USE    用用

INTERACT with FOR one's SELF:own AIMS.
UTILIZEMAKE USE OFAVAIL ONESELF OFEMPLOYWORKOPERATEWIELDPLYAPPLYMANEUVERMANIPULATEPUT TO USEPUT/PRESS INTO SERVICE
Old Chinese Criteria
1. The current general word is yòng 用 (ant. fèi 廢 "give up the use of, not use"). 2. Yǐ 以 refers to the use of things as instruments for a given purpose and rarely involves the using up of resources. 3. Shǐ 使 refers to the deployment of what one controls with no special emphasis on the purpose. 4. Jiā 加 refers to the deployment or application of something in the course of some action.
Modern Chinese Criteria
使用 應用 利用 採用 施用 運用 動用 行使 役使 使役 使喚 運 用 以 使 動 rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／
Hyponym
  • EXHAUST　USE so as to CAUSE NONE to CONTINUE to EXIST. (anc: 14/0, child: 1)
  • HOW　USING WHAT METHOD? (anc: 14/0, child: 0)
  • WEAR　USE as GARMENT. (anc: 14/0, child: 0)
  • ABUSE　USE BADLY OR WICKEDLY. (anc: 14/0, child: 1)
  • SPEND　USE MONEY (anc: 14/0, child: 0)
Hypernym
  • INTERACT　ACT so as to CAUSE ANOTHER TO REACT. (anc: 12/0, child: 14)
  • ACT　MOVE OR NOT MOVE CONFORMING to one's SELF:own DECIDE:decision. (anc: 11/0, child: 24)
  • MOVE　CHANGE PLACE OR SITUATION. (anc: 10/0, child: 21)
  • A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages ( BUCK 1988) p. 9.423

  • De differentiis ( DIFFERENTIAE I) p. 201

    FRUI, UTI

    225. Inter Frui et uti haec distinctio est. Quod fruimur quo nequaquam carere possumus; utimur quae aliquando nec semper habemus. Ac per hoc uti temporale est, frui vero aeternum.

  • Lateinische Synonyme und Etymologien ( DOEDERLEIN 1840) p.

    USE

    uti refers to the permanent or lasting use of something.

    usurpare refers to a momentary single act of using.

    frui is antiquated and refers to a lasting use and enjoyment of something desirable.

  • Anthologia sive Florilegium rerum et materiarum selectarum ( LANGIUS 1631) p.

    USUS

  • 論衡同義詞研究 ( LUNHENG TONGYI 2004) p. 123

  • Using Chinese Synonyms ( GRACE ZHANG 2010) p. 271

  • Chinese Synonyms Usage Dictionary ( TENG SHOU-HSIN 1996) p. 288

    • Words (34 items)

    以  yǐ OC: k-lɯʔ MC: jɨ 328 Attributions

    Yǐ 以 refers to the use of things as instruments for a given purpose and rarely involves the using up of resources.

      Syntactic words
    • npostVt.adV=所以：e.g. 無以知人 "does not that by which to understand men": that whereby, that wherewith
    • vt(oN.)adVe.g. 以顯父母 "in this way make the parents illustrious": using this means> by this means> in this way; with the contextually determinate object, by use of the contextually determinate object/method (the pronominal object of the preposition is omitted)
    • vt(oN.)adV:postadNpostnominal instrumental, N and N coreferentialusing the N to VCH
    • vt+V1.adV2by means of V-ing
    • vt+V1.postadV2e.g. 處之以遵道 'to deal with them by following the right way'': to V2 by V1-ingLZ
    • vt[0]+V1.postadV2得之以強 "become strong by gaining it": to V1 by V2-ingLZ
    • vt[0]oN.postadVe.g. 勉主以禮義 "encourge the ruler by meanins of ritual propriety and righteousness": by means of
    • vt[0]oN.postadVreflexive.己to V using (oneself)
    • vt[oN.]adV:postNe.g. 禮以行之 "using ritual propriety to put things into practice": using the preceding N to V
    • vtoNe.g. 不以目而以心 "not use they eyes but use the mind": make use of; make proper or meaningful use of
    • vtoN(.adV)e.g. 文王以百里 "King Wen (became a great king) with one hundred leagues square": using> with (something) (perform a contextually determinate action or behaviour)
    • vtoN.adVe.g. 以近知遠 "basing oneself on the near understand the distant": making intellectual use of; basing oneself onCH
    • vtoN.adVconcessivee.g. 以孔子之聖 "even if one has the (superb) sagacity of a Confucius": even if using> although one has and uses
    • vtoN.adVN=instrumentusing as an instrument> e.g. 以卵投石 "dash a stone with an egg" by means of, with
    • vtoN.adVreflexive.己以己度人"using oneself to measure others" using (oneself)> with one's own things, by one's own standards
    • vtoN.postadVe.g. 道之以德 "guide them through virtue": To V by using> by means of N; with
    • vtoNfigurativee.g. 以此規 "apply these rules": apply; implement
    • vtonpro.adVe.g. 山以之高 "the mountains are high by virtue of it" by virtue of npro
    • vtoNreflexive.身e.g. 以身教 "instruct through one's own person" using one's own person
    • vtt(oN1.)+N2ome.g. 以鞿羈 "use (the cultivation of beauty) as my bridle and reins": use something contextually determinate N1 as one's N2
    用  yòng OC: k-loŋs MC: ji̯oŋ 85 Attributions

