BARBARIAN    野蠻

HUMAN who is NOT CHINESE.
Old Chinese Criteria
1. Perhaps the most current general word for peoples who were taken not to belong to the Huáxiá 華夏 community is yí dí 夷狄, but sometimes the term refers specifically to the eastern and the northern barbarians. 2. Jiǔ yí 九夷 is another term referring generically to the peoples who were taken not to belong to the Huáxiá 華夏 community, but more specifically to those of the East. 3. Sì dí 四狄 is a general term for the various types of peoples that were not taken to belong the Huáxiá 華夏 community, but more specifically to those of the north. Sometimes the term wǔ yí 五夷 is used. 4. Róngdí 戎狄 is another term referring generically to the peoples who were taken not to belong to the Huáxiá 華夏 community, but also more specifically to the western and northern barbarians. 5. Mán yí 蠻夷 is another term referring generically to the peoples who were taken not to belong to the Huáxiá 華夏 community. One standard classification of non-Chinese peoples is this: 6. Yí 夷 refers to the barbarians of the east, but the term came to be used for barbarians generally. 東方為九夷， 7. Mán 蠻 refers specifically to the barbarians of the south. 南方為八蠻， 8. Róng 戎 refers specifically to the barbarians of the west. 西方為六戎， 9. Dí 狄 refers specifically to the barbarians of the north. 北方為五狄。 In addition there is a rich vocabulary specifying various non-Chinese ethnic groups.
Modern Chinese Criteria
異族 野蠻 胡虜 "northern barbarians" 夷 蠻 胡 虜 戎 狄 外族人 外族 夷狄 rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／
Antonym
  • CHINAMOST LARGE STATE in East Asia. [GEOGRPAHY]
See also
  • SLAVEINTENSELY HUMBLE SERVANT POSSESSED by a HOST.
  • WILDNATURAL, UNRESTRAINED AND NOT TAMED.
Hypernym
  • HUMAN　ANIMAL which HAS TWO LEGS AND LACKS FEATHERS. (anc: 6/0, child: 31)
  • ANIMAL　CREATURE ABLE to FEEL AND MOVE. (anc: 5/0, child: 12)
  • CREATURE　LIVING THING. (anc: 4/0, child: 3)
  • Studie zu der Bezeichung barbaros Soziale Typenbegriffe ( FUNCK 1981) p.

  • L'intelligence de la China. Le social et le mental ( GERNET 1994) p. 139-142

  • 論衡同義詞研究 ( LUNHENG TONGYI 2004) p. 61

  • 中華古代文化辭典 Zhonghua gudai wenhua cidian ( QIAN YULIN 1996) p. 1-10

  • Dictionnaire culturel en langue francaise ( REY 2005) p. 1.773

  • Historisches Woerterbuch der Philosophie ( RITTER 1971-2007) p. 12.672

  • Historisches Woerterbuch der Philosophie ( RITTER 1971-2007) p. 3.414

    GESCHICHTSLOSIGKEIT

  • 中國文化史三百題 ( SANBAITI 1987) p. 99-116

  • "Sachwoerterbuch zum Alten China" ( UNGER SACH) p.

    BARBAREN

    JUNG

    KUEI-FANG 鬼方

  • Realencyklopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft ( PAULY 1894-1973) p. 3.1

    BARBAROI

    BARBARUS

  • New Dictiornary of the History of Ideas, 6 vols. ( HOROWITZ 2005) p.

    BARBARIANISM AND CIVILISATION

    • Words (51 items)

    夷狄  yí dí OC: li deeɡ MC: ji dek 35 Attributions

    Yí and Dí barbarians> by metonymy: barbarians in general. Perhaps the most current general word for peoples who were taken not to belong to the Huáxiá 華夏 community is yí dí 夷狄.

      Word relations
    • Oppos: 諸夏/CHINA 諸夏 refers to the various territories construed as originally under Xià influence; the various successor peoples of the (civilised 雅) Xià

      Syntactic words
    • NPabfeaturebarbarianism; barbarian waysCH
    • NPadNof a barbarian nature, dominated by barbarians
    • NPadNbarbarian, characteristic of barbariansCH
    • NPcollectivethe non-Huaxia "barbarians" of all kinds (not limited to the Yi and the Di
    • NPnonreferential(any) barbariansCH
    • NPplural, specificthe Yí as well as the DíCH
    • VPtoNattitudinaltreat as a barbarian
    夷  yí OC: li MC: ji 11 Attributions

    Yí 夷 was originally a name of eastern barbarians, later it came to be used as a general term for barbarians.

      Syntactic words
    • nadNbarbarian, of barbarian character, different form what is current in the central areas
    • ncollectivebarbarians
    • npra non-Chinese people in Zhou times; eastern barbarian; general: barbarians
    • nsubj=nonhumanwhat is barbarian
    • n{PRED}be barbarian in nature; belong to the Yi barbarians
    淮夷  huái yí OC: ɡruul li MC: ɦɣɛi ji 10 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPcollectivethe Huai barbarians
    戎狄  róng dí OC: njuŋ deeɡ MC: ȵuŋ dek 9 Attributions

    Róngdí 戎狄 is another term referring generically to the peoples who were taken not to belong to the Huáxiá 華夏 community, but also more specifically to the western and northern barbarians.

