BUILDING 建築物宮
BIG ARTEFACT PRODUCED FOR HUMANS OR ANIMALS to DWELL in OR BE-IN, or MOVE ON.
HOUSESTRUCTURECONSTRUCTIONEDIFICEERECTIONPROPERTYPREMISES
Antonym
- OPEN AIRThe PLACE OUTSIDE BUILDINGS.
Hypernym
- ARTEFACTTHING PRODUCED by MAN.
- CHIMNEYTUBE OR HOLE IN a ROOF THROUGH which SMOKE LEAVES a STOVE.
- CORRIDORWAY INSIDE a BUILDING THROUGH which to WALK FROM ONE ROOM TO ANOTHER.
- DOORHOLE IN A WALL which CAN be BLOCKED, TYPICALLY PRODUCED USING TIMBER.
- ROOFMOST UPWARD PART of a BUILDING which PROTECTS that BUILDING AGAINST RAIN.
- ROOMPLACE in which one DWELLS, SURROUNDED BY WALLS, in a BUILDING.
- SCREENTHIN WALL which CAN be MOVED, OR WALL WHICH is USED to BLOCK the WIND OR LOOKING.
- STAIRSPART of a BUILDING USED TO ASCEND OR DESCEND FROM ONE STOREY TO ANOTHER.
- WALLSLIM, AND TYPICALLY HIGH VERTICAL PART of a BUILDING, TYPICALLY SURROUNDING a ROOM, OR USED FOR SHOWING a BOUNDARY OR PROTECTING a PLACE INSIDE.
- WINDOWHOLE IN a WALL, TYPICALLY with a TIMBER FRAME, COVERED USING GLASS, USED FOR LOOKING OUT OR LETTING IN LIGHT OR AIR.
- BALCONYPART OF BUILDING ISSUING OUTSIDE FROM WALL.
See also
- BRIDGEARTIFACT BUILT FOR:in order to CAUSE HUMANS to be ABLE to CROSS TYPICALLY a RIVER OR a VALLEY.
- GARDENSMALL FIELD CONTAINING FLOWERS, FRUIT TREES AND VEGETABLES ETC. FOR HOME USE.
- HOMEPLACE where one DWELLS ENDURINGLY OR ORIGINALLY.
Hyponym
- BRIDGE ARTIFACT BUILT FOR:in order to CAUSE HUMANS to be ABLE to CROSS TYPICALLY a RIVER OR a VALLEY.
- OFFICE BUILDING OR social INSTITUTION in which PUBLIC DUTIES are ACTED:performed BY OFFICIALS.
- GOVERNMENT MOST HIGH BURAUCRATIC OFFICE which GOVERNS a STATE.
- PAVILION SMALL BUILDING PRODUCED FOR RESTING AND FEASTS.
- RUINS BUILDING OR BUILDINGS that have been COMPLETELY DESTROYED.
- SCHOOL INSTITUTION OR BUILDING USED FOR TEACHING.
- UNIVERSITY SCHOOL FOR ADULT STUDENTS.
- ACADEMY STATE INSTITUTION OR SCHOOL FOR EXCELLENT SCHOLARS.
- STABLE BUILDING USED FOR REARING DOMESTIC ANIMALS.
- STOREHOUSE BUILDING USED FOR KEEPING USEFUL THINGS.
- LIBRARY STOREHOUSE FOR DOCUMENTS
- TEMPLE BUILDING USED FOR WORSHIP of DEITIES.
- TENT TYPICALLY SMALL BUILDING PRODUCED USING CLOTH AND TIMBER.
- TOMB PLACE OR BUILDING which SHOWS where one has BURIED a HUMAN.
- WELL SMALL BUILDING USED FOR FETCHING WATER FROM DEEP INSIDE THE EARTH.
- TOILET ROOM or BUILDING USED FOR DEFECATION.
- DWELLING BUILDING PRODUCED so as to PERMIT HUMANS to DWELL in it.
- PUBLIC BUILDING BUILDING USED by OFFICIALS FOR WORK.