    The current general word is yòng 用 (ant. fèi 廢 "give up the use of, not use")

      Word relations
    • Ant: 失/LOSE The dominant general word for to lose is shī 失 (ant. dé 得 "get") which refers to any disappearance of something which belonged to one in any sense, but the emphasis tends to be on the loss being the result of a mistake rather than mere insouciance.
    • Ant: 釋/DISCARD Shì 釋 (ant. liú 留 "keep in employment") and the rarer jiě 解 refer to rejecting the continued use of something.
    • Contrast: 利/PROFIT Lì 利 (1. ant. yì 義 "considerations of rectitude"(!!); 2. ant. hài 害 "damage and loss suffered") refers to material profit.
    • Oppos: 舍/REJECT

      Syntactic words
    • nab(post-N)the practical application of the contextually determinate NLZ
    • nab.post-nproacttheir/its function(s); their practical use; their practical applicationCH
    • vadNpassiveused, expended 用力 "effort expended"
    • vibe useable
    • vt(oN)make use of (with contextually determinate object)
    • vt(oN.)-V[0]use the understood N so as to VCH
    • vt(oN.)adVusing the contextually determinate N to V
    • vt+prep+Nhave use for
    • vtoNmake use of; use (an object as an instrument); use to one's benefit; apply
    • vtoN.-V[0]use N so as to V
    • vtoN.adV[0]using, by the use of, making use of
    • vtoN.postadVusing N, with N (接人用枻)LZ
    • vtoN1.+N2use N1 on N2; apply N1 to N2TWH
    • vtoNfigurativeuse (advice etc.) so as to act in accordance with it > follow
    • vtoNinchoativeintroduce the use use of, start usingCH
    • vtoNpassivebe used; be employed/manifested; be put to use, be put into practice; be used up
    • vtoNpsychmake use of (oneself)
    • vtoNreflexive.自use one's own resources/oneself; deploy one's own person
    • vtoNstativehave use for
    • vttoN1.+prep+N2use N1 on N2; apply N1 to N2
    所以  suǒ yǐ OC: sqraʔ k-lɯʔ MC: ʂi̯ɤ jɨ 18 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NP-V.postN{SUBJ}the means by which N V-s
    • npro-vt.-V(:postN{SUBJ})means by whichwhat the contextually determinate N uses to V; the means by which N V-sCH
    加  jiā OC: kraal MC: kɣɛ 14 Attributions

    Jiā 加 refers to the deployment or application of something in the course of some action.

