BUILDING    建築物宮

BIG ARTEFACT PRODUCED FOR HUMANS OR ANIMALS to DWELL in OR BE-IN, or MOVE ON.
HOUSESTRUCTURECONSTRUCTIONEDIFICEERECTIONPROPERTYPREMISES
Old Chinese Criteria
1. The most general current word for a building of any kind is gōng 宮. Any gōng 宮 must have an outer wall other than the wall of the house itself. Moreover gōng 宮 may contain minor shì 室 "individual houses" and constitute a kind of traditional "clan condominium". In the Western Zhou and Chunqiu period gōng 宮 referred apparently both to the temples and living mansions of aristocracy: see XIANG 1997: 192; HUANG 1995: 993. During the Warring States, the word was mainly used for palaces of aristocracy and the ruler: see HUANG 1995: 993. After Qin times the word came to refer specifically to palaces. Reference to the outer wall of the gōng 宮 is in the HAOLING chapter of the MOZI. See HUANG 1995: 993. [ill.: HAYASHI 1976: 4-32] 2. Shì 室 is any building, can be smaller than gōng 宮, need not have an outer surrounding wall. It seems that when inside gōng 宮, shǐ 室 was located behind the main hall táng 堂 : HUANG 1995: 994; ZHGD 1993: 99; ill.: HAYASHI 1976: 4-3. The term can also refer to the family or household: HUANG 1995: 994. See CLAN 3. Fáng 房 refers to one of the wings on the sides of the main building shì 室, sometimes used as bedrooms. There may be many such xiāng fáng 廂房. [HUANG 1995: 995] 4. Wū 屋 refers originally to the roof, but from Han times onwards this word can come to replace gōng 宮 in its archaic meanings "family complex of buildings with a surrounding wall". [Evidence is in the ZHOULI: HUANG 1995: 995] 5. Táng 堂 refers to the hall which seems to serve mainly ceremonial and since the Warring States also political purposes. From Han times táng 堂 in its original meaning was replaced by diàn 殿. [HUANG 1995: 981 - 982; YANG 2000: 170 - 171.] 6. Diàn 殿 is a large and tall hall, often for audiences, in the palace or in the temple. In this meaning the word came to use in the late Warring States, and in Han times it replaced the term táng 堂. [HUANG 1995: 983 - 984] 7. Lóu 樓 refers to any building higher than two flooors. It was common in the Han period, and could serve various purposes. [ZHGD 1995: 98; SUN 1991: 186 - 189; ill.: SUN 1991: tab. 47] 8. Què 闕 are the buildings on both sides of the gate. The oldest textual evidence comes from the Western Zhou (see XIANG 1997: 523), but què 闕 were most common in the Han. Originally, què 闕 were wooden constructions raised on platforms of rammed earth; in the Han period, they were often stone buildings. [HUANG 1995: 988 - 991; SUN 1991: 179 - 182; ill.: SUN 1991: tab. 45.] 9. Guàn 觀 in the Chunqiu and Warring States referred to the building raised on a platform in front of the gate of the palace. In the Han, guàn 觀 was used as another term for què 闕; besides this, it also referred to other buildings raised on a terrace: HUANG 1995: 986 - 988] 10. Shà 廈 refers to any high building. 11. Láng 廊 perhaps refers to any building with column corridor; but textual evidence for Han and pre-Han period is scanty. [HUANG 1995: 1005]
黄金貴：古漢語同義詞辨釋詞典
HUANG JINGUI 2006 ARCHITECTURE 4. 堂，上古主要稱君王宮室的廳堂，戰國起可指君王治政的殿堂。漢以後，堂降級作中央到地方各級官府治事廳堂之稱，并常可指稱一段民居的廳堂。 殿，從戰國起專稱宮中有高大并棱角分明的臺基的主體建築，相當上古的 “ 堂 ” ，不指稱一般民居的廳堂。 堂皇是獨立的、無四壁的、帝王非正式的治政殿堂，引申指官吏治事的廳堂。 宮，秦以後成為宮殿總稱；明清時，可專稱帝王居處。 榭，無室的殿堂。 ARCHITECTURE 9. SIDE BUILDING 附屬建築。 廊，檐下廊屋和各種獨立廊的總稱。 廡，圍繞主體建築構成庭院，有獨立屋檐、并間隔成室。 庌，廊屋。 廈，門屋。
Modern Chinese Criteria
