YEAR  年年

TIME OF the SUN MOVING ROUND the EARTH.
Hypernym
  • TIMEABSTRACT OBJECT that all EVENTS ARE-IN.
  • SEASONONE of FOUR PERIODS into which the YEAR is DIVIDED.
    See also
    • AGEPERIOD a CREATURE has been LIVE:alive in the PAST. 
      • HARVESTGRAIN, FRUITS ETC. REAPED in AUTUMN.
        Old Chinese Criteria
        1. The most current general word for the year is the basically agricultural nián 年. This word can refer to the years of age as well as to the time-span of a year as such. After a number word nián 年 always refers to a number of years as such and not to a person's age.

        2. Suì 歲, named after the star Juppiter, can refer to years in general, but after a number word suì 歲 typically refers to years of age and not to number of years as such. (Cf. 年十三歲 )This term is astronomical in origin and defines the year primarily in terms of the revolutions of the planets.

        3. Zǎi 載, probably named after the recurrent period of growth (cái 才 ) refers quite generally to the length of a year as such, and never to years of age.

        4. Sì 祀 is an archaic periphrastic way of referring to the year as defined by the annual sacrifices.

        5. Qiū 秋, more rarely and later also chūn 春 are occasionally used in elevated stylistic contexts to refer to a year.

        6. Chūn qiū 春秋 refers specifically to years of age.

        黄金貴：古漢語同義詞辨釋詞典
        HUANG JINGUI 2006

        ASTRONOMY 24. 表示 “ 年 ” 的計時單位。

        歲，從 “ 歲星 ” 得名，夏代喜用 “ 歲 ” 。

        祀，從古代祭祀得名，商代喜用 “ 祀 ” 。

        年，從農業生產得名，周代喜用 “ 年 ” 。

        載，從自然界的演變規律得名，唐虞時喜用 “ 載 ” 。

        傳世文獻中，以 “ 年 ” 、 “ 歲 ” 最為常見， “ 載 ” 次之， “ 祀 ” 則最少。

        1. Zhōng nián 終年 "for years on end; one's whole life", zhōng suì 終歲 "all year round".

        Zǎi 載 is said by Tong Zhihe to belong originally to the world of shepherding, nián 年 to the world of agriculture and harvest, sì 祀 to the world of rituals, suì 歲 belongs to calendrical science and astronomy.

        BHT: 或言歲，

        或言載，

        或言年何？

        Modern Chinese Criteria
        年

        年份

        年頭兒

        年度

        載

        歲

        春

        夏

        秋

        冬

        稔

        春秋

        星霜

        寒暑

        rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／

        • A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages ( BUCK 1988) p. 14.73

        • 韓非子同義詞研究 ( HANFEI TONGYI 2004) p. 30

        • 論衡同義詞研究 ( LUNHENG TONGYI 2004) p. 23

        • Lateinische Synonymik ( MENGE) p. 344

        • "Sachwoerterbuch zum Alten China" ( UNGER SACH) p.

          JAHRESZAEHLUNG

        • 古辭辨 Gu ci bian ( WANG FENGYANG 1993) p. 8

        • 古辭辨 Gu ci bian ( WANG FENGYANG 1993) p. 8

        • Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the Other Italic Languages ( DE VAAN 2008) p.

          annus 'year' [m. o] (Naev.+)

          Derivatives: annuus 'yearly' (PI.+), annalis 'annual' (Varro+), anniculus [adj.] 'one

          year old, yearling' (Cato+), anndna 'produce, supply, food, corn' (P1.+), annosus 'full

          of years, aged' (Lab.+); perennis 'that continues the year through, constant' (P1.+);

          biennium 'period of two years' (P1.+).

        • SYNONYMES FRANÇOIS, LEURS DIFFÉRENTES SIGNIFICATIONS, ET LE CHOIX QU'IL EN FAUT FAIRE Pour parler avec justesse ( GIRARD 1769) p. 1.336.300

          AN.ANNEE

        • Handbook of Greek Synonymes, from the French of M. Alex. Pillon, Librarian of the Bibliothèque Royale , at Paris, and one of the editors of the new edition of Plaché's Dictionnaire Grec-Français, edited, with notes, by the Rev. Thomas Kerchever Arnold, M.A. Rector of Lyndon, and late fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge ( PILLON 1850) p. no.231

        • 古漢語常用詞同義詞詞典 ( HONG CHENGYU 2009) p. 16

        Words

        歲  suì OC: sqʷads MC: siɛi 36 AttributionsWD

        Suì 歲 , named after the star Juppiter, can refer to years in general, but after a number word suì 歲 typically refers to years of age and not to number of years as such. This term is astronomical in origin and defines the year primarily in terms of the revolutions of the planets.

          Word relations
        • Contrast: 年/YEAR The most current general word for the year is the basically agricultural nián 年. This word can refer to the years of age as well as to the time-span of a year as such. After a number word nián 年 always refers to a number of years as such and not to a person's age.
        • Synon: 年/YEAR The most current general word for the year is the basically agricultural nián 年. This word can refer to the years of age as well as to the time-span of a year as such. After a number word nián 年 always refers to a number of years as such and not to a person's age.