      Syntactic words
    • vt+prep+Nbe brought to bear on, be put to use onCH
    • vtoNpassivebe used; be set into action (cf: 兵之所加 – Whenever an army is used)DS
    • vtt(oN1.)+N2use something contextually determinate N1 on or against (N2)
    • vtt.+prep+N1:postN2{OBJ}preposed objectapply N2 to N1 賞不加於無功
    • vttoN1.+N2apply (a method, course of action etc N1) (to an object N2) 加之兵
    • vttoN1.+prep+N2use (something N1) on (a goal N2) 加兵於齊 HN: 不能將加誅於子
    施  shī OC: lʰal MC: ɕiɛ 13 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nab.texercise (of power) over N; use of N (probably ad hoc nominalisation, not really lexicalised. Must be deleted in the end, but can be kept as an example of the kind of thing we do not need. C.H.)
    • nabpost-Nactuse of NLZ
    • vtoNdeploy; make proficient use of; make practical use of (e.g. a scaling ladder); exercise
    • vtoNmathematical termCHEMLA 2003: apply effectively to something else (by way of generalisation)JZ 9.3, Liu Hui 掇 comm: 將以施于諸率。故先具此術以見其源也 "(The canon) is designed to effectively apply this method to all lyu-triangles (or lyu-procedures). Therefore it first provides this procedure in order then to bring out into the open the source (from which all these lyu spring)."
    • vtt(oN1.)+N2use the contextually determinate N1 for use on N2CH
    假  jiǎ OC: kraaʔ MC: kɣɛ 9 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vt+prep+Nuse (what is not one's due)
    • vtoNavail oneself of, use (what is not one's own)
    用處  yòng chù OC: k-loŋs qhljas MC: ji̯oŋ tɕhi̯ɤ 6 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabuse, function (> activity), advantage
    奮  fèn OC: pɯns MC: pi̯un 4 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNdeploy vigorously
    式  shì OC: lʰɯɡ MC: ɕɨk 4 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vt+prep+Nemphasise the use of, pay special attention to the use of
    • vtoNuse; GUAN apparently: use and take along
    有  yǒu MC: hjuwX OC: ɢʷɯʔ 4 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNuse N, make use of NLZ
    因  yīn OC: qin MC: ʔin 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNavail oneself of
    • vtoN.adVavailing oneself of N (to V)CH
    • vttoN1.+prep+N2N2=sourceavail oneself of N1 from the source N2DS
    服  fú OC: bɯɡ MC: buk 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNuse, deploy (weapons, armies, vehicles)
    為  wéi MC: hjweH OC: ɢʷal 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vttoN1.post-vtoN2{OBJ}use N2 as N1; treat2 as N1CH
    以用  yǐ yòng OC: k-lɯʔ k-loŋs MC: jɨ ji̯oŋ 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPt(+N.)adVuse the contextually determinate N and go ahead to V
    事  shì OC: dzrɯs MC: ɖʐɨ 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNcausativeCAUSE TO ENGAGE IN ACTION> deploy (horses in battle); use (one's strength); set to work (people)
    利  lì OC: rids MC: li 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nabactthe use of something
    • vtoNmake use of, deploy; put into practice
    將  jiàng OC: skaŋs MC: tsi̯ɐŋ 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vt[0]oN.adVto V using N (synonymous with 以)LZ
    • vtoNemploy, use
    庸  yōng OC: k-loŋ MC: ji̯oŋ 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNabemploy an abstract object (e.g. lenient approach)LZ
    • vtoNpsychdeploy (oneself), exert (oneself); use (one's own) energies
    持  chí OC: ɡrlɯ MC: ɖɨ 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vt(oN.)adVusing the contextually determinate N to VDS
    • vtoN.adVusing N to V
    節用  jié yòng MC: tset yowngH OC: tsiiɡ k-loŋs 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPtoNto use N frugallyLZ
    由  yóu OC: liw MC: jɨu 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vtoN.postadVusing (mostly negated)
    稱  chēng OC: thjɯŋ MC: tɕhɨŋ 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNdeploy, use (military force) 稱兵
    假借  jiǎ jiè OC: kraaʔ skjaags MC: kɣɛ tsɣɛ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPt(oN)use the contextually determinate object in any way
    • VPt+N.adVusing, making use of
    用為  yòng wéi OC: k-loŋs ɢʷal MC: ji̯oŋ ɦiɛ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPtt(oN1.)+N2use N1 as N2, make use of as
    任  rèn OC: njɯms MC: ȵim 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNmake use of
    使  shǐ OC: srɯʔ MC: ʂɨ 1 Attribution

    Shǐ 使 refers to the deployment of what one controls with no special emphasis on the purpose.

      Syntactic words
    • vtoNuseDS
    命  mìng MC: mjaengH OC: mɢreŋs 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNcall for > use N for one's purpose (HDC)DS
    投  tóu OC: doo MC: du 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNapply, dispense (medicine etc)
    挾  xié MC: hep OC: ɡeebLZ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vtt prep N1:post.vtoN2apply N2 to N1LZ
    掎挈  jǐ qiè MC: kjeX khet OC: kralʔ kheed 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPt[oN]to exploit others' weak points (XUN)LZ
    行  xíng OC: ɢraaŋ MC: ɦɣaŋ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNdeploy (arms etc)
    御  yù OC: ŋas MC: ŋi̯ɤ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vtoN1. (of emperors or highly elevated persons) make use of
    持用  chí yòng OC: ɡrlɯ k-loŋs MC: ɖɨ ji̯oŋ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPt(oN)by means of, using
    • VPt+N.adVusing N to V
    窮  qióng OC: ɡʷɯŋ MC: guŋ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNuse a whole lot of (should probably be vtoNm）