- COURT PUBLIC-BUILDING in which the RULER ACTS:conducts GOVERNMENT. See also LAWCOURT.
- PRISON PUBLIC BUILDING IN which CONVICTED GUILTY HUMANS ARE CONDEMNED to DWELL, AND which they are NOT PERMITTED TO LEAVE.
- GUEST HOUSE PUBLIC BUILDING FOR GUESTS.
- LAWCOURT PUBLIC BUILDING USED FOR the ADMINISTRATION of LITIGATION.
- PALACE BIG PUBLIC-BUILDING USED as a DWELLING by a RULER OR an ARISTOCRAT.
- HOSPITAL BUILDING PRODUCED OR USED FOR CURING HUMANS who have ILLNESSES.
- MONASTIC BUILDING PUBLIC BUILDING that is PART of a MONASTERY.
- HOTEL BUILDING PRODUCED OR USED FOR PERMITTING GUESTS OR STRANGERS TO DWELL in it DURING a SHORT PERIOD.
- TOWER BUILDING which is MUCH HIGHER THAN BROAD.
- WORKSHOP BUILDING USED TO PRODUCE THINGS.
- FORTRESS INTENSELY FORTIFIED BUILDING.
- MILL BUILDING PRODUCED FOR GRINDING GRAIN.
- SHOP BUILDING IN which one SELLS.
- BOOKSHOP SHOP where BOOKS are SOLD.
- PHARMACY SHOP WHICH SELLS DRUGS.
- RESTAURANT SHOP WHICH SELLS MEALS to be EATEN in the SHOP.
- FACTORY BUILDING FOR PRODUCING INTENSELY MANY of the SAME ARTEFACTS.
- INDUSTRY SYSTEM OF FACTORIES PRODUCING MANY of the SAME of ARTEFACTS.
- TURRET SMALL TOWER OR PART of a BUILDING INTENSELY MORE HIGH than the OTHER PART of the BUILDING.
- MUSEUM PUBLIC-BUILDING USED TO SHOW TYPICALLY OLD OR RARE THINGS.
Old Chinese Criteria
1. The most general current word for a building of any kind is gōng 宮. Any gōng 宮 must have an outer wall other than the wall of the house itself. Moreover gōng 宮 may contain minor shì 室 "individual houses" and constitute a kind of traditional "clan condominium". In the Western Zhou and Chunqiu period gōng 宮 referred apparently both to the temples and living mansions of aristocracy: see XIANG 1997: 192; HUANG 1995: 993. During the Warring States, the word was mainly used for palaces of aristocracy and the ruler: see HUANG 1995: 993. After Qin times the word came to refer specifically to palaces. Reference to the outer wall of the gōng 宮 is in the HAOLING chapter of the MOZI. See HUANG 1995: 993. [ill.: HAYASHI 1976: 4-32]
2. Shì 室 is any building, can be smaller than gōng 宮, need not have an outer surrounding wall. It seems that when inside gōng 宮, shǐ 室 was located behind the main hall táng 堂 : HUANG 1995: 994; ZHGD 1993: 99; ill.: HAYASHI 1976: 4-3. The term can also refer to the family or household: HUANG 1995: 994. See CLAN
3. Fáng 房 refers to one of the wings on the sides of the main building shì 室, sometimes used as bedrooms. There may be many such xiāng fáng 廂房. [HUANG 1995: 995]
4. Wū 屋 refers originally to the roof, but from Han times onwards this word can come to replace gōng 宮 in its archaic meanings "family complex of buildings with a surrounding wall". [Evidence is in the ZHOULI: HUANG 1995: 995]
5. Táng 堂 refers to the hall which seems to serve mainly ceremonial and since the Warring States also political purposes. From Han times táng 堂 in its original meaning was replaced by diàn 殿. [HUANG 1995: 981 - 982; YANG 2000: 170 - 171.]