建築物 房屋 房子 屋宇 房 屋 樓房 大樓 樓台 城樓 箭樓 角樓 更樓 鼓樓 鐘樓 譙樓 大廈 高樓 摩天樓 高樓大廈 廣廈 夏屋 高堂 深宅大院 前廊後廈 rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／
Hyponym
  • BRIDGE　ARTIFACT BUILT FOR:in order to CAUSE HUMANS to be ABLE to CROSS TYPICALLY a RIVER OR a VALLEY.   (anc: 6/0, child: 0)
  • OFFICE　BUILDING OR social INSTITUTION in which PUBLIC DUTIES are ACTED:performed BY OFFICIALS. (anc: 6/0, child: 1)
  • PAVILION　SMALL BUILDING PRODUCED FOR RESTING AND FEASTS. (anc: 6/0, child: 0)
  • RUINS　BUILDING OR BUILDINGS that have been COMPLETELY DESTROYED. (anc: 6/0, child: 0)
  • SCHOOL　INSTITUTION OR BUILDING USED FOR TEACHING. (anc: 6/0, child: 2)
  • STABLE　BUILDING USED FOR REARING DOMESTIC ANIMALS. (anc: 6/0, child: 0)
  • STOREHOUSE　BUILDING USED FOR KEEPING USEFUL THINGS. (anc: 6/0, child: 1)
  • TEMPLE　BUILDING USED FOR WORSHIP of DEITIES. (anc: 6/0, child: 0)
  • TENT　TYPICALLY SMALL BUILDING PRODUCED USING CLOTH AND TIMBER. (anc: 6/0, child: 0)
  • TOMB　PLACE OR BUILDING which SHOWS where one has BURIED a HUMAN. (anc: 6/0, child: 0)
  • WELL　SMALL BUILDING USED FOR FETCHING WATER FROM DEEP INSIDE THE EARTH. (anc: 6/0, child: 0)
  • TOILET　ROOM or BUILDING USED FOR DEFECATION. (anc: 6/0, child: 0)
  • DWELLING　BUILDING PRODUCED so as to PERMIT HUMANS to DWELL in it. (anc: 6/0, child: 2)
  • PUBLIC BUILDING　BUILDING USED by OFFICIALS FOR WORK. (anc: 6/0, child: 7)
  • HOTEL　BUILDING PRODUCED OR USED FOR PERMITTING GUESTS OR STRANGERS TO DWELL in it DURING a SHORT PERIOD. (anc: 6/0, child: 0)
  • TOWER　BUILDING which is MUCH HIGHER THAN BROAD. (anc: 6/0, child: 0)
  • WORKSHOP　BUILDING USED TO PRODUCE THINGS. (anc: 6/0, child: 0)
  • FORTRESS　INTENSELY FORTIFIED BUILDING. (anc: 6/0, child: 0)
  • MILL　BUILDING PRODUCED FOR GRINDING GRAIN. (anc: 6/0, child: 0)
  • SHOP　BUILDING IN which one SELLS. (anc: 6/0, child: 3)
  • FACTORY　BUILDING FOR PRODUCING INTENSELY MANY of the SAME ARTEFACTS. (anc: 6/0, child: 1)
  • TURRET　SMALL TOWER OR PART of a BUILDING INTENSELY MORE HIGH than the OTHER PART of the BUILDING. (anc: 6/0, child: 0)
  • MUSEUM　PUBLIC-BUILDING USED TO SHOW TYPICALLY OLD OR RARE THINGS. (anc: 6/0, child: 0)
Part of
  • CHIMNEYTUBE OR HOLE IN a ROOF THROUGH which SMOKE LEAVES a STOVE.
  • CORRIDORWAY INSIDE a BUILDING THROUGH which to WALK FROM ONE ROOM TO ANOTHER.
  • DOORHOLE IN A WALL which CAN be BLOCKED, TYPICALLY PRODUCED USING TIMBER.
  • ROOFMOST UPWARD PART of a BUILDING which PROTECTS that BUILDING AGAINST RAIN.
  • ROOMPLACE in which one DWELLS, SURROUNDED BY WALLS, in a BUILDING.
  • SCREENTHIN WALL which CAN be MOVED, OR WALL WHICH is USED to BLOCK the WIND OR LOOKING.
  • STAIRS
  • WALLSLIM, AND TYPICALLY HIGH VERTICAL PART of a BUILDING, TYPICALLY SURROUNDING a ROOM, OR USED FOR SHOWING a BOUNDARY OR PROTECTING a PLACE INSIDE.
  • WINDOWHOLE IN a WALL, TYPICALLY with a TIMBER FRAME, COVERED USING GLASS, USED FOR LOOKING OUT OR LETTING IN LIGHT OR AIR.
  • BALCONY
Antonym
See also
  • BRIDGEARTIFACT BUILT FOR:in order to CAUSE HUMANS to be ABLE to CROSS TYPICALLY a RIVER OR a VALLEY.  
  • GARDENSMALL FIELD CONTAINING FLOWERS, FRUIT TREES AND VEGETABLES ETC. FOR HOME USE.
  • HOMEPLACE where one DWELLS ENDURINGLY OR ORIGINALLY.
Hypernym
  • ARTEFACT　THING PRODUCED by MAN. (anc: 4/0, child: 26)
  • THING　CONCRETE OBJECT. (anc: 3/0, child: 10)
  • OBJECT　[NO HYPERNYM.] WHAT one CAN NAME:refer to. (anc: 2/0, child: 6)
  • A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages ( BUCK 1988) p. 7.12

