EFFORT    努力勉

DELIBERATE DILIGENT TRY:attempt to SUCCEED in an ACTION.
EXERTIONENERGYWORKENDEAVORAPPLICATIONLABORPOWERMUSCLETOILSTRAININFORMAL SWEATELBOW GREASE
Old Chinese Criteria
1. The most general word for physical (and sometimes also mental) effort is perhaps miǎn 勉. 2. Láo 勞 (ant. yì 逸 "failure to put in an effort, relaxed attitude") emphasises the strenuousness and the tiresome nature of effort, and is the most widely used word. 3. Lì 力 emphasises the strength needed to make a effort. 4. Wù 務 emphasises the dutifulness of effort. NB: the meaning "strive to" is separate. See STRIVE FOR. 5. Qín 勤 refers to an honest and strenuous effort. 6. Yòng xīn 用心 focusses on concentration and the consciousness of an effort. 7. The common word jìn 盡 is sometimes used to refer to an all-out effort to do something.
Modern Chinese Criteria
努力 用功 用心 發奮 奮發 奮勉 奮起 奮鬥 奮 艱苦奮鬥 埋頭苦幹 奮起直追 奮發圖強 發奮圖強 發憤圖強 勵精圖治 聞雞起舞 rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／
Hyponym
  • ASPIRATION　MAIN EFFORT AND AIM in one's LIFE.  (anc: 14/0, child: 1)
  • WORK　Make an EFFORT ENDURINGLY CONFORMING to a PLAN, IN ORDER TO ACHIEVE an AIM, and OFTEN IN ORDER TO be PAID a SALARY. (anc: 14/0, child: 7)
See also
Hypernym
  • TRY　ACT, BUT DOUBT WHETHER one WILL be SUCCESSFUL ACTING. (anc: 12/0, child: 9)
  • ACT　MOVE OR NOT MOVE CONFORMING to one's SELF:own DECIDE:decision. (anc: 11/0, child: 24)
  • MOVE　CHANGE PLACE OR SITUATION. (anc: 10/0, child: 21)
  • When Zhong 忠 does not Mean 'Loyalty' Dao. A Journal of Comnparative Philosophy ( GOLDIN 2008) p.

  • Lateinische Synonymik ( MENGE) p. 170

    • Words (45 items)

    勉  miǎn OC: mronʔ MC: miɛn 26 Attributions

    The most general word for physical (and sometimes also mental) effort is perhaps miǎn 勉.

      Syntactic words
    • vadVwith every effort, using all one's strength
    • vt+prep+Nmake in effort for, work hard towards
    • vt+V[0]strain oneself in VERBING, do one's best to VERB
    • vt[oN]make an intense effort; do one's best
    • vtoNexert oneself for; do the utmost for
    勤  qín OC: ɡlɯn MC: gɨn 14 Attributions

    Qín 勤 refers to an honest and strenuous effort.

      Syntactic words
    • nabactlaborious effort; putting in hard work
    • vadVwith great effort
    • vt[oN]put in a strenuous effort on the contextually determinate N
    • vtoNexert a diligent effort for
    • vtoNcausativecause to put in strenuous effort
    • vtoNN=actexert properly
    盡  jìn OC: dzinʔ MC: dzin 13 Attributions

    The common word jìn 盡 is sometimes used to refer to an all-out effort to do something.

      Syntactic words
    • vt+prep+Nput in effort for; excert oneself for
    • vt[oN]do one's best
    • vtoNdo one's best in (agricultural work etc)
    • vtoNcausativecause someone to do all he can> get (someone) to do his very best
    • vtoNcausativecause (oneself) to do one's very best, cause (oneself) to give everything
    • vttoN1.+N2causativecause (oneself) to make every effort for N2
    事  shì OC: dzrɯs MC: ɖʐɨ 12 Attributions

