple, often in a mocking or even derogatory tone.

      Syntactic words
    • NPhonorificBUDDH: you, the teacher SANSKRIT ācārya
    • NPpro.adNBUDDH: of you, the teacher
    你  nǐ OC: m-lɯʔ MC: ɳɨ 6 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • npro.adNabyour
    • nprosingularyou
    足下  zú xià OC: tsoɡ ɢraaʔ MC: tsi̯ok ɦɣɛ 6 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post=npro2.][adN]your excellency
    孺子  rú zǐ OC: njos sklɯʔ MC: ȵi̯o tsɨ 5 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post=npro_2]you, my child; you, young man!
    尊者  zūn zhě OC: tsuun kljaʔ MC: tsuo̝n tɕɣɛ 4 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post=npro_2]BUDDH:?? you, Venerable
    太子  tài zǐ OC: thaads sklɯʔ MC: thɑi tsɨ 4 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post=npro2.]adNyour
    • NP[post=npro_2]you, the heir apparent
    師兄  shī xiōng OC: sril qhʷraŋ MC: ʂi hɣaŋ 4 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post-npro_1.][post=npro_2]BUDDH: master older brother > you, the senior fellow monk; you, the senior fellow apprentice (the semi-pronoun is occasionally contrasted with the humble first person pronoun 專甲 in ZTJ)
    • NPpost=NprbuddhistBUDDH: senior fellow monk N
    乃  nǎi OC: nɯɯʔ MC: nəi
    迺  nǎi OC: nɯɯʔ MC: nəi 4 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • npro.adNpluralyour
    • npro.adNsingularyour (archaic)LZ
    • npro=Nyou NCH
    聖人  shèng rén OC: qhljeŋs njin MC: ɕiɛŋ ȵin 4 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post=npro_2]honorific: you, a sage
    相  xiāng OC: sqaŋ MC: si̯ɐŋ 4 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • npro{OBJ}+Vtyou (preposed object)
    禪師  chán shī OC: djan sril MC: dʑiɛn ʂi 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post=npro2.]postVtBUDDH: you, the Chán/Zen master
    • NP[post=npro_2]you, Zen master
    老和尚  lǎo hé shàng OC: ɡ-ruuʔ ɡool djaŋs MC: lɑu ɦʷɑ dʑi̯ɐŋ 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post=npro_2]you, the old monk / Reverend
    君王  jūn wáng OC: klun ɢʷaŋ MC: ki̯un ɦi̯ɐŋ 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post-npro_1.][post=npro_2]Your Majesty　(ZUO)
    天子  tiān zǐ OC: lʰiin sklɯʔ MC: then tsɨ 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post=npro_2]Your Heavenly Majesty
    汝身  rǔ shēn OC: njaʔ qhjin MC: ȵi̯ɤ ɕin 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPpronominalyour person> you
    是你  shì nǐ OC: ɡljeʔ m-lɯʔ MC: dʑiɛ ɳɨ 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPpro=Nemphaticemphatic second person pronoun (followed by a quantifying apposition)
    • NPproemphaticemphatic second person pronoun
    主  zhǔ OC: tjoʔ MC: tɕi̯o 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • npronominalyou, my lord; you, my lord and father ZUO
    山人  shān rén OC: sreen njin MC: ʂɣɛn ȵin 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post=npro_2]you, the mountain-dweller; you, the recluse (Tang)
    吾君  wú jūn MC: ngu kjun OC: ŋaa klun 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPproyou, my rulerCH
    伯父  bó fǔ OC: praaɡ paʔ MC: pɣɛk pi̯o 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post-npro_1.][post=npro_2]you, uncle ZUO
    貴  guì OC: kluds MC: kɨi 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vadN[.post-npro2]your precious, your distinguished
    叔父  shū fù OC: qhljɯwɡ baʔ MC: ɕuk bi̯o 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post-npro_1.][post=npro_2]you, my uncle (literally: the younge brother of my father), traditional address of the Son of Heaven to any of the feudal lords with the same family name
    大君  dà jūn OC: daads klun MC: dɑi ki̯un 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post-npro_1.][post=npro_2]Your Great Excellence
    大國  dà guó OC: daads kʷɯɯɡ MC: dɑi kək 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post=npro2]you, being a big state; you on behalf of your stateDS
    • NPpronominalyou (on behalf of your state)
    童子  tóng zǐ OC: dooŋ sklɯʔ MC: duŋ tsɨ 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post=npro_2]you, little boy
    父母  fǔ mǔ MC: pjuX muwX OC: paʔ mɯʔ 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post-npro1.][post=npro2]dualisyou, my parentsDS
    丈人  zhàng rén OC: daŋʔ njin MC: ɖi̯ɐŋ ȵin 2 Attributions