  • De Rerum Humanarum Emendatione ( COMENIUS 1665) p. 455

    AEDIFICIUM:

    Comenius gives a detailed subclassification.

  • Lateinische Synonyme und Etymologien ( DOEDERLEIN 1840) p.

    HOUSE

    aedificium is the generic term for any building.

    domus is the residence of a family.

    aedes refers to the large residence of a family, typically consisting of several buildings.

    HOUSE

    villa refers to a country house, usually with a real estate attached to it.

    fundus refers to a real estate, usually with a country house.

    praedium refers to landed property of any kind, with or without a house on it.

  • Traite elementaire des synonymes grecques ( DUFOUR 1910) p. 112

  • Verzeichnis und Motivindex der Han-Darstellungen ( FINSTERBUSCH 1966) p. 200

    Architektur: here are found all relevant entries.

  • Verzeichnis und Motivindex der Han-Darstellungen ( FINSTERBUSCH 1966) p. 229

    Pfahlhaus:

  • Verzeichnis und Motivindex der Han-Darstellungen ( FINSTERBUSCH 2000) p. 744

    Gebaeude; Gebaeude, im Aufriss wiedergegeben:

  • Verzeichnis und Motivindex der Han-Darstellungen ( FINSTERBUSCH 2000) p. 785

    Pfahlhaus:

  • China Handbuch ( FRANKE 1974) p. 486

  • Lateinische Synonymik ( MENGE) p. 218

  • Dictionnaire culturel en langue francaise ( REY 2005) p. 3.275

  • Das grosse China-Lexikon ( STAIGER 2003) p. 292

  • 中國文化背景八千詞 Zhongguo wenhua beijing ba qian ci ( WU SANXING 2008) p. 313ff

  • Bibliographisches Handbuch zur Sprachinhaltsforschung. Teil II. Systematischer Teil. B. Ordnung nach Sinnbezirken (mit einem alphabetischen Begriffsschluessel): Der Mensch und seine Welt im Spiegel der Sprachforschung ( FRANKE 1989) p. 120B

