BROTHER 兄弟
MALE SIBLING.
Old Chinese Criteria
1. The standard collective term for brothers is xiōng dì 兄弟.
2. Xiōng 兄 can refer to the eldest brother as the head of his own generation (explicitly bó xiōng 伯兄 ), but it word often refers more generally to elder brothers, including those who are not the heir in the clan.
3. Dì 弟 refers to the younger brothers, and never specifically to the youngest.
4. Zōng zǐ 宗子 is a specific, formal, and ritual term for the eldest brother and heir in a family, typically after the death of whom he succeeds. See HEIR.
5. Zhòng 仲 refers to the next-eldest or second-eldest brother.
6. Bó 伯／霸 is the technical term for the eldest brother, and this word is sometimes expanded to bó xiōng 伯兄.
7. Jì 季 refers to the last-born brother or sister.
8. Kūn dì 昆弟 refers to brothers in general, but there is a pervasive doubt whether it does not also include the notion of cousins. See COUSIN.
2. Xiōng 兄 can refer to the eldest brother as the head of his own generation (explicitly bó xiōng 伯兄 ), but it word often refers more generally to elder brothers, including those who are not the heir in the clan.
3. Dì 弟 refers to the younger brothers, and never specifically to the youngest.
4. Zōng zǐ 宗子 is a specific, formal, and ritual term for the eldest brother and heir in a family, typically after the death of whom he succeeds. See HEIR.
5. Zhòng 仲 refers to the next-eldest or second-eldest brother.
6. Bó 伯／霸 is the technical term for the eldest brother, and this word is sometimes expanded to bó xiōng 伯兄.
7. Jì 季 refers to the last-born brother or sister.
8. Kūn dì 昆弟 refers to brothers in general, but there is a pervasive doubt whether it does not also include the notion of cousins. See COUSIN.
黄金貴：古漢語同義詞辨釋詞典
HUANG JINGUI 2006
HUMAN AFFAIRS 14. 哥哥。
兄，通稱。
長，代指長兄，可用作狀語，表示對同輩男子敬重的態度。
伯，由排行老大而代指大哥，常用作表字。
昆，方言詞。
HUMAN AFFAIRS 14. 哥哥。
兄，通稱。
長，代指長兄，可用作狀語，表示對同輩男子敬重的態度。
伯，由排行老大而代指大哥，常用作表字。
昆，方言詞。
Modern Chinese Criteria
兄
兄長
哥
哥哥
阿哥
昆
長兄
大兄
大哥
伯兄
伯氏
令兄
尊兄
家兄
胞兄
弟
弟弟
兄弟
阿弟
仲氏
棣
令弟
介弟
賢棣
仁棣
舍弟
兄弟
兄台
弟兄
手足
胞弟
哥兒
昆季
昆仲
昆弟
雁行 yànháng refers to brothers in the plural, as a series.
棠棣
棣華
棣鄂
哥兒倆 (coll) refers to brothers
rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／
兄長
哥
哥哥
阿哥
昆
長兄
大兄
大哥
伯兄
伯氏
令兄
尊兄
家兄
胞兄
弟
弟弟
兄弟
阿弟
仲氏
棣
令弟
介弟
賢棣
仁棣
舍弟
兄弟
兄台
弟兄
手足
胞弟
哥兒
昆季
昆仲
昆弟
雁行 yànháng refers to brothers in the plural, as a series.
棠棣
棣華
棣鄂
哥兒倆 (coll) refers to brothers
rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／
- A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages
(
BUCK 1988)
p.
2.44 - De differentiis
(
DIFFERENTIAE I)
p.
347 237. Sic lib. Etymolog. IX, cap. 6.
-- Ex eodem... Ex eod. lib. citato videtur legendum [col. 35C] ex eadem matre, non patre, et infra: est enim germanus ex eadem genitrice, non ex eodem germine manans. Alioqui sibi contrarius Isidorus his duobus locis, et Serv., unde sumpsit, ad illud V Aen.: Haec germanus Erix.
