EXIST    存在有／存

BE-IN the UNIVERSE of SPACE AND TIME.
Old Chinese Criteria
1. The standard word for existence is yǒu 有 and this word is also used inchoatively. 2. Cún 存 focusses continued existence as opposed to disappearance or annihilation. See PERSIST. 3. Zài 在 focusses on the presence in a certain place. See BE IN.
Modern Chinese Criteria
存在 在 有 是 存 留存 陰魂不散 巋然獨存 碩果僅存 魯殿靈光 靈光獨存 rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／
Hyponym
  • LIVE　EXIST AND USE FOOD. (anc: 7/0, child: 2)
  • NEW　EXIST AND have BEGUN to EXIST RECENTLY. (anc: 7/0, child: 1)
  • REALITY　EXIST and NOT ONLY BE IMAGINED. (anc: 7/0, child: 5)
  • COMMON　EXISTING IN MANY THINGS OR PLACES. (anc: 7/0, child: 2)
  • TRUE　EXIST CONFORMing to SPEAK(what is claimed). (BE AS SAID(asserted))[[NB: the subject of this syntactic predicate is the situation identified in the "sentence" of which this syntactic predicate is predicated. "God made Heaven and Earth" is TRUE iff the situation identified in this sentence (the creation of Heaven and Earth by God) EXISTS(i.e. occurred).] (anc: 7/0, child: 5)
Antonym
See also
  • COPULARELATION between a CATEGORY AND THINGS of that CATEGORY.
Hypernym
  • BE IN　RELATION between a THING AND what that THING FILLS OR PART:partially FILLS. (anc: 5/0, child: 7)
  • RELATION　FEATURE of TWO OR MORE THINGS TOGETHER. (anc: 4/0, child: 15)
  • FEATURE　ABSTRACT OBJECT a THING is SAID to BE OR to HAVE. (anc: 3/0, child: 19)
  • A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages ( BUCK 1988) p. 9.91

  • Vocabulaire européen des philosophies. Dictionnaire des intraduisibles ( CASSIN 2004) p. 281

  • Vocabulaire européen des philosophies. Dictionnaire des intraduisibles ( CASSIN 2004) p. 387

    ES GIBT

  • De Rerum Humanarum Emendatione ( COMENIUS 1665) p. 520©

    ENS est qviqvid est, dicitur, et cogitatur....Ergo est Reale, Mentale, Verbale....

    ESSE alicubi reperiri.

  • Woerterbuch der Philosophie. Neue Beitraege zu einer Kritik der Sprache ( MAUTHNER WP 1924) p. 165

  • Dictionnaire culturel en langue francaise ( REY 2005) p. 2.800

  • Historisches Woerterbuch der Philosophie ( RITTER 1971-2007) p. 2.854

    EXISTENZ

  • Key Concepts in Chinese Philosophy ( ZHANG DAINIAN 2002) p. 150

  • The Encyclopedia of Philosophy ( BORCHERT 2005) p. 1.527

    BE, EXISTENCE

  • Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics. Second Edition ( BROWN 2005) p.

  • SYNONYMES FRANÇOIS, LEURS DIFFÉRENTES SIGNIFICATIONS, ET LE CHOIX QU'IL EN FAUT FAIRE Pour parler avec justesse ( GIRARD 1769) p. 1.278.234

    ETRE.EXISTER.SUBSISTER

    • Words (23 items)

    有  yǒu OC: ɢʷɯʔ MC: ɦɨu 182 Attributions

    The standard word for existence is yǒu 有.

      Word relations
    • Ant: 無 / 毋 / 亡 / 无/LACK The general term for the lack or the failure to have something is wú 無 (ant. yǒu 有 "have").
    • Epithet: 希/FEW Xī 希/稀 and the more archaic xiǎn 鮮 refers to sparsity of distribution.
    • Contrast: 在/EXIST Zài 在 focusses on the presence in a certain place. See BE IN.