    • Words (25 items)

    宮室  gōng shì OC: kuŋ qhljiɡ MC: kuŋ ɕit 32 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NP{N1=N2}indefiniteany building
    • NP{N1=N2}nonreferentialbuildings; all kinds of buildings, any kind of building
    室  shì OC: qhljiɡ MC: ɕit 23 Attributions

    Shì 室 is any building, can be smaller than gōng 宮, need not have an outer surrounding wall. It seems that when inside gōng 宮, shǐ 室 was located behind táng 堂. The term can also refer to the family or household. See CLAN

      Word relations
    • Epithet: 大/BIG The general word is dà 大 (ant. xiǎo 小 "small").
    • Assoc: 宅/DWELLING Zhái 宅 refers generally to the abode of anyone of any status, and the word is a polite designation for what is presumed to be a dwelling of some elegance and status.
    • Assoc: 宮/DWELLING
    • Assoc: 屋/DWELLING Wū 屋 refers originally to the roof, but from Han times onwards this word can come to replace gōng 宮 in its archaic meanings "family complex of buildings with a surrounding wall".
    • Synon: 屋/DWELLING Wū 屋 refers originally to the roof, but from Han times onwards this word can come to replace gōng 宮 in its archaic meanings "family complex of buildings with a surrounding wall".

      Syntactic words
    • ngeneral term for a house or living space (of a commoner, an aristocrat or even the emperor); one's living space within a house; private quarters; home
    • npost-V{NUM}.adNN of NUM housesDS
    宮  gōng OC: kuŋ MC: kuŋ 7 Attributions

    The most general current word for a building of any kind is gōng 宮. Any gōng 宮 must have an outer wall other than the wall of the house. Moreover gōng 宮 may contain shì 室 and constitute a kind of traditional "clan condominium". After Qin times the word came to refer especially to palaces. In the Western Zhou and Chunqiu period gōng 宮 referred apparently both to the temples and living mansions of aristocracy During the Warring States, the word was mainly used for palaces of aristocracy and the ruler. Reference to the outer wall of the gōng 宮 is in the HAOLING chapter of the MOZI.

    • 漢代の文物 Kandai no bunbutsu ( HAYASHI 1976) p. {4-32}

    • 古代文化词义集类辨考 ( HUANG 1995) p. 993

    • [100 page synonym dictionary which I have in Oslo and shall identify.CH] ( XIANG 1997) p. 192

      Syntactic words
    • nstately building; palace
    樓  lóu OC: ɡ-roo MC: lu 6 Attributions

    Lóu 樓 refers to any building higher than two flooors. It was common in the Han period, and could serve various purposes. [ZHGD 1995: 98; SUN 1991: 186 - 189; ill.: SUN 1991: tab. 47]

    • () p. 186 - 189 {tab. 47}

      Syntactic words
    • nbuilding with several storeys
    • nadVplacein high buildings 樓居
    闕  què, quē OC: khod MC: khi̯ɐt 5 Attributions

    Què 闕 are the buildings on both sides of the gate. The oldest textual evidence comes from the Western Zhou (see XIANG 1997: 523), neverthless què 闕 were most common in the Han. Originally, què 闕 were wooden constructions raised on platforms of rammed earth; in the Han period, they were often stone buildings.

      Word relations
    • Assoc: 門/GATE The current general word for a gate or door of any kind is mén 門, but the word also refers specifically to the two-leaf main gate rather than small doors inside a building complex.

    • 古代文化词义集类辨考 ( HUANG 1995) p. 988 - 991

    • () p. 179 - 182 {tab. 45}

      Syntactic words
    • npalace gate> palace towers
    房  fáng OC: baŋ MC: bi̯ɐŋ 4 Attributions

    Fáng 房 refers to one of the wings on the sides of the main building shì 室, sometimes used as bedrooms. There may be many such xiāng fáng 廂房.