Ibid. Vat., ex eodem mare et matre. [BREV.]
]
237. Inter Fratrem et germanum. Fratres dicuntur, qui ex eodem patre nascuntur, et non ex eadem matre. Qui vero 32 ex eodem patre et matre [ Al., [col. 35A] eadem matre et patre], germani appellantur. Et est germanus ex eadem genitrice, vel ex eodem germine manans.
- Anthologia sive Florilegium rerum et materiarum selectarum
(
LANGIUS 1631)
p.
FRATER
- "Sachwoerterbuch zum Alten China"
(
UNGER SACH)
p.
GEBURTSRANG
- Handbook of Greek Synonymes, from the French of M. Alex. Pillon, Librarian of the Bibliothèque Royale , at Paris, and one of the editors of the new edition of Plaché's Dictionnaire Grec-Français, edited, with notes, by the Rev. Thomas Kerchever Arnold, M.A. Rector of Lyndon, and late fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge
(
PILLON 1850)
p.
no. 29 - 古漢語常用詞同義詞詞典
(
HONG CHENGYU 2009)
p.
60 - A New Dictionary of Classical Greek Synonyms
(
T.W.HARBSMEIER 2004)
p.
no. 29 - Bibliographisches Handbuch zur Sprachinhaltsforschung. Teil II. Systematischer Teil. B. Ordnung nach Sinnbezirken (mit einem alphabetischen Begriffsschluessel): Der Mensch und seine Welt im Spiegel der Sprachforschung
(
FRANKE 1989)
p.
72A
Words
兄 xiōng OC: qhʷraŋ MC: hɣaŋ 38 AttributionsWD
Xiōng 兄 regularly refers to the eldest brother as the head of his own generation (explicitly bó xiōng 伯兄), but the word often refers more generally to elder brothers, including those who are not the heir in the clan.
- Word relations
- Assoc: 弟/BROTHER
Dì 弟 refers to the younger brothers. - Assoc: 父/FATHER
The completely dominant word is fù 父
- Syntactic words
- n(post-N)the elder brother of the contextually determinate NCH
- n[post-N]one's own elder brother; the eldest brother
- n[post-N]nonreferentialan eldest brother in general
- n[post-N]pluralelder brothers
- n[post-N]singulareldest brother, male of the eldest brother's status (note that 其兄 is "his elder brother" and not specifically "his eldest brother".
- nadVreference=objectlike an eldest brother
- nccelder brother 三兄，諸兄，庶兄
- npost-N.=NprN's elder brother NprDS
- viactact as an elder brother should
弟 dì OC: liilʔ MC: dei 36 AttributionsWD
Dì 弟 refers to the younger brothers.
- Word relations
- Assoc: 兄/BROTHER
Xiōng 兄 regularly refers to the eldest brother as the head of his own generation (explicitly bó xiōng 伯兄), but the word often refers more generally to elder brothers, including those who are not the heir in the clan.
- Syntactic words
- n(post-N)younger brother of the contextually determinate NCH
- n(post-N).=Nprthe contextually determinate younger brother of N, NprCH
- n[post-N.]+Npryounger brother
- n[post-N]the subject's own younger brother; younger brothers
- n[post-N]autonymthe younger brother
- n[post-N]nonreferentiala younger brother in general
- nadNyounger-brother
- nadVas a younger brother; like a younger brother 弟畜之 "nourish like a younger brother would"
- nadVreference=objectas the younger brother; like a younger brother SHIJI: 弟畜 HS:王莽少與峺兄弟同列友善，兄事斿而弟畜峺。
- npost-Nyounger brother of N
- npost-N.=NprN's younger brother NprDS
- viactact as a younger brother should
兄弟 xiōng dì OC: qhʷraŋ liilʔ MC: hɣaŋ dei 35 AttributionsWD
elder brothers and younger brothers. The standard collective term for brothers is xiōng dì 兄弟.
- Syntactic words
- NP(post-N)the brothers of the contextually determinate NCH
- NP[post-N]one's brothers
- NP[post-N]reflexiveone's brothers
- NPabrelationalrelationship between elder and younger brothersLZ
- NPabsocialthe relationship between eldest and younger brothers
- NPadNfraternal; concerning brotherhood
- NPadNfigurative"brotherly"; of "brotherly" relation to NDS
- NPfigurative"things/persons related to each other like brothers"
- NPpluralelder and younger brothers
- NPsingularbrother
- NP{PRED}figurativebe "brothers"
- VPihave brotherly relations
- VPtoNmutualhave sbling relations with
昆弟 kūn dì OC: kuun liilʔ MC: kuo̝n dei 30 AttributionsWD
Kūn dì 昆弟 refers to brothers in general, but there is a pervasive doubt whether it does not also include the notion of cousins. See COUSIN.
- Syntactic words
- NP1-NP2N2=amountbrothers in amount of NP2 peopleDS
- NPabrelations between brothers (not necessarily between the eldest and the others)
- NPadVas brothers; one brother against the other
- NPfigurative"brother"
- NPnonreferentiala brother; brothers; elder and younger brothers, the flock of brothers
- NPpluralbrothers
- NPsingularbrother
母弟 mǔ dì OC: mɯʔ liilʔ MC: mu dei 6 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NP=Nprbrother by the same mother (and father) by the name of Npr
- NPpost-Nyounger brother by the same mother of N
- NPpost-Nprbrother of NPpr by the same mother
- NP{PRED}be a younger brother by the same mother
昆 kūn OC: kuun MC: kuo̝n 5 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- n[post-N]anyone in the same family, of the same generation, but older than ego
- nccbrothers 二昆
仲 zhòng OC: ɡrluŋs MC: ɖuŋ 3 AttributionsWD
Zhòng 仲 refers to the next-eldest or second-eldest brother.
- Syntactic words
- nsecond eldest brother
伯 bó OC: praaɡ MC: pɣɛk 3 AttributionsWD
Bó 伯／霸 is the technical term for the eldest brother.
- Syntactic words
- neldest brother
介弟 jiè dì OC: kreeds liilʔ MC: kɣɛi dei 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- NPpost-Npolite: younger brother
伯兄 bó xiōng OC: praaɡ qhʷraŋ MC: pɣɛk hɣaŋ 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- NP[post-N]singulareldest brother
家兄 jiā xiōng OC: kraa qhʷraŋ MC: kɣɛ hɣaŋ 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- NPelder brother
人兄 rén xiōng MC: nyin xjwaeng OC: njin qhʷraŋLZ 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- NPnonreferentialan elder brotherLZ
叔 shū MC: syuwk OC: qhljɯwɡDS 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- nthird eldest brotherDS
異母弟 yì mǔ dì MC: yiH muwX dejX OC: p-lɯɡs mɯʔ liilʔTW 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- NP=Nprhalf-brother of another mother (with the same father) by the name of NprTW
亞 yà OC: qraaɡs MC: ʔɣɛ 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- nbrother-in-law
季 jì OC: kʷids MC: ki 0 AttributionsWD
Jì 季 refers to the last-born brother or sister.
- Syntactic words
- nlast-born sibling; youngest of the children; third in seniority of brothers
宗子 zōng zǐ OC: tsuuŋ sklɯʔ MC: tsuo̝ŋ tsɨ 0 AttributionsWD
Zōng zǐ 宗子 is a specific, formal, and ritual term for the eldest brother and heir in a family, typically after the death of whom he succeeds. See HEIR.
- Syntactic words
弟兄 dì xiōng OC: liilʔ qhʷraŋ MC: dei hɣaŋ 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NP[post-N]my brother
阿兄 ā xiōng OC: qlaal qhʷraŋ MC: ʔɑ hɣaŋ 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NP(post-N)the elder brother
Click here to add pinyin MC: OC: LZ 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NPnonreferentialan elder brotherLZ
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