6. Diàn 殿 is a large and tall hall, often for audiences, in the palace or in the temple. In this meaning the word came to use in the late Warring States, and in Han times it replaced the term táng 堂. [HUANG 1995: 983 - 984]
7. Lóu 樓 refers to any building higher than two flooors. It was common in the Han period, and could serve various purposes. [ZHGD 1995: 98; SUN 1991: 186 - 189; ill.: SUN 1991: tab. 47]
8. Què 闕 are the buildings on both sides of the gate. The oldest textual evidence comes from the Western Zhou (see XIANG 1997: 523), but què 闕 were most common in the Han. Originally, què 闕 were wooden constructions raised on platforms of rammed earth; in the Han period, they were often stone buildings. [HUANG 1995: 988 - 991; SUN 1991: 179 - 182; ill.: SUN 1991: tab. 45.]
9. Guàn 觀 in the Chunqiu and Warring States referred to the building raised on a platform in front of the gate of the palace. In the Han, guàn 觀 was used as another term for què 闕; besides this, it also referred to other buildings raised on a terrace: HUANG 1995: 986 - 988]
10. Shà 廈 refers to any high building.
11. Láng 廊 perhaps refers to any building with column corridor; but textual evidence for Han and pre-Han period is scanty. [HUANG 1995: 1005]
2. Shì 室 is any building, can be smaller than gōng 宮, need not have an outer surrounding wall. It seems that when inside gōng 宮, shǐ 室 was located behind the main hall táng 堂 : HUANG 1995: 994; ZHGD 1993: 99; ill.: HAYASHI 1976: 4-3. The term can also refer to the family or household: HUANG 1995: 994. See CLAN
3. Fáng 房 refers to one of the wings on the sides of the main building shì 室, sometimes used as bedrooms. There may be many such xiāng fáng 廂房. [HUANG 1995: 995]
4. Wū 屋 refers originally to the roof, but from Han times onwards this word can come to replace gōng 宮 in its archaic meanings "family complex of buildings with a surrounding wall". [Evidence is in the ZHOULI: HUANG 1995: 995]
5. Táng 堂 refers to the hall which seems to serve mainly ceremonial and since the Warring States also political purposes. From Han times táng 堂 in its original meaning was replaced by diàn 殿. [HUANG 1995: 981 - 982; YANG 2000: 170 - 171.]
6. Diàn 殿 is a large and tall hall, often for audiences, in the palace or in the temple. In this meaning the word came to use in the late Warring States, and in Han times it replaced the term táng 堂. [HUANG 1995: 983 - 984]
7. Lóu 樓 refers to any building higher than two flooors. It was common in the Han period, and could serve various purposes. [ZHGD 1995: 98; SUN 1991: 186 - 189; ill.: SUN 1991: tab. 47]
8. Què 闕 are the buildings on both sides of the gate. The oldest textual evidence comes from the Western Zhou (see XIANG 1997: 523), but què 闕 were most common in the Han. Originally, què 闕 were wooden constructions raised on platforms of rammed earth; in the Han period, they were often stone buildings. [HUANG 1995: 988 - 991; SUN 1991: 179 - 182; ill.: SUN 1991: tab. 45.]
9. Guàn 觀 in the Chunqiu and Warring States referred to the building raised on a platform in front of the gate of the palace. In the Han, guàn 觀 was used as another term for què 闕; besides this, it also referred to other buildings raised on a terrace: HUANG 1995: 986 - 988]
10. Shà 廈 refers to any high building.
11. Láng 廊 perhaps refers to any building with column corridor; but textual evidence for Han and pre-Han period is scanty. [HUANG 1995: 1005]
黄金貴：古漢語同義詞辨釋詞典
HUANG JINGUI 2006
ARCHITECTURE 4.