      Syntactic words
    • nabacteffort used in the performance of work; strategic effort
    • viactmake effort
    努力  nǔ lì OC: naaʔ ɡ-rɯɡ MC: nuo̝ lɨk 11 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPadVwith all one's strength
    • VPiactexcert oneself, put in effort
    • VPiimperativemake an effort!
    • VPt+V[0]make every effort to V
    • VPt+V[0]imperativemake every effort to V!
    忠  zhōng OC: krluŋ MC: ʈuŋ 11 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nabactdedication; dedicated effort; giving one's best
    • vadVwith whole-hearted effort
    • viactgive one's best; do as well as one can
    • vt(oN)do one's best for; work wholheartedly for something or someone contextually determinate
    • vtoNgive one's best for someone or something
    用心  yòng xīn OC: k-loŋs slɯm MC: ji̯oŋ sim 7 Attributions

    Yòng xīn 用心 focusses on concentration and the consciousness of an effort.

      Syntactic words
    • NPabacteffort
    • VPibe energetic in one's concerns, be intensely concerned about things, show intense concern for things
    • VPiactpay attention and make an effort!
    • VPtoNbe careful to do; pay special attention to; use one's mind on
    精進  jīng jìn OC: tseŋ tsins MC: tsiɛŋ tsin 7 Attributions
    • 佛教語大辭典 Bukkyōgo daijiten Encyclopedic Dictionary of Buddhist Terms ( NAKAMURA) p. 1139d

      Syntactic words
    • NPabactBUDDH: effort, right effort (one of the Six Perfections of a Bodhisattva; the phon. transcipton is 毗梨耶波羅蜜); skr. vīrya [pāramitā]
    • VPiactBUDDH: put in effort in order to make spiritual progress
    盡力  jìn lì OC: dzinʔ ɡ-rɯɡ MC: dzin lɨk 6 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • viactdo one's best, put in every effort, do what one can
    • VPadVwith all one's might
    勤苦  qín kǔ OC: ɡlɯn khaaʔ MC: gɨn khuo̝ 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPiactmake strained and painful efforts, take upon oneself hardship as a method of self-cultivation
    • VPpostadVpainfully; with painful effordDS
    功  gōng OC: kooŋ MC: kuŋ 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nabacteffort expended
    劬  qú OC: ɡo MC: gi̯o 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • viactarchaic and poetic, SHI: strenuously; toil strenuously
    務  wù OC: mos MC: mi̯o 3 Attributions

    Wù 務 emphasises the dutifulness of effort. NB: the meaning "strive to" is separate. See STRIVE FOR.

      Syntactic words
    • nabacteffort
    勞  láo OC: raaw MC: lɑu 3 Attributions

    Láo 勞 (ant. yì 逸 "failure to put in an effort, relaxed attitude") emphasises the strenuousness and the tiresome nature of effort, and is the most widely used word.

      Syntactic words
    • nabrequired or obligatory effortCH
    • vt+V[0]make an effort to VDS
    用力  yòng lì OC: k-loŋs ɡ-rɯɡ MC: ji̯oŋ lɨk 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VP[adN]one who makes an effortTWH
    • VPadVforcefully
    • VPt+V[0]employ strength > use effort to, exert oneself Ving
    操事  cāo shì OC: tshaaw dzrɯs MC: tshɑu ɖʐɨ 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPt+prep+Nput one's effort into N
    用意  yòng yì OC: k-loŋs qɯɡs MC: ji̯oŋ ʔɨ 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPiactmake an effort
    • VPt+V[0]make an intellectual effort to V; make the effort to V
    疾力  jí lì MC: dzit lik OC: dzid ɡ-rɯɡ 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabvigorous effortLZ
    • VPt[oN]to put very much effort in one's duties, to work assiduouslyLZ
    功力  gōng lì OC: kooŋ ɡ-rɯɡ MC: kuŋ lɨk 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabacteffort
    勞佚  láo yì MC: law yit OC: raaw liɡ 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPab{Nab1relative laboriousnessLZ
    勉力  miǎn lì OC: mronʔ ɡ-rɯɡ MC: miɛn lɨk 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPiactmake an effort; make every effort
    著力  zhuó lì OC: k-laɡ ɡ-rɯɡ MC: ʈi̯ɐk lɨk 2 Attributions
    • 唐五代語言詞典 Táng Wǔdài yǔyán cídiǎn A Dictionary of the Language of the Tang and Five Dynasties Periods ( JIANG/CAO 1997) p. 460