          Syntactic words
        • nyear; year(s of age); age sān shí suì 三十歲 "thirty years of age" 
        • n.red:adSREDUP: year after year
        • nab.post-Nthe year of the event N
        • nadS(During the X) year
        • nadVtimeper year, every year; once a year; year after year
        • ncpost-V1{NUM}.postV2be V2ing for NUM yearsDS
        • ncpost-V{NUM}NUM yearsDS
        • ncpost-V{NUM}.post-Nclassifier for years of age 歲"X years old"
        • ngeneralisedlong period of time, years (often with an attribute with respect to common prosperity etc. 樂歲)
        • npost-Vyear
        年  nián OC: niin MC: nen 30 AttributionsWD

        The most current general word for the year is the basically agricultural nián 年. This word can refer to the years of age as well as to the time-span of a year as such. After a number word nián 年 always refers to a number of years as such and not to a person's age.

          Word relations
        • Contrast: 歲/YEAR Suì 歲 , named after the star Juppiter, can refer to years in general, but after a number word suì 歲 typically refers to years of age and not to number of years as such. This term is astronomical in origin and defines the year primarily in terms of the revolutions of the planets.
        • Synon: 歲/YEAR Suì 歲 , named after the star Juppiter, can refer to years in general, but after a number word suì 歲 typically refers to years of age and not to number of years as such. This term is astronomical in origin and defines the year primarily in terms of the revolutions of the planets.

          Syntactic words
        • nyear; years of age; age sān shí nián 三十年 "thirty years", NOT: "thirty years old". Nián sān shí 年三十 "thirty years old" and "for thirty years".
        • n.redyear in and year outCH
        • nadNBuddhist: of the same entrance year (in a school or monastery) 年兄
        • nderivedlong period of time; years (often with an attribute concerning the common prosperity etc. 凶年)
        • npost-V{NUM}.adNNUM years long NDS
        • npost-V{NUM}.adVfor NUM yearsDS
        • npost-V{NUM}.postadNordinalthe NUMth year of NDS
        • npost-V{NUM}.postadVfor V yearsCH
        • npostNprera of reign
        載  zǎi OC: skɯɯʔ MC: tsəi 13 AttributionsWD

        Zǎi 載 , probably named after the recurrent period of growth (cái 才) refers quite generally to the length of a year as such, and never to years of age.

          Syntactic words
        • nyear, (number of years) something has lasted
        • npost-V{NUM}.adNV number of years oldCH
        年歲  nián suì OC: niin sqʷads MC: nen siɛi 4 AttributionsWD

        An abstract general word for time as such is rì yuè日月 or nián suì 年歲.

          Syntactic words
        • NPabtimeseveral years in a row 積有年歲
        • NPab{N1=N2}nonreferentialtime
        期年  jī nián OC: kɯ niin MC: kɨ nen 3 AttributionsWD
          Syntactic words
        • NPadSafter one year
        • NPpostadVafter a year
        祀  sì OC: sɢlɯʔ MC: zɨ 2 AttributionsWD

        Sì 祀 is an archaic periphrastic way of referring to the year as defined by the annual sacrifices.

          Syntactic words
        • narchaic, rare, SHU: year
        朞年  jī nián MC: ki nen OC: kɯ niinCH 2 AttributionsWD
          Syntactic words
        • NPadS1.postS2derived=期年　after a yearCH
        稔  rěn OC: nɡljɯmʔ MC: ȵim 1 AttributionWD
          Syntactic words
        • nyear
        春秋  chūn qiū OC: thjun tshiw MC: tɕhʷin tshɨu 1 AttributionWD
          Syntactic words
        • NP{N1&N2}ZGC: years of age
        終  zhōng OC: tjuŋ MC: tɕuŋ 1 AttributionWD
          Syntactic words
        • ncycle of twelve years
        元年  yuán nián MC: ngjwon nen OC: ŋɡon niinCH 1 AttributionWD
          Syntactic words
        • NPfirst year of a reign periodCH
        來年  lái nián MC: loj nen OC: m-rɯɯ niinCH 1 AttributionWD
          Syntactic words
        • NPadSthe next yearCH
        春  chūn OC: thjun MC: tɕhʷin 0 AttributionsWD

        Qiū 秋, more rarely and later also chūn 春 are occasionally used in elevated stylistic contexts to refer to a year.

          Syntactic words
        • nyear
        茲  zī OC: sɯ MC: tsɨ
        滋  zī OC: tsɯ MC: tsɨ 0 AttributionsWD
          Syntactic words
        • npost-Han: (agricultural) year
        秋  qiū OC: tshiw MC: tshɨu 0 AttributionsWD

        Qiū 秋, more rarely and later also chūn 春 are occasionally used in elevated stylistic contexts to refer to a year.

          Syntactic words
        • nSHI: year
        霜  shuāng OC: sqraŋ MC: ʂi̯ɐŋ 0 AttributionsWD
          Syntactic words
        • npoetic: frost-seasons> year

        Existing SW for

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