    • 古代文化詞異集類辨考 Gudai wenhua ci yi ji lei bian kao ( HUANG JINGUI 1995) p. NO

    • 漢代無知文化資料圖說 ( SUN JI) p. 348

      Syntactic words
    • vt0oN1{SUBJ}.postN2{PLACE}}in N2 there exist N1CH
    • nabfeatureexistence
    • v0oN.-Sthere is an N to which S applies 有一事見之已久 "there is a matter which I have seen a long time ago"CH
    • v[adN]pluralexisting thingsCH
    • vibe (often etc.) the caseCH
    • vt0(+N)there is (the contextually defined thing)　有"there is such an item"
    • vt0(oNab)there is such a contextually determinate NabCH
    • vt0.postNinchoativecome to exist, appear
    • vt0o.N-V[0]there was an N which V-ed
    • vt0o.N-V[0]there was an N who V-edCH
    • vt0o.N-V[0]inchoativecome to exist: arise a V-ing N
    • vt0oN.post-VtoNexist in N 於傳有之
    • vt0oNabthere are Nab-s; there are occasions of NabCH
    • vt0oN{SUBJ}N exist(s)CH
    • vt0oN{SUBJ}.+V{PRED}N=pivotthere was an N which VedDS
    • vt0oN{SUBJ}.postN{TOP}As for the topic, there is N[SUBJ](A) 有 B: There is/exists a certain B (at/among A) 宋人有拔苗者
    • vt0oN{SUBJ}.postN{TOP}derivedas for TOP, there are many such SUBJsLZ
    • vt0oN{SUBJ}existthere are (subjects); there is 有人
    • vt0oN{SUBJ}inchoativecome into existence, come to appear (A) 有 B: There appeared a B (at/among A)
    存  cún OC: sɡɯɯn MC: dzuo̝n 16 Attributions

    Cún 存 focusses continued existence as opposed to disappearance or annihilation. See PERSIST.

      Word relations
    • Ant: 亡/ABSENT
    • Epithet: 安/PEACEFUL The dominant general word for peacefulness is ān 安 (wēi 危 "in imminent danger"), but in addition the word also often has considerable philosophical depth and commonly refers to a deep state of unruffled inner serenity in harmony with the outer world.

      Syntactic words
    • nabmetaphysicalcontinued existence
    • vibe (still) around (in a certain place)
    • vichangecome to exist, arise???
    • vt+prep+Nexist in NCH
    在  zài OC: sɡɯɯʔ MC: dzəi 12 Attributions

    Zài 在 focusses on the presence in a certain place. See BE IN.

      Word relations
    • Contrast: 有/EXIST The standard word for existence is yǒu 有.

      Syntactic words
    • vibe in existence, be on hand; be relevantly present; exist unimpaired
    • vi(0)post.vt[0]oN V=existential有+N+在 there exists an N
    • vt(oN)be in (that contextually determinate) placeCH
    • vtoNbe in existence in, be on hand; be relevantly present in; exist unimpaired inCH
    存亡  cún wáng OC: sɡɯɯn maŋ MC: dzuo̝n mi̯ɐŋ 11 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabeventexistence or otherwise
    生死  shēng sǐ OC: sraaŋ pliʔ MC: ʂɣaŋ si 10 Attributions

      Syntactic words
    • NPabbuddhistBUDDH: the cycle of life of death, transmigration (other translations include lúnhuí 輪迴; the destinations of these transmigrations do not only include human life but also other forms of existence in the liùdào 六道 Six Destinations, such as God (deva), human being (manuṣya). demon or demigod (asura 阿修羅), animal (tiryagyoni 畜生), hungry ghost (preta, 餓鬼), or hell-dweller (naraka, 地獄; the destiny of a person is dependent on his deeds (karma, yè 業) in his previous lives) (ant. to 涅槃 nirvāṇa); skr. saṃsāra
    • NPadVbuddhistBUUDH: through the cycle of birth and death (> by worldly affaris)
    立  lì OC: ɡ-rub MC: lip 6 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vimedicine: be diagnosed to exist> exist
    生滅  shēng miè OC: sraaŋ med MC: ʂɣaŋ miɛt 4 Attributions
    • 佛光大辭典 Fóguāng dàcídiǎn The Foguang Dictionary of Buddhism ( FOGUANG) p. 2069

    • 望月佛教大辭典 Mochizuki Bukkyō Daijiten The Mochizuki Encyclopedic Dictionary of Buddhism ( MOCHIZUKI) p. 2791b

    • 佛教語大辭典 Bukkyōgo daijiten Encyclopedic Dictionary of Buddhist Terms ( NAKAMURA) p. 710c

    • A Dictionary of Chinese Buddhist Terms ( SOOTHILL) p. 196

      " utpaada-nirodha*. Birth and death, production and annihilation; all life, all phenomena, have birth and death, beginning and end; the 三論 Maadhyamika school deny this in the 實 absolute, but recognize it in the 假 relative."

      Syntactic words
    • NPabprocessarising and vanishing
    • VPiprocessBUDDH: arising and vanishing (birth and destruction as characteristic features of the process of existence) > be subject to birth and death; be confined to the cycle of existence; SANSKIRT utpāda nirodha
    行  xíng OC: ɢraaŋ MC: ɦɣaŋ 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • viactwalk around > exist
    • vt+prep+Nmove around in > have currency in
    兩存  liǎng cún OC: raŋʔ sɡɯɯn MC: li̯ɐŋ dzuo̝n 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPicoexist
    五道  wǔ dào OC: ŋaaʔ ɡ-luuʔ MC: ŋuo̝ dɑu 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPabbuddhistBUDDH: the five destinies; the five realms one can be reborn in (see 六道 without the realm of the asura; āxiūluó 阿修羅 ) See DDB: http://www.buddhism-dict.net/cgi-bin/xpr-ddb.pl?4e.xml+id('b4e94-9053')
    餓鬼  è guǐ OC: ŋaals kulʔ MC: ŋɑ kɨi 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPbuddhistBUDDH: realm of the hungry ghosts
    畜生  chù shēng OC: khrluɡs sraaŋ MC: ʈhɨu ʂɣaŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPbuddhistBUDDH: existence as animals; realm of animals
    真有  zhēn yǒu OC: tjin ɢʷɯʔ MC: tɕin ɦɨu 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPabmetaphysicaltrue existence
    兩立  liǎng lì OC: raŋʔ ɡ-rub MC: li̯ɐŋ lip 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPicoexist
    有无  yǒu wú MC: hjuwX mju OC: ɢʷɯʔ ma 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPabavailability; presence or absence of thingsVK
    惟  wéi MC: ywij OC: k-lul 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vt0oNonlythere only are NVK
    有無  yǒu wú MC: hjuwX mju OC: ɢʷɯʔ ma 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPiexistDS
    殘有  cán yǒu OC: dzaan ɢʷɯʔ MC: dzɑn ɦɨu 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPiremain, be left over
    云  yún MC: hjun OC: ɢun 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vt0oN{SUBJ}there exists NLZ
    之有  zhī yǒu OC: kljɯ ɢʷɯʔ MC: tɕɨ ɦɨu 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPistative(always negated by 未) there is it (negative polarity item)
    六趣  liù qù OC: ɡ-ruɡ skhos MC: luk tshi̯o 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabbuddhistBUDDH: the six forms of existence, the Six Destinations (SEE the current liùdào 六道); SANSKRIT ṣaḍ gatayaḥ, PALI cha gatiyo
    六道  liù dào OC: ɡ-ruɡ ɡ-luuʔ MC: luk dɑu 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabbuddhistBUDDH: the Six Paths, referrring to the six forms of existence or destinations of transmigration; skr. ṣaḍ gatayaḥ, pali cha gatiyo also: liùqù 六趣 (the destinations of these transmigrations do not only include human life but also other forms of existence in the Six Destinations, such as the realms of the Gods (deva; tiānshàng 天上), as human being (manuṣya; rénjiān 人間). demon or demigod (asura; āxiūluó 阿修羅), animal (tiryagyoni; chùshēng 畜生), hungry ghost (preta, èguǐ 餓鬼), or hell-dweller (naraka, dìyù 地獄; the destiny of a person is dependent on his deeds (karma, yè 業) in his previous lives; originally there was only the notion of five paths, pa%nca gatayaḥ, wǔdào 五道, not including demigods; the lowest three paths are sometimes referred to as sān èdào 三惡道 'the three evil destinations, trayo durgatayaḥ; the destination of heavenly being or human being is, by contrast, referred to as shàndào 善道 'good destinations', sugati) See DDB:http://www.buddhism-dict.net/cgi-bin/xpr-ddb.pl?51.xml+id('b516d-9053')
    生  shēng OC: sraaŋ MC: ʂɣaŋ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • viexist