    you SSXY

      Syntactic words
    • NP[post=npro_2]you
    主人  zhǔ rén OC: tjoʔ njin MC: tɕi̯o ȵin 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post-npro_1.][post=npro_2]you, my host
    伯  bó OC: praaɡ MC: pɣɛk 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • n[post-npro1.][post=npro2]you, my uncle
    佛  fó OC: bɯd MC: bi̯ut 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nadNpronominalyour, the Buddha's
    • npr[post=npro2]you, Buddha
    老兄  lǎo xiōng OC: ɡ-ruuʔ qhʷraŋ MC: lɑu hɣaŋ 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post=npro2.]postVtBUDDH: you, (older brother>) senior monk
    • NP[post=npro_2]BUDDH: elder brother > you, the senior monk
    上座  shàng zuò OC: ɡljaŋs sɡools MC: dʑi̯ɐŋ dzʷɑ 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NP[adN.][post=npro_2]you, monk on the upper seat; you, monk sitting on the seat of honour
    汝君子  rǔ jūn zǐ MC: nyoX kjun tsiX OC: njaʔ klun sklɯʔ 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPpluralapposition: you gentlemenCH
    厥  jué OC: kod MC: ki̯ɐt 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • npro.adNarchaic: your, sir; your distinguished
    叟  sǒu OC: sooʔ MC: su 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • n[post=npro]you, venerable Sir
    客  kè OC: khraaɡ MC: khɣɛk 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • n[post=npro2]you, our guest; your, foreigner
    師  shī OC: sril MC: ʂi 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • n[post-npro1.][post=npro2]you, the master
    子大夫  zǐ dà dài fū MC: tsiX dajH pju OC: sklɯʔ daads pa 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPproYou, grandeeCH
    漢  hàn OC: qhlaans MC: hɑn 2 Attributions

    zhè hàn

      Syntactic words
    • NPderogatorycolloquial and derogatory: you, this fellow
    檀越  tán yuè OC: daan ɢʷad MC: dɑn ɦi̯ɐt 2 Attributions
    • Studies in the Language of Zǔtáng jí 祖堂集 ( ANDERL 2004B) p. 188

      This is a polite term used by a monk when addressing a lay-supporter of Buddhism. Typically, the address is directed towards persons of often considerable influence and wealth (e.g. the emperor) who actively support the monasteries with money or material goods.