      Syntactic words
    • NPpluralthe barbarians, any barbarians
    四夷  sì yí OC: plids li MC: si ji 7 Attributions

    Sì dí 四狄 is a general term for the various types of peoples that were not taken to belong the Huáxiá 華夏 community, but more specifically to those of the north. Sometimes the term wǔ yí 五夷 is used.

      Syntactic words
    • NP{vadN}collectivebarbarians which surround the whole of China in all directions
    戎  róng OC: njuŋ MC: ȵuŋ 7 Attributions

    Róng 戎 refers to western barbarians.

      Syntactic words
    • nadVmannerin the manner of the Rong barbarians of the West
    • nprRóng barbarian; note that all enemies of the Zhōu were currently described as Róng.
    • vibe barbarian, belong to the Ro2ng Barbarians
    狄  dí OC: deeɡ MC: dek 7 Attributions

    Dí 狄 refers to northern barbarians.

      Word relations
    • Assoc: 夷/BARBARIAN Yí 夷 was originally a name of eastern barbarians, later it came to be used as a general term for barbarians.
    • Assoc: 戎/BARBARIAN Róng 戎 refers to western barbarians.

      Syntactic words
    • nadNof northern barbarian descent
    • ncollectiveDí barbarian, northern barbarian
    • nsingularthe (contextually determinate) barbarian
    九夷  jiǔ yí OC: kuʔ li MC: kɨu ji 5 Attributions

    Jiǔ yí 九夷 is another term referring generically to the peoples who were taken not to belong to the Huáxiá 華夏 community, but more specifically to those of the East.

      Syntactic words
    • NPcollectivethe barbarians [NOT: the nine kinds vis-a-vis other kinds of barbarians!]
    • NPplacethe Nine Barbarians Territories
    胡  hú OC: ɡaa MC: ɦuo̝ 4 Attributions

    Hú 胡 in Zhanguo period referred to the barbarians living to the north of the states of Qín 秦, Zhaò 趙 and Yàn 燕, which later became to be known as Xiōngnǔ 匈奴.

      Syntactic words
    • nadNbarbarian; Turkish
    • nadVanalogyin the style of a barbarian 胡服 "dress up as a barbarian"
    • npluralsouthern barbarians
    • nprHu peopleDS
    虜  lǔ OC: ɡ-raaʔ MC: luo̝ 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nadNbarbarian
    • npluralthe barbarians; barbarians
    貉  mò OC: mɢraaɡ MC: mɣɛk 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nprnonreferentialused to refer to a Northern barbarian tribe correctly referred to as 貊, often mentioned together with the eastern Yí 夷
    蠻夷  mán yí OC: mbroon li MC: mɣan ji 3 Attributions

    Mán yí 蠻夷 is another term referring generically to the peoples who were taken not to belong to the Huáxiá 華夏 community, and more specifically to the barbarians of the south and east.

      Syntactic words
    • NPnonreferentialgeneral barbarians of all description (not just the Man and the Yi
    赤狄  chì dí OC: khjaɡ deeɡ MC: tɕhiɛk dek 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPpluralThe Red Di barbarians
    諸戎  zhū róng OC: klja njuŋ MC: tɕi̯ɤ ȵuŋ 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPpluralRong barbarians
    犬戎  quǎn róng OC: khʷeenʔ njuŋ MC: khen ȵuŋ 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPpluralThe Quǎn barbarians
    白狄  bái dí OC: braaɡ deeɡ MC: bɣɛk dek 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPpluralWhite di barbarians
    匈奴  xiōng nú OC: qhoŋ naa MC: hi̯oŋ nuo̝ 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPpluralthe Xiōngnú or Huns (Or were they the Huns? Apart from the sinological literature see Otto J. Mänchen-Helfen (ed. Max Knight): The World of the Huns: Studies in Their History and Culture (Berkeley, University of California Press, 1973) )
    獦獠  gé liáo OC: ɡ-reew MC: kɑt leu 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPinsulting: Southerner
    • NPadNsouthern barbarian (body etc)
    苗  miáo OC: mrew MC: miɛu 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • nmthe Mia2o barbarians
    蠻  mán OC: mbroon MC: mɣan 1 Attribution

    Mán 蠻 is a general term for southern barbarians.

      Word relations
    • Assoc: 夷/BARBARIAN Yí 夷 was originally a name of eastern barbarians, later it came to be used as a general term for barbarians.

