SEVERE    嚴厲嚴

SERIOUS AND NOT TENDING to PARDON.
HARSHSTERNHARDINFLEXIBLEUNCOMPROMISINGUNRELENTINGMERCILESSPITILESSRUTHLESSDRACONIANOPPRESSIVEREPRESSIVEPUNITIVEBRUTALCRUELSAVAGE
Old Chinese Criteria
1. The current general commendatory term for severeness is yán 嚴 (ant. kuān 寬 "lax"). 2. Zhuāng 莊 (ant. qīng 輕 "unserious") and the somewhat less common jīn 矜 add to the notion of a mild form of severeness the nuance of dignified appearance. 3. Sù 肅 (ant. zī 恣 "easy-going") emphasises sternness of attitude. 4. Lì 厲 (wēn 溫 "mild") emphasises a willingness to use violence in the administration of government without passing a strong negative or positive judgment on this attitude. 5. Kè 刻 (ant. hé 和 "moderate") refers disparagingly to an excessive willingness to use violence in the administration of government. 6. Zhòng 重 (ant. qīng 輕 "unserious") refers abstractly to the severeness of punishments. 7. Jù4n 峻 (ant. píng 平 "even-handed") refers dramatically to the savageness of punishments. 8. Kē 苛 and kù 酷 (ant.* rén 仁 "kind-hearted" and bù rěn 不忍 "be unable to stand") refer to flagrant extravagance in the severeness of punishments.
Modern Chinese Criteria
嚴厲 嚴峻 凜然 儼然 厲聲 嚴肅 正色 一本正經 面孔鐵板 凜若冰霜 不苟言笑 聲色俱厲 正顏厲色 疾言厲色 笑不改容 正襟危坐 rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／
Antonym
  • SYMPATHYSOCIAL-EMOTION IN THE FORM OF DESIRE to HELP someone who is SUFFERING what is not JUST, OR who is IN DISTRESS.
  • LENIENTSYMPATHETIC so as NOT TO BE SEVERE.
Hypernym
  • SERIOUS　EARNEST AND BELIEVING ONE'S ACTS to be IMPORTANT. (anc: 16/0, child: 1)
  • EARNEST　DILIGENT AND SERIOUS IN-RELATION-TO one's SELF:own BELIEFS AND ASPIRATIONS. (anc: 15/0, child: 3)
  • DILIGENT　EAGER to ACHIEVE one's TASK USING APPROPRIATE EFFORT. (anc: 14/0, child: 7)
  • Lateinische Synonyme und Etymologien ( DOEDERLEIN 1840) p.

    SEVERE

    severus refers to a person who actively avoids cutting jokes.

    serius refers to what is not properly the subject of any loose joking.

    austerus "austere" refers to what is harsh and unfeeling.

    rigidus "rigid" refers to what is hard and inflexible.

    rigor "inflexibility".

  • 韓非子同義詞研究 ( HANFEI TONGYI 2004) p. 322

  • “荀子”單音節形容詞同義關係研究 ( HUANG XIAODONG 2003) p. 105

  • “荀子”單音節形容詞同義關係研究 ( HUANG XIAODONG 2003) p. 252

  • Lateinische Synonymik ( MENGE) p. 322

  • Chinese Synonyms Usage Dictionary ( TENG SHOU-HSIN 1996) p. 458

  • Chinese Synonyms Usage Dictionary ( TENG SHOU-HSIN 1996) p. 494

  • SYNONYMES FRANÇOIS, LEURS DIFFÉRENTES SIGNIFICATIONS, ET LE CHOIX QU'IL EN FAUT FAIRE Pour parler avec justesse ( GIRARD 1769) p. 1.97.73

    AUSTERE.SEVERE.RUDE

  • Bibliographisches Handbuch zur Sprachinhaltsforschung. Teil II. Systematischer Teil. B. Ordnung nach Sinnbezirken (mit einem alphabetischen Begriffsschluessel): Der Mensch und seine Welt im Spiegel der Sprachforschung ( FRANKE 1989) p. 64B

    • Words (19 items)

    嚴  yán OC: ŋɡam MC: ŋi̯ɐm
    嚴儼  Click here to add pinyin OC:  MC: 47 Attributions

    The current general commendatory term for severeness is yán 嚴 (ant. kuān 寬 "lax").