堂，上古主要稱君王宮室的廳堂，戰國起可指君王治政的殿堂。漢以後，堂降級作中央到地方各級官府治事廳堂之稱，并常可指稱一段民居的廳堂。
殿，從戰國起專稱宮中有高大并棱角分明的臺基的主體建築，相當上古的 “ 堂 ” ，不指稱一般民居的廳堂。
堂皇是獨立的、無四壁的、帝王非正式的治政殿堂，引申指官吏治事的廳堂。
宮，秦以後成為宮殿總稱；明清時，可專稱帝王居處。
榭，無室的殿堂。
ARCHITECTURE 9. SIDE BUILDING 附屬建築。
廊，檐下廊屋和各種獨立廊的總稱。
廡，圍繞主體建築構成庭院，有獨立屋檐、并間隔成室。
庌，廊屋。
廈，門屋。
ARCHITECTURE 4.
堂，上古主要稱君王宮室的廳堂，戰國起可指君王治政的殿堂。漢以後，堂降級作中央到地方各級官府治事廳堂之稱，并常可指稱一段民居的廳堂。
殿，從戰國起專稱宮中有高大并棱角分明的臺基的主體建築，相當上古的 “ 堂 ” ，不指稱一般民居的廳堂。
堂皇是獨立的、無四壁的、帝王非正式的治政殿堂，引申指官吏治事的廳堂。
宮，秦以後成為宮殿總稱；明清時，可專稱帝王居處。
榭，無室的殿堂。
ARCHITECTURE 9. SIDE BUILDING 附屬建築。
廊，檐下廊屋和各種獨立廊的總稱。
廡，圍繞主體建築構成庭院，有獨立屋檐、并間隔成室。
庌，廊屋。
廈，門屋。
Modern Chinese Criteria
建築物
房屋
房子
屋宇
房
屋
樓房
大樓
樓台
城樓
箭樓
角樓
更樓
鼓樓
鐘樓
譙樓
大廈
高樓
摩天樓
高樓大廈
廣廈
夏屋
高堂
深宅大院
前廊後廈
rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／
房屋
房子
屋宇
房
屋
樓房
大樓
樓台
城樓
箭樓
角樓
更樓
鼓樓
鐘樓
譙樓
大廈
高樓
摩天樓
高樓大廈
廣廈
夏屋
高堂
深宅大院
前廊後廈
rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／
- A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages
(
BUCK 1988)
p.
7.12 - De Rerum Humanarum Emendatione
(
COMENIUS 1665)
p.
455 AEDIFICIUM:
Comenius gives a detailed subclassification.
- Lateinische Synonyme und Etymologien
(
DOEDERLEIN 1840)
p.
HOUSE
aedificium is the generic term for any building.
domus is the residence of a family.
aedes refers to the large residence of a family, typically consisting of several buildings.
HOUSE
villa refers to a country house, usually with a real estate attached to it.
fundus refers to a real estate, usually with a country house.
praedium refers to landed property of any kind, with or without a house on it.
- Traite elementaire des synonymes grecques
(
DUFOUR 1910)
p.
112 - Verzeichnis und Motivindex der Han-Darstellungen
(
FINSTERBUSCH 1966)
p.
200 Architektur: here are found all relevant entries.
- Verzeichnis und Motivindex der Han-Darstellungen
(
FINSTERBUSCH 1966)
p.
229 Pfahlhaus:
- Verzeichnis und Motivindex der Han-Darstellungen
(
FINSTERBUSCH 2000)
p.
744 Gebaeude; Gebaeude, im Aufriss wiedergegeben:
- Verzeichnis und Motivindex der Han-Darstellungen
(
FINSTERBUSCH 2000)
p.
785 Pfahlhaus:
- China Handbuch
(
FRANKE 1974)
p.
486 - Lateinische Synonymik
(
MENGE)
p.
218 - Dictionnaire culturel en langue francaise
(
REY 2005)
p.
3.275 - Das grosse China-Lexikon
(
STAIGER 2003)
p.
292 - 中國文化背景八千詞 Zhongguo wenhua beijing ba qian ci
(
WU SANXING 2008)
p.
313ff - Bibliographisches Handbuch zur Sprachinhaltsforschung. Teil II. Systematischer Teil. B. Ordnung nach Sinnbezirken (mit einem alphabetischen Begriffsschluessel): Der Mensch und seine Welt im Spiegel der Sprachforschung
(
FRANKE 1989)
p.