      Syntactic words
    • NP[post=npro_2]BUDDH: you, the lay-supporter; you the Dānapati (this semi-pronoun is typically used by monks when addressing influential and wealthy lay Buddhists who support monasteries and monks with material goods or money)
    執事  zhí shì OC: tjib dzrɯs MC: tɕip ɖʐɨ 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VP[adN.][post=npro2]you, the person in charge
    小子  xiǎo zǐ OC: smewʔ sklɯʔ MC: siɛu tsɨ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post=npro_2]you little one
    • NP[post=npro_2]vocativeYou little man!
    • NPpronominalyou
    陛下  bì xià MC: bejX haeX OC: biiʔ ɢraaʔ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPpro.adNYour Majesty'sCH
    仁者  rén zhě OC: njin kljaʔ MC: ȵin tɕɣɛ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPpronominalyou, the benevolent one
    甲子  jiǎ zǐ OC: kraab sklɯʔ MC: kɣap tsɨ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post=npro_2]you
    二三大夫  èr sān dà fú MC: nyijH sam dajH bju OC: njis saam daads ba 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPpropluralyou dignitariesCH
    躬  gōng OC: kʷɯŋ MC: kuŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • npronominalyou (physically); your body
    祖師  zǔ shī OC: skaaʔ sril MC: tsuo̝ ʂi 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post-npro_1.][post=npro_2]BUDDH: you, the Patriarch
    阿師  ā shī OC: qlaal sril MC: ʔɑ ʂi 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPderogatoryBUDDH: this is a derogatory expression for monks: you, the monk
    而身  ér shēn OC: njɯ qhjin MC: ȵɨ ɕin 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPproyour person> you
    善男子  shàn nán zǐ OC: ɡjenʔ noom sklɯʔ MC: dʑiɛn nəm tsɨ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post=npro_2]you (coming from a good family), you sons of good families; you gentlemen (originally used by Buddha when addressing his disciples)
    醫  yī OC: qɯ MC: ʔɨ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • npronominalDoctor, you
    從者  cóng zhě OC: dzoŋ kljaʔ MC: dzi̯oŋ tɕɣɛ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post-npro_1.][post=npro_2]you, my followers
    善知識  shàn zhī shí OC: ɡjenʔ te qhljɯɡ MC: dʑiɛn ʈiɛ ɕɨk 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post=npro_2]you, my dear friend and teacher
    長老  zhǎng lǎo OC: krlaŋʔ ɡ-ruuʔ MC: ʈi̯ɐŋ lɑu 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPbuddhistyou, emminent monk; you, senior monk
    子身  zǐ shēn OC: sklɯʔ qhjin MC: tsɨ ɕin 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPpronominalyourself
    處女  chǔ nǚ OC: khljaʔ naʔ MC: tɕhi̯ɤ ɳi̯ɤ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post=npro_2]you
    侍者  shì zhě OC: ɡljɯs kljaʔ MC: dʑɨ tɕɣɛ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post-npro_1.][post=npro_2]you, the attendent
    出家兒  chū jiā ér OC: khljud kraa ŋje MC: tɕhʷit kɣɛ ȵiɛ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post=npro_2]you, who renounced home; you monks
    天尊  tiān zūn OC: lʰiin tsuun MC: then tsuo̝n 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VP{PASS}[adN.][post=npro2]You, the Heaven-honoured
    太師  tài shī OC: thaads sril MC: thɑi ʂi 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post=npro_2]you, Grand Music Master
    公子  gōng zǐ OC: klooŋ sklɯʔ MC: kuŋ tsɨ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post=npro_2]you, the prince (not necessarily of the same country)
    天王  tiān wáng OC: lʰiin ɢʷaŋ MC: then ɦi̯ɐŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post=npro_2]Your Heavenly Majesty
    者畜生  zhě chù shēng OC: kljaʔ khrluɡs sraaŋ MC: tɕɣɛ ʈhɨu ʂɣaŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post=npro_2]colloquial and derogatory: you, this domestic animal
    婦人  fù rén MC: bjuwX nyin OC: buʔ njin 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPproyou, my wifeCH
    司馬  sī mǎ OC: sqlɯ mraaʔ MC: sɨ mɣɛ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPproyou, my Marshal; you the Marshal
    師弟  shī dì OC: sril liilʔ MC: ʂi dei 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post-npro_1.][post=npro_2]BUDDH: master younger brother > you, the junior fellow monk (master); compare 師兄
    主上  zhǔ shàng OC: tjoʔ ɡljaŋs MC: tɕi̯o dʑi̯ɐŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post-npro_1.][post=npro_2]Your Majesty
    道俗  dào sú OC: ɡ-luuʔ sɢloɡ MC: dɑu zi̯ok 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NP[adN.][post=npro_2]you people, monks and laymen alike
    伊  yī MC: 'jij OC: qlil 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • npro(medieval) youCH
    子之身  zǐ zhī shēn OC: sklɯʔ kljɯ qhjin MC: tsɨ tɕɨ ɕin 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPpronominalyou yourself
    后  hòu MC: huwX OC: ɡooʔ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • nprosubjectdialect: you, my lordCH
    后  hòu MC: huwX OC: ɡooʔ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • nprosubjectdialect: you, my lordCH
    眇小山僧  miǎo xiǎo shān sēng OC: mewʔ smewʔ sreen sɯɯŋ MC: miɛu siɛu ʂɣɛn səŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post=npro_2]BUDDH: you, the unimportant/insignicant mountain recluse
    婦  fù MC: bjuwX OC: buʔ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • n[post-npro1.post=npro2]you[, my daughter-in-law] DS
    老宿  lǎo sù OC: ɡ-ruuʔ suɡ MC: lɑu suk 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post=npro_2]BUDDH: you, the old recluse, you the venerable hermit
    廷尉  tíng wèi OC: deeŋ quds MC: deŋ ʔɨi 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post=npro_2]you, commandant of justice
    比丘  bǐ qiū OC: piʔ khɯ MC: pi khɨu 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post=npro_2]vocativeyou, monk!
    帝  dì OC: k-leeɡs MC: tei 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • n[post=npro2]you, our emperor
    爾身  ěr shēn OC: mljelʔ qhjin MC: ȵiɛ ɕin 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPdefiniteyou
    母  mǔ OC: mɯʔ MC: mu 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • n[post-npro1.][post=npro2]you, my husband's mother; you my mother
    老漢  lǎo hàn OC: ɡ-ruuʔ qhlaans MC: lɑu hɑn 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post=npro_2]you, old monk
    焉  yān MC: hjen OC: ɢan 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vi{vt npro}.postadVto you; from you; than you etc.DS
    尊人  zūn rén OC: tsuun njin MC: tsuo̝n ȵin 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post=npro_2]you, the honoured person
    小人  xiǎo rén OC: smewʔ njin MC: siɛu ȵin 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post=npro_2]you
    聖王  shèng wáng OC: qhljeŋs ɢʷaŋ MC: ɕiɛŋ ɦi̯ɐŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPpronominalYour Majesty
    菩薩  pú sà OC: bɯ saad MC: buo̝ sɑt 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPpr[.post=npro2]BUDDH: you, the Bodhisattva
    法公  fǎ gōng OC: pab klooŋ MC: pi̯ɐp kuŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post=npro_2]BUDDH: Mister Dharma > you the person involved in the Dharma, you, the monk
    宰旅  zǎi lǚ OC: tsɯɯʔ raʔ MC: tsəi li̯ɤ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post=npro_2]you
    伯氏  bó shì OC: praaɡ ɡjeʔ MC: pɣɛk dʑiɛ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post-npro_1.][post=npro_2]you, uncle
    執政  zhí zhèng OC: tjib tjeŋs MC: tɕip tɕiɛŋ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VP[adN.][post=npro2]you, ruler ZUO
    賢  xián OC: ɡiin MC: ɦen 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • npronominalpost-v (SONG): you
    老賊  lǎo zéi OC: ɡ-ruuʔ sɡɯɯɡ MC: lɑu dzək 0 Attributions

    you SSXY

      Syntactic words
    • NP[post=npro_2]you scoundrel SSXY
    叔氏  shū shì OC: qhljɯwɡ ɡjeʔ MC: ɕuk dʑiɛ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post-npro_1.][post=npro_2]you, my uncle
    伯舅  bó jiù OC: praaɡ ɡuʔ MC: pɣɛk gɨu 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post-npro_1.][post=npro_2]you, uncle ZUO
    大主  dà zhǔ OC: daads tjoʔ MC: dɑi tɕi̯o 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post-npro1.][post=npro2]you, my great lord
    兄弟甥舅  xiōng dì shēng jiù OC: qhʷraŋ liilʔ sraaŋ ɡuʔ MC: hɣaŋ dei ʂɣaŋ gɨu 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post-npro_1.][post=npro_2]you, my brothers and uncles
    老大人  lǎo dà rén OC: ɡ-ruuʔ daads njin MC: lɑu dɑi ȵin 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post=npro_2]you, the great and accomplished person
    太后  tài hòu OC: thaads ɡoos MC: thɑi ɦu 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post=npro_2]your royal majesty
    君父  jūn fù OC: klun baʔ MC: ki̯un bi̯o 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post-npro_1.][post=npro_2]you, venerable sir
    如來  rú lái OC: nja m-rɯɯ MC: ȵi̯ɤ ləi 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPpr[.post=npro2]you, the Tathāgata
    大家  dà jiā OC: daads kraa MC: dɑi kɣɛ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post=npro_2]you, sir
    舅氏  jiù shì OC: ɡuʔ ɡjeʔ MC: gɨu dʑiɛ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post-npro_1.][post=npro_2]you, my uncle
    明公  míng gōng OC: mraŋ klooŋ MC: mɣaŋ kuŋ 0 Attributions

    your distinguished person SSXY

      Syntactic words
    • NP[post=npro_2]your distinguished person
    兄弟  xiōng dì OC: qhʷraŋ liilʔ MC: hɣaŋ dei 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post-npro_1.][post=npro_2]you, my brother
    公孫  gōng sūn OC: klooŋ sluun MC: kuŋ suo̝n 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post-npro_1.][post=npro_2]you distinguished gentlemen (RULINWAISHI)
    明府  míng fǔ OC: mraŋ poʔ MC: mɣaŋ pi̯o 0 Attributions

    your honour SSXY

      Syntactic words
    • NP[post=npro_2]your honour
    上人  shàng rén OC: ɡljaŋs njin MC: dʑi̯ɐŋ ȵin 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post=npro_2]you my superior> (honorific) you
    府君  fǔ jūn OC: poʔ klun MC: pi̯o ki̯un 0 Attributions

    you, lord of the house SSXY

      Syntactic words
    • NP[post=npro_2]you, lord of the house
    大聖  dà shèng OC: daads qhljeŋs MC: dɑi ɕiɛŋ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post=npro_2]you, the great sage
    • NPpronominalOur great sage!
    兄  xiōng OC: qhʷraŋ MC: hɣaŋ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • n[post-npro1.][post=npro2]BUDDH: you, the senior fellow monk; you my elder brother
    • n[post-npro_1.][post=npro_2:]adNyour, my elder brother
    外  wài OC: ŋoods MC: ŋɑi 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • v[adN]N=humanpost-Buddhist colloquial: you, my husband
    王孫  wáng sūn OC: ɢʷaŋ sluun MC: ɦi̯ɐŋ suo̝n 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post=npro_2]you ZUO
    奴  nú OC: naa MC: nuo̝ 0 Attributions

    you SSXY

      Syntactic words
    • NP[post=npro_2]you, slave
    亡君  wáng jūn OC: maŋ klun MC: mi̯ɐŋ ki̯un 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post-npro_1.][post=npro_2]you
    官  guān OC: koon MC: kʷɑn 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • n[post=npro2]you, official SSXY 若蒙官; also: you, my father-in-law; you, esteemed person
    尊  zūn OC: tsuun MC: tsuo̝n 0 Attributions

    you SSXY

      Syntactic words
    • npostVtpronominalyour honour
    • vadN[.post-npro2]your
    老師  lǎo shī OC: ɡ-ruuʔ sril MC: lɑu ʂi 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post-npro_1.][post=npro_2]BUDDH: ?? you, the teacher; you, the master
    戎  róng OC: njuŋ MC: ȵuŋ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • npro2. person singularyou
      Click here to add pinyin MC:  OC: 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPproYou, grandeeCH
    老漢  lǎo hàn OC: ɡ-ruuʔ qhlaans MC: lɑu hɑn 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post=npro_2](Read: zhèi..., a pronunciation still not recognised in 廣韻 because that book is concerned with readings in literary texts only and does not have such readings as hái for 還 although the word was current in Sòng times.)(You) this old fellow (derogatory)
    官守  guān shǒu OC: koon qhjuʔ MC: kʷɑn ɕɨu 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post=npro_2]you
    玉  yù OC: ŋɡoɡ MC: ŋi̯ok 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nadNpolite possessive pronoun: your (beautiful)
    使君  shǐ jūn OC: srɯʔ klun MC: ʂɨ ki̯un 0 Attributions

    you, sir SSXY

      Syntactic words
    • NP[post=npro_2]you, sir
    尊侯  zūn hóu OC: tsuun ɡoo MC: tsuo̝n ɦu 0 Attributions

    you, mylord SSXY

      Syntactic words
    • NP[post=npro_2]you, mylord SSXY
    皇  huáng OC: ɡʷaaŋ MC: ɦɑŋ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • n[post=npro2]you, the emperor
    君主  jūn zhǔ OC: klun tjoʔ MC: ki̯un tɕi̯o 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    君侯  jūn hóu OC: klun ɡoo MC: ki̯un ɦu 0 Attributions

    your honour SSXY

      Syntactic words
    • NP[post=npro_2]your honour SSXY
    小姑  xiǎo gū OC: smewʔ kaa MC: siɛu kuo̝ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post-npro_1.][post=npro_2]you, little sister of my husband