      Word relations
    • Epithet: 刑/PUNISH Xíng 刑 refers specifically to physical punishment.
    • Epithet: 誅/PUNISH
    • Epithet: 法/LAW The current general word for a law, a legal system or any legal provision of any kind is fǎ 法.
    • Contrast: 重/SEVERE Zhòng 重 (ant. qīng 輕 "unserious") refers abstractly to the severeness of punishments.
    • Assoc: 峻/SEVERE Jù4n 峻 (ant. píng 平 "even-handed") refers dramatically to the savageness of punishments.
    • Assoc: 肅/SEVERE Sù 肅 (ant. zī 恣 "easy-going") emphasises sternness of attitude.
    • Assoc: 威/POWER The dominant general words for power are wēi 威 "formidable authority" and shì 勢 "strategic position of power".
    • Synon: 峻/SEVERE Jù4n 峻 (ant. píng 平 "even-handed") refers dramatically to the savageness of punishments.

      Syntactic words
    • nabactseverity, sternness; capability to ensure strict discipline
    • vadNsevere (father; punishments); stern
    • vadVsternly
    • vi-V{SUFF}look very severe
    • viactbe unpardoning, harsh and stern; maintain strict discipline
    • vistative featurebe severe
    • vtoNpay strict attention to; be sternly concerned with
    • vtoNcausative(cause to be stern>) make stern (one's appearance, laws etc)
    • vtoNputative(consider as severe>) be scared of (somebody); show respect (towards somebody)
    • vtoNreflexive.自treat oneself severely/harshly
    重  zhòng OC: doŋʔ MC: ɖi̯oŋ 23 Attributions

    Zhòng 重 (ant. qīng 輕 "unserious") refers abstractly to the severeness of punishments.

      Word relations
    • Contrast: 嚴 / 嚴儼/SEVERE The current general commendatory term for severeness is yán 嚴 (ant. kuān 寬 "lax").

      Syntactic words
    • vadNharsh, heavy, severe (of punishments etc); stern
    • vadVheavily, harshly
    • vibe severe; be harsh
    • vichangebecome heavy (taxes); severe; harsh
    • vtoNbe severe with respect to (e.g. light offences); treat harshly (an innocent person)
    • vtoNcausativemake severe, cause to be heavy (e.g. taxes); cause to be severe (punishments)
    • vtoNputativeconsider as (excessively) severe in one's punishments??
    苛  kē OC: ɡlaal MC: ɦɑ 12 Attributions

    Kē 苛 and kù 酷 (ant.* rén 仁 "kind-hearted" and bù rěn 不忍 "be unable to stand") refer to flagrant extravagance in the severeness of punishments.

      Word relations
    • Epithet: 法/LAW The current general word for a law, a legal system or any legal provision of any kind is fǎ 法.
    • Synon: 峻/SEVERE Jù4n 峻 (ant. píng 平 "even-handed") refers dramatically to the savageness of punishments.

      Syntactic words
    • nabactharshness, severeness
    • vadNsevere, harsh
    • vadVseverely, harshly
    • vadVfigurativewith logical strictnessCH
    • vibe excessively severe in the use of punishment
    • viactshow harshness and severeness (especially in the administration of laws etc.)
    • vtoNcausativemake N harsherLZ
    厲  lì OC: b-rads MC: liɛi 10 Attributions

    Lì 厲 (wēn 溫 "mild") emphasises a willingness to use violence in the administration of government without passing a strong negative or positive judgment on this attitude.

      Syntactic words
    • nabpsychfierceness
    • vadNfierce, unremitting; uncompromisingCH
    • vibe ferocious, vicious
    • vipositive(commendably) severe; (properly) strict
    • vtoNbe severe with, treat severely
    • vtoNcausativemake formidable and harsh
    峻  jùn OC: sqluns MC: sʷin 3 Attributions

    Jù4n 峻 (ant. píng 平 "even-handed") refers dramatically to the savageness of punishments.

      Word relations
    • Epithet: 法/LAW The current general word for a law, a legal system or any legal provision of any kind is fǎ 法.
    • Epithet: 刑/PUNISH Xíng 刑 refers specifically to physical punishment.
    • Assoc: 嚴 / 嚴儼/SEVERE The current general commendatory term for severeness is yán 嚴 (ant. kuān 寬 "lax").
    • Synon: 嚴 / 嚴儼/SEVERE The current general commendatory term for severeness is yán 嚴 (ant. kuān 寬 "lax").
    • Synon: 苛/SEVERE Kē 苛 and kù 酷 (ant.* rén 仁 "kind-hearted" and bù rěn 不忍 "be unable to stand") refer to flagrant extravagance in the severeness of punishments.

      Syntactic words
    • vadNawe-inspiringly or frighteningly severe
    • vistern, strict and majestic
    肅  sù OC: sɯwɡ MC: suk 2 Attributions

    Sù 肅 (ant. zī 恣 "easy-going") emphasises sternness of attitude.

      Word relations
    • Assoc: 嚴 / 嚴儼/SEVERE The current general commendatory term for severeness is yán 嚴 (ant. kuān 寬 "lax").

      Syntactic words
    • vibe serious and stern
    切  qiē, qiè OC: snʰiid MC: tshet 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vifigurativebe (excessively) severe and incisiveCH
    • vpostadVincicively> severely
    刻  kè OC: khɯɯɡ MC: khək 2 Attributions

    Kè 刻 (ant. hé 和 "moderate") refers disparagingly to an excessive willingness to use violence in the administration of government.

      Syntactic words
    • nabactfierce sternness
    • vistern, fierce
    深  shēn MC: syim OC: qhljum
    深  shēn MC: syim OC: qhljum 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vadNsevere 深刑 XINYU: "severe punishments"
    • viactact with severityCH
    將將  qiāng qiāng MC: -- -- OC: -- -- 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • nab.redexpressiveseverity, impartialityLZ
    深刻  shēn kè MC: syim khok OC: qhljum khɯɯɡ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPabactseverityCH
    苛刻  kē kè OC: ɡlaal khɯɯɡ MC: ɦɑ khək 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPibe cruelly severe
    猛厲  měng lì MC: maengX ljejH OC: mraaŋʔ b-rads 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPibe fierce, extremely harshLZ
    毒  dú MC: dowk OC: duuɡ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • nadVseverely; cruelly DS
    矜  jīn OC: klɯŋ MC: kɨŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vibe dignified and uncompromising
    莊  zhuāng OC: skraŋ MC: ʈʂi̯ɐŋ 0 Attributions

    Zhuāng 莊 (ant. qīng 輕 "unserious") and the somewhat less common jīn 矜 add to the notion of a mild form of severeness the nuance of dignified appearance.

      Syntactic words
    • vipsychbe severe
    酷  kù OC: khuuɡ MC: khuok 0 Attributions

    Kē 苛 and kù 酷 (ant.* rén 仁 "kind-hearted" and bù rěn 不忍 "be unable to stand") refer to flagrant extravagance in the severeness of punishments.

      Syntactic words
    • viactbe cruelly severe
    烈  liè OC: b-red MC: liɛt 0 Attributions

      Word relations
    • Assoc: 酷/SEVERE Kē 苛 and kù 酷 (ant.* rén 仁 "kind-hearted" and bù rěn 不忍 "be unable to stand") refer to flagrant extravagance in the severeness of punishments.

      Syntactic words
    • vadNsevere
    眈  dān OC: k-luum MC: təm
    耽  dān OC: k-luum MC: təm 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vilook severe and awe-inspiring