      Syntactic words
    • VPiactattach strength > put in effort, excert oneself, exhort oneself
    勞力  láo lì MC: law lik OC: raaw ɡ-rɯɡ 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPiactmake a powerful effortCH
    • VPtoNwork hard forCH
    窮  qióng OC: ɡʷɯŋ MC: guŋ 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vt+prep+Nexhaust one's energies in an effort towards
    農  nóng OC: nuuŋ MC: nuo̝ŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vadVwith laborious efforts, energetically
    • vtoNmake an effort with respect to
    疲勞  pí láo OC: bral raaw MC: biɛ lɑu 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPabactstrenuous effort
    • VPtoNcausativewear oneself out
    僶俛  mǐn miǎn MC: mjinX mjenX  OC: mblinʔ mronʔ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPiactmake a strenuous effort; struggle alongCH
    託業  tuō yè MC: thak ngjaep OC: ph-laaɡ ŋab 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPi-Vactdevote all one's efforts to VCH
    效忠  xiào zhōng MC: haewH trjuwng OC: ɡreews krluŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPido one's very best in the cause of dutyCH
    盡心  jìn xīn MC: dzinX sim OC: dzinʔ slɯm 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VP+prep+Nacthave all my attention focussed on> make every effort on CH
    離跂  lí kuǐ MC: lje khjwieX OC: b-rel kheʔ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPiactmake a strained effortCH
    強力  qiáng lì MC: gjang lik OC: ɡaŋ ɡ-rɯɡ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPiactmake a strong effortCH
    勤力  qín lì OC: ɡlɯn ɡ-rɯɡ MC: gɨn lɨk 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPt+V[0]make every effort to
    軥錄  qú lu4 MC: gju -- OC: ɡo -- 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPi= qúlu4 劬碌: be hard-workingLZ
    悱  fěi OC: phɯlʔ MC: phɨi 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vipsychmake a painful effort
    肆力  sì lì MC: sijH lik OC: plils ɡ-rɯɡ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPadVwith all one's strenght; using all one's effortDS
    勉強  miǎn qiǎng OC: mronʔ ɡaŋʔ MC: miɛn gi̯ɐŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPimake a strenuous effort
    • VPiunnaturalmake an artificial/unnatural effort
    苦  kǔ OC: khaaʔ MC: khuo̝ 0 Attributions

      Word relations
    • Assoc: 勤/EFFORT Qín 勤 refers to an honest and strenuous effort.

      Syntactic words
    • viactput in a strenuous effort
    費  fèi OC: phɯds MC: phɨi 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nabactexpended effort, exercise of effort
    踶  zhì OC: ɡrleʔ MC: ɖiɛ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    懃力  qín lì OC: ɡlɯn ɡ-rɯɡ MC: gɨn lɨk 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPiactput in a diligent effort
    毗梨邪波羅蜜  pí lí yé bō luó luó OC: bi ril la paal b-raal mbiɡ MC: bi li jɣɛ pʷɑ lɑ mit 0 Attributions
    • 佛教語大辭典 Bukkyōgo daijiten Encyclopedic Dictionary of Buddhist Terms ( NAKAMURA) p. 1139d

      Syntactic words
    • NPabbuddhistBUDDH: effort, right effort, pefection of effort (one of the Six Perfections, liùdù 六度; see also jīngjìn 精進); SANSKRIT vīrya-pāramitā
      Click here to add pinyin MC:  OC: 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VP prep Nacthave all my attention focussed on> make every effort on CH
    斖  wěi OC: mɯlʔ MC: mɨi 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vibe vigorous; put in effort
    死  sǐ OC: pliʔ MC: si 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vadVwith the utmost effort, German: unter Einsatz des Lebens