120B
Words
宮室 gōng shì OC: kuŋ qhljiɡ MC: kuŋ ɕit 31 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NP{N1=N2}indefiniteany building
- NP{N1=N2}nonreferentialbuildings; all kinds of buildings, any kind of building
室 shì OC: qhljiɡ MC: ɕit 23 AttributionsWD
Shì 室 is any building, can be smaller than gōng 宮, need not have an outer surrounding wall. It seems that when inside gōng 宮, shǐ 室 was located behind táng 堂. The term can also refer to the family or household. See CLAN
- Word relations
- Epithet: 大/BIG
The general word is dà 大 (ant. xiǎo 小 "small"). - Assoc: 宅/DWELLING
Zhái 宅 refers generally to the abode of anyone of any status, and the word is a polite designation for what is presumed to be a dwelling of some elegance and status. - Assoc: 宮/DWELLING
- Assoc: 屋/DWELLING
Wū 屋 refers originally to the roof, but from Han times onwards this word can come to replace gōng 宮 in its archaic meanings "family complex of buildings with a surrounding wall". - Synon: 屋/DWELLING
Wū 屋 refers originally to the roof, but from Han times onwards this word can come to replace gōng 宮 in its archaic meanings "family complex of buildings with a surrounding wall".
- 漢代の文物 Kandai no bunbutsu
(
HAYASHI 1976)
p.
{4-3} - 古代文化词义集类辨考
(
HUANG 1995)
p.
994
- Syntactic words
- ngeneral term for a house or living space (of a commoner, an aristocrat or even the emperor); one's living space within a house; private quarters; home
- npost-V{NUM}.adNN of NUM housesDS
宮 gōng OC: kuŋ MC: kuŋ 7 AttributionsWD
The most general current word for a building of any kind is gōng 宮. Any gōng 宮 must have an outer wall other than the wall of the house. Moreover gōng 宮 may contain shì 室 and constitute a kind of traditional "clan condominium". After Qin times the word came to refer especially to palaces. In the Western Zhou and Chunqiu period gōng 宮 referred apparently both to the temples and living mansions of aristocracy During the Warring States, the word was mainly used for palaces of aristocracy and the ruler. Reference to the outer wall of the gōng 宮 is in the HAOLING chapter of the MOZI.
- 漢代の文物 Kandai no bunbutsu
(
HAYASHI 1976)
p.
{4-32} - 古代文化词义集类辨考
(
HUANG 1995)
p.
993 - [100 page synonym dictionary which I have in Oslo and shall identify.CH]
(
XIANG 1997)
p.
192
- Syntactic words
- nstately building; palace
樓 lóu OC: ɡ-roo MC: lu 6 AttributionsWD
Lóu 樓 refers to any building higher than two flooors. It was common in the Han period, and could serve various purposes. [ZHGD 1995: 98; SUN 1991: 186 - 189; ill.: SUN 1991: tab. 47]
- Syntactic words
- nbuilding with several storeys
- nadVplacein high buildings 樓居
闕 què, quē OC: khod MC: khi̯ɐt 5 AttributionsWD
Què 闕 are the buildings on both sides of the gate. The oldest textual evidence comes from the Western Zhou (see XIANG 1997: 523), neverthless què 闕 were most common in the Han. Originally, què 闕 were wooden constructions raised on platforms of rammed earth; in the Han period, they were often stone buildings.
- Word relations
- Assoc: 門/GATE
The current general word for a gate or door of any kind is mén 門, but the word also refers specifically to the two-leaf main gate rather than small doors inside a building complex.
- 古代文化词义集类辨考
(
HUANG 1995)
p.
988 - 991 -
()
p.
179 - 182 {tab. 45}
- Syntactic words
- npalace gate> palace towers
房 fáng OC: baŋ MC: bi̯ɐŋ 4 AttributionsWD
Fáng 房 refers to one of the wings on the sides of the main building shì 室, sometimes used as bedrooms. There may be many such xiāng fáng 廂房.