      Syntactic words
    • nwing of a dwelling
    • nfigurativehouse; building
    亭  tíng OC: deeŋ MC: deŋ
    停  tíng OC: deeŋ MC: deŋ 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nmilitary outpost buildings, fort
    • nelaborate pavillion for ritual performancesCH
    廈  shà OC: sqraas MC: ʂɣɛ
    廈  xià OC: ɡraaʔ MC: ɦɣɛ 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nhigh building
    室屋  shì wū OC: qhljiɡ qooɡ MC: ɕit ʔuk 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPplural(all sorts of) habitations，dwellings
    甲第  jiǎ dì OC: kraab liils MC: kɣap dei 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPofficial mansion
    殿  diàn OC: dɯɯns MC: den 2 Attributions

    Diàn 殿 is a large and high hall, often for audiences, in the palace or in the temple. In this meaning the word came to be used in the late Warring States, and in Han times it replaced the term táng 堂.

      Word relations
    • Contrast: 宮/PALACE The standard word for a palace is gōng 宮, often expanded to wáng gōng 王宮 "royal palace". 2. Gōng diàn 宮殿 is generic.

    • 古代文化词义集类辨考 ( HUANG 1995) p. {983 - 984}

      Syntactic words
    • nlarge hall, part of a gōng 宮
    營  yíng OC: ɢʷleŋ MC: jiɛŋ 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nguardhouse (near a gate)
    軒  xuān OC: qhan MC: hi̯ɐn 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • nlong simple hut with windows
    郵  yóu OC: ɢʷɯ MC: ɦɨu 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • npostal station
    間  jiān MC: kean OC: kreen 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • ncpost-V{NUM}(.+N)building
    • ncpost-V{NUM}.post-Nclassifierclassifier for buildings
    雪宮  xuě gōng OC: sqled kuŋ MC: siɛt kuŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPprname of a palace in Qí
    盧屋  lú wū MC: lu 'uwk OC: ɡ-raa qooɡ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPadN= lúwu1 廬屋: from a shabby house where servants dwellLZ
    衡宇  héng yǔ MC: haeng hjuX OC: ɢraaŋ ɢʷraʔ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPmetaphoricalhorizontal roof > (my) modest houseDS
    東廂  dōng xiāng MC: tuwng sjang OC: tooŋ sqaŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPeastern wing of a residenceDS
    歸  guī OC: klul MC: kɨi 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • nccresidence
    築  zhù OC: tuɡ MC: ʈuk 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • nbuilding; permanent structure to live in
    觀  guàn OC: koons MC: kʷɑn 0 Attributions

    Guàn 觀 in the Chunqiu and Warring States referred to the building raised on a platform in front of the gate of the palace. In the Han, guàn 觀 was used as another term for què 闕; besides this, it also referred to other buildings raised on a terrace: HUANG 1995: 986 - 988]

      Syntactic words
    • vtoNmake one's dwelling
    驛  yì OC: laɡ MC: jiɛk 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • npostal relay station
    堂  táng OC: daaŋ MC: dɑŋ 0 Attributions

    Táng 堂 refers to the hall which seems to serve mainly ceremonial and since the Warring States also political purposes. From Han times táng 堂 in its original meaning was replaced by diàn 殿.

    • 古代文化詞異集類辨考 Gudai wenhua ci yi ji lei bian kao ( HUANG JINGUI 1995) p. {981- 982}

    • 中國佛教百科全書 Zhōngguó fójiào bǎikē quánshū Encyclopedic Book Collection on Chinese Buddhism ( YANG WEIZHONG 2000) p. {170 - 171}

      Syntactic words
    庌  yǎ OC: ŋɡraaʔ MC: ŋɣɛ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nZHOULI: a verandah, a shed (for horses)