      Syntactic words
    • nprsouthern barbarian
    蠻貊  mán mò OC: mbroon mbraaɡ MC: mɣan mɣɛk 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NP{N1&N2}collectivebarbarians
    獯鬻  xūn yù OC: qhun luɡ MC: hi̯un juk 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPprnorthern barbarian tribe, also known as 獫狁
    薰育  xūn yù OC: qhun luɡ MC: hi̯un juk 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPpluralbarbarian Huns, better known as 薰粥
    山羌  shān qiāng OC: sreen khlaŋ MC: ʂɣɛn khi̯ɐŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPcQiang barbarian from the mountains
    茅戎  máo róng OC: mruu njuŋ MC: mɣɛu ȵuŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPpr"Reed Barbarians"
    有戎  yǒu róng OC: ɢʷɯʔ njuŋ MC: ɦɨu ȵuŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPcollectivethe Yǒuróng semi-sinicised state of Shandong [MOVE TO STATES]
    東夷  dōng yí OC: tooŋ li MC: tuŋ ji 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPpluralEastern Barbarians
    玁狁  xiǎn yǔn OC: qhramʔ k-lunʔ MC: hiɛm jʷin 1 Attribution

    Xiǎnyǔn 玁狁 was a powerful group of barbarians located somewhere in the area to the north of a royal domain in the Western Zhōu period. In the reign of king Xuān of Zhōu 周宣王 (828-782 B.C.), they attacked the central area of the Zhōu state in Shǎnxī (in 816 B.C., according to Shaughnessy), but were eventually defeated. The event is described in inscriptions on bronze vessels, and also in several poems in SHIJING. [JM]

      Syntactic words
    • NPname of a northern tribe
    有緡  yǒu mín OC: ɢʷɯʔ mrin MC: ɦɨu min 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPprthe Yǒu Mín barbarian tribe native to Shāndōng
    穢  huì OC: qʷads MC: ʔi̯ɐi 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • npluralname of tribe
    羌  qiāng OC: khlaŋ MC: khi̯ɐŋ 1 Attribution

    Qiáng 羌 (or western Qiáng, Xī Qiáng 西羌) lived in the area of modern Gansu, Qinghai, western Sichuan, and northern Yunnan). They lived in a nomadic way of life. Their tribes were originally dominated by Xiōngnǔ 匈奴, but thereafter they came under the Hàn 漢 rule.

      Syntactic words
    • nprwestern Tibeto-Burman people
    蜑  dàn OC: laanʔ MC: dɑn 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nprsouthern non-Chinese people
    貊  mò OC: mbraaɡ MC: mɣɛk 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nprnortheastern people in the Zhou dynasty
    閩  mín OC: mrɯn MC: min 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nprancient people of Fujian Province.
    零  lián OC: ɡ-riiŋ MC: len 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nprP: xiānlián 先 零 branch of the Qiang1 people in the Han dynasty
    霫  xí OC: sɢlɯb MC: zip 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • npra northeastern people; xíxí 霫 霫 rainy
    雜虜  zá lǔ OC: sɡuub ɡ-raaʔ MC: dzəp luo̝ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPadNof various barbarian origin
    • NPpluralvarious barbarians
    侗  tóng OC: looŋ MC: duŋ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nprsouthern non-Chinese people
    僰  bó OC: bɯɯɡ MC: bək 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nprsouthwestern people in early times
    匈  xiōng OC: qhoŋ MC: hi̯oŋ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nprdominant people in Mongolia in the Han period
    羌戎  qiāng róng OC: khlaŋ njuŋ MC: khi̯ɐŋ ȵuŋ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPcollectiveWestern Barbarians (a general term referring to a group of North-Western minority peoples, and the term can only be used to refer to the group as a whole, not in this sense to an individual who belongs to that group)
    婼  ruò OC: nja MC: ȵɣɛ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nprÉr Qiāng 婼 羌 people in northern Tibet in the Han period.
    峒  dòng OC: looŋs MC: duŋ 0 Attributions

    Dòng is a general term for the southwestern barbarians living in the mountain areas.

      Syntactic words
    • nP: southern non-Chinese people (now written 侗)
    巴  bā OC: praa MC: pɣɛ 0 Attributions

    Bā 巴 is a name of an ancient ethnic group and polity in the area of modern Chongqing. According to the historical texts, the leader of Bā was enfeooffed by the king Wu of Zhōu (>Zhōu Wǔ wáng 周武王) when this had defeated the >Shāng 商. When >Qín 秦 conquered this area, it established there the commandery of Bā 巴君.

      Syntactic words
    • nprancient people in Sichuan Province.
    氐  dī OC: tiil MC: tei 0 Attributions

    Dī 氐 originally belonged to the western Róng 戎. They were (together with Qiáng 羌) settled in the area of modern Gansu, Qinghai, western part of Sichuan, and northern part of Yunnan.

      Syntactic words
    • npra western people in the Han period.
    胡兒  hú ér OC: ɡaa ŋje MC: ɦuo̝ ȵiɛ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPpluralbarbarians
    猺  yáo OC: k-lew MC: jiɛu 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • npra southern people
    獠  lǎo OC: ɡ-reewʔ MC: lɑu 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nprsouthwestern people
    獯  xūn OC: qhun MC: hi̯un 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • npr獯 鬻 name of a northern people in prehistoric times. Also 熏 粥, hun1yù 葷 粥, etc.
    畬  shē OC: lʰa MC: ɕɣɛ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nprnon-Chinese people
    羯  jié OC: kad MC: ki̯ɐt 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nprpeople subject to the Xiongnu.