- 古代文化词义集类辨考
(
HUANG 1995)
p.
995
- Syntactic words
- nwing of a dwelling
- nfigurativehouse; building
亭 tíng OC: deeŋ MC: deŋ
停 tíng OC: deeŋ MC: deŋ 3 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- nmilitary outpost buildings, fort
- nelaborate pavillion for ritual performancesCH
廈 shà OC: sqraas MC: ʂɣɛ
廈 xià OC: ɡraaʔ MC: ɦɣɛ 3 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- nhigh building
室屋 shì wū OC: qhljiɡ qooɡ MC: ɕit ʔuk 3 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NPplural(all sorts of) habitations，dwellings
殿 diàn OC: dɯɯns MC: den 2 AttributionsWD
Diàn 殿 is a large and high hall, often for audiences, in the palace or in the temple. In this meaning the word came to be used in the late Warring States, and in Han times it replaced the term táng 堂.
- Word relations
- Contrast: 宮/PALACE
The standard word for a palace is gōng 宮, often expanded to wáng gōng 王宮 "royal palace". 2. Gōng diàn 宮殿 is generic.
- 古代文化词义集类辨考
(
HUANG 1995)
p.
{983 - 984}
- Syntactic words
- nlarge hall, part of a gōng 宮
營 yíng OC: ɢʷleŋ MC: jiɛŋ 2 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- nguardhouse (near a gate)
甲第 jiǎ dì OC: kraab liils MC: kɣap dei 2 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NPofficial mansion
歸 guī OC: klul MC: kɨi 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- nccresidence
築 zhù OC: tuɡ MC: ʈuk 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- nbuilding; permanent structure to live in
軒 xuān OC: qhan MC: hi̯ɐn 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- nlong simple hut with windows
郵 yóu OC: ɢʷɯ MC: ɦɨu 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- npostal station
間 jiān MC: kean OC: kreen 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- ncpost-V{NUM}(.+N)building
- ncpost-V{NUM}.post-Nclassifierclassifier for buildings
雪宮 xuě gōng OC: sqled kuŋ MC: siɛt kuŋ 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- NPprname of a palace in Qí
東廂 dōng xiāng MC: tuwng sjang OC: tooŋ sqaŋDS 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- NPeastern wing of a residenceDS
衡宇 héng yǔ MC: haeng hjuX OC: ɢraaŋ ɢʷraʔDS 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- NPmetaphoricalhorizontal roof > (my) modest houseDS
盧屋 lú wū MC: lu 'uwk OC: ɡ-raa qooɡLZ 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- NPadN= lúwu1 廬屋: from a shabby house where servants dwellLZ
堂 táng OC: daaŋ MC: dɑŋ 0 AttributionsWD
Táng 堂 refers to the hall which seems to serve mainly ceremonial and since the Warring States also political purposes. From Han times táng 堂 in its original meaning was replaced by diàn 殿.
- 古代文化詞異集類辨考 Gudai wenhua ci yi ji lei bian kao
(
HUANG JINGUI 1995)
p.
{981- 982} - 中國佛教百科全書 Zhōngguó fójiào bǎikē quánshū Encyclopedic Book Collection on Chinese Buddhism
(
YANG WEIZHONG 2000)
p.
{170 - 171}
- Syntactic words
庌 yǎ OC: ŋɡraaʔ MC: ŋɣɛ 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- nZHOULI: a verandah, a shed (for horses)
觀 guàn OC: koons MC: kʷɑn 0 AttributionsWD
Guàn 觀 in the Chunqiu and Warring States referred to the building raised on a platform in front of the gate of the palace. In the Han, guàn 觀 was used as another term for què 闕; besides this, it also referred to other buildings raised on a terrace: HUANG 1995: 986 - 988]
- Syntactic words
- vtoNmake one's dwelling
驛 yì OC: laɡ MC: jiɛk 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- npostal relay station
Existing SW for
Here are Syntactic Words already defined in the database:
Searching Wikidata
Type: