IF    如果

RELATION between sentences S1 and S2 such that it is NOT TRUE that S1 AND NOT S2.
Modern Chinese Criteria
如果 如其 如若 設或 倘或 倘若 要是 若是 倘然 比方 萬一 若 如 要 設 而 苟 倘 使 rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／
Old Chinese Criteria
誠 "if really, if 'to the full'" is an emphatic conditional particle suggesting the problematic nature of the fulfilment of the condition.
Hyponym
  • COUNTERFACTUAL　IF-RELATION BETWEEN A SENTENCE S1 PRESUPPOSED to be NOT TRUE AND A SENTENCE S2 SPEAK:said TO BE TRUE IF S1 IS:were TRUE. (anc: 7/0, child: 0)
  • EVEN IF　IF S1, NONETHELESS S2 (anc: 7/0, child: 0)
  • IF NOT　IF NOT. (anc: 7/0, child: 0)
  • UNLESS　EXCEPT IF. (anc: 7/0, child: 0)
Antonym
  • THENASSUMING FOR ARGUMENT that the PRECEDING SENTENCE IS TRUE. Contrast THEREUPON.
Hypernym
  • CONDITION　SITUATION which is NECESSARY for something to be ABLE to HAPPEN. (anc: 5/0, child: 2)
  • RELATION　FEATURE of TWO OR MORE THINGS TOGETHER. (anc: 4/0, child: 15)
  • FEATURE　ABSTRACT OBJECT a THING is SAID to BE OR to HAVE. (anc: 3/0, child: 19)
  • Vocabulaire européen des philosophies. Dictionnaire des intraduisibles ( CASSIN 2004) p. 583

  • Historisches Woerterbuch der Philosophie ( RITTER 1971-2007) p. 12.538

    WENN-DANN-SATZ

  • Using Chinese Synonyms ( GRACE ZHANG 2010) p. 315

  • The Encyclopedia of Philosophy ( BORCHERT 2005) p.

    CONDITIONALS

  • Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics. Second Edition ( BROWN 2005) p.

    • Words (58 items)

    若  ruò OC: njaɡ MC: ȵi̯ɐk 288 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • p1adV1+.p1adV2no matter whether
    • padNPab{S1}.adS2if S1 then S2CH
    • padS1.adS2if; or if (often with implicit subject and without 則 in main clause, and note 若...是 as in 若晉常先，是楚弱也 which has many parallels. Apodosis often )
    • padS1.adS2pseudo-conditionalif (as in If you are hungry there are some eggs in the fridge)
    • vadV{PRED}.postN{SUBJ}:adSif
    者  zhě OC: kljaʔ MC: tɕɣɛ 65 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • npro.post-NPab[S1]:adS2irrealisin the hypothetical/non-real case of>if
    • npro.post-S1:adS2e.g. 如此者 "if one acts like that": if;  in all cases when
    • npro.post-S1:adS2if S1, then S2DS
    • npro.post-S1:adS2quasi-conditionalif ( as in English "if you are hungry there is something in the fridge")
    而  ér OC: njɯ MC: ȵɨ 50 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • padV.postN{SUBJ}:adSN=subjecte.g. 人臣而仁 "if a minister is kind-hearted": if
    • padV{PRED}.postN{OBJ}:adSN=object其子而食"if even his son he will eat": if, even N the subject Vts
    • padV{PRED}.postN{SUBJ}:adS(if) even/also the preceding N (in subordinate clauses) 管氏而知禮，孰不知禮？
    今  jīn OC: krɯm MC: kim 47 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nadS1.adS2purely hypothetical/counterfactualnow if for example; supposing as a purely theoretical hypothesis; now suppose
    苟  gǒu OC: kooʔ MC: ku
    茍  jì OC: kɯɡ MC: kɨk 43 Attributions

      Word relations

      Syntactic words
    • padS1.adS2=誠: if really; if only; as long as really; as long as truly; provided that
    • padS1.postadS2as long as, given that really; if basicallyCH
    • vadV{PRED}.postN{SUBJ}:adSif really
    也  yě OC: lalʔ MC: jɣɛ 40 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • ppostadNab{S1}.adS2nominalisation with 之 or 其君子之仕也“If the gentleman serves in office" marker of a subordinate conditional clause, the protasisCH
    • ppostadS1.adS2不聽其言也“In case he does not accept the proposal": in case that; if ever S; even if ever
    如  rú OC: nja MC: ȵi̯ɤ 30 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • padS1.adS2generalif in general
    • padS1.adS2postposed?only if (subordinated clause comes after the main clause)
    • padS1.adS2specificif by any chance
    • ppostN{SUBJ} V.adSif N V-s then SCH
    • vadV{PRED}.postN{SUBJ}:adSsupposing that it is so; if
    • vadV{PRED}.postN{SUBJ}:adSirrealisif (unreal condition)
    所  suǒ OC: sqraʔ MC: ʂi̯ɤ 19 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • npro+Vt.adVgeneralisedwhenever Vt-ing anythingCH
    • padS1.adS2if ever 所不與舅氏同心者， "Uncle, if from now on I fail to be of one heart with you..."
    • padVi:post.N{SUBJ}+npro{GEN}人之所忌 "When men are full of fear..."
    • padV{PRED}.postN{SUBJ}:adSif ever　予所否者 "If I have have done something wrong..."
    使  shǐ OC: srɯʔ MC: ʂɨ 17 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vt0oS1.adS2 hypothetical and theoretical, often remote or difficult, possibility
    誠  chéng OC: djeŋ MC: dʑiɛŋ 16 Attributions

      Syntactic words
    • vadS1.adS2if in truthCH
    • vadV.adSconditionalif really, if in truthLZ
    • vadV.postN{SUBJ}:adSconditionalif really, if truly
    若其  ruò qí OC: njaɡ ɡɯ MC: ȵi̯ɐk gɨ 15 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • PPadS1.adS2if by any chance; if on the other hand　GY: 若其予之　　若其有知 "if they have awareness"
    之  zhī OC: kljɯ MC: tɕɨ 14 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • npro1postnpro2.adV>Nab:adSif
    • npropostN.adV>Nab{S1}:post-p:.adS2苟子之不欲 "if you really do not want to" "nominalised" marked conditional subordinate clause 
    其  qí OC: ɡɯ MC: gɨ 10 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • npro.adS1:adS2if (with non-referential subject or indefinite subject)CH
    • npro.adV:adSOBI 2: if (e.g. it rains)
    • npro.adV:adSindefiniteif someone 其言之不怍， "If in making public commitments one is not shy..."
    設  shè OC: qhjed MC: ɕiɛt 9 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vt0oS1.adS2to suppose hypothetically, let us suppose hypothetically(sometimes correlating with 亦 in S2)
    • vt0oS1.adS2mathematical termCHEMLA 2003:
    若苟  ruò gǒu OC: njaɡ kooʔ MC: ȵi̯ɐk ku 9 Attributions

    If really

      Syntactic words
    • PPadS1.adS2if really
    • PPadV.postN{SUBJ}:adSif
    苟為  gǒu wéi OC: kooʔ ɢʷal MC: ku ɦiɛ 8 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • PPadS1.adS2conditionalif really, if in fact
    矣  yǐ OC: ɢɯʔ MC: ɦɨ 7 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • ppostadS1.adS2after protasis of conditionalperfective modal particle marking the conditional clause
    一  yī OC: qliɡ MC: ʔit 6 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • padS1.adS2if by chance, as long as, when by chance
    夫  fú OC: ba MC: bi̯o 5 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • npro.adS1:adS2now if
    不然  bù rán OC: pɯʔ njen MC: pi̯ut ȵiɛn 5 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPi(0)adS1.postS2or else, sinon; otherwise
    為  wéi OC: ɢʷal MC: ɦiɛ 5 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vadS1.adS2if
    • vadV.postN:adSif ZGC: 秦為知之，必不救也。
    假令  jiǎ lìng OC: kraaʔ ɡ-reŋ MC: kɣɛ liɛŋ 4 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • PPadS1.adS2mathematical termCHEMLA 2003:
    • VPt0oS1.adS2suppose S1 then S2
    忽  hū OC: hmɯɯd MC: huot 4 Attributions
    • 唐五代語言詞典 Táng Wǔdài yǔyán cídiǎn A Dictionary of the Language of the Tang and Five Dynasties Periods ( JIANG/CAO 1997) p. 162, #2

      BIANWEN

      Syntactic words
    • padS1.adS2Tang: if, in case, assuming
    如今  rú jīn OC: nja krɯm MC: ȵi̯ɤ kim 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPadS1.adS2supposing theoretically that
    必  bì MC: pjit OC: piɡ 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • v0adS1.adS2必...乃　if it it needed that S1 then S2 CH
    既  jì OC: kɯds MC: kɨi 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vadV.adSif, onceLZ
    • vadV{PRED}.postN{SUBJ}:adSif
    自  zì OC: sblids MC: dzi 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vadV1.adV2if HS: 自京師不曉，況於遠方 "If this is not known n the capital, how much less in distant parts"
    與  yǔ OC: k-laʔ MC: ji̯ɤ 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • ppostadS1.adS2question particle functioning as a marker of what is in effect a subordinate sentence
    若使  ruò shǐ OC: njaɡ srɯʔ MC: ȵi̯ɐk ʂɨ 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPtoS1.adS2if
    云  yún OC: ɢun MC: ɦi̯un 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • padS1.adS2
    藉  jiè OC:  MC: dzɣɛ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • padS1.adS2if
    適  shì OC: qljeɡ MC: ɕiɛk 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vt[0]+V[0].adSconditionalif by any chance
    黨  tǎng MC: zyik OC: thaaŋʔ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • padV.adS= tang3 倘: ifLZ
    既使  jì shǐ MC: kj+jH sriX OC: kɯds srɯʔ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPtoS1.adS2supposing that;DS
    若令  ruò lìng OC: njaɡ ɡ-reŋ MC: ȵi̯ɐk liɛŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • PPadS1.postS2if
    若夫  ruò fú MC: nyae bju  OC: njaɡ ba 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • PPadS1.postS2ifCH
    唯所  wéi suǒ OC: k-lul sqraʔ MC: ji ʂi̯ɤ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • PPadS1.adS2if only
    於斯  yú sī OC: qa sqe MC: ʔi̯ɤ siɛ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • PPpostadShypotheticalmarker of purely hypothetical suppositions
    如有  rú yǒu OC: nja ɢʷɯʔ MC: ȵi̯ɤ ɦɨu 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPtoS1.adS2if
    若果  ruò guǒ OC: njaɡ kloolʔ MC: ȵi̯ɐk kʷɑ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • PPadS1.adS2??? predecessor of current 如果？？？
    令  lìng OC: ɡ-reŋs MC: liɛŋ 1 Attribution

      Word relations
    • Assoc: 假/COUNTERFACTUAL Jiǎ 假 is used to make counterfactual conditionals or remotely hypothetical conditionals indifferently.

      Syntactic words
    • vt+S1.adS2if, supposing that
    夫苟  fú gǒu MC: bju kuwX OC: ba kooʔ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • PPadS1.adS2if indeedCH
    但  dàn OC: daanʔ MC: dɑn 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • padV.postN{SUBJ}if you just, as long as you
    倘  tǎng OC: thaaŋʔ MC: thɑŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • padV.postN{SUBJ}:adSIF
    有如  yǒu rú MC: hjuwX nyo OC: ɢʷɯʔ nja 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vadS1.adS2In case that S1 then S2CH
    唯  wéi OC: k-lul MC: ji 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • padS1.adS2only if
    若續  ruò xù OC: njaɡ sɢloɡ MC: ȵi̯ɐk zi̯ok 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • PPadS1.adS2if [CHECK OTHER EXAMPLES]
    將  jiāng MC: tsjang OC: skaŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • padS1.adS2conditionalif S1, then S2DS
    或  huò OC: ɡʷɯɯɡ MC: ɦək 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • padS1.adS2if by any chance, suppose by chance
    時  shí OC: ɡljɯ MC: dʑɨ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • npost-S1.adS2as in the formula (若)。。。時
    如或  rú huò OC: nja ɡʷɯɯɡ MC: ȵi̯ɤ ɦək 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • PPadS1.adS2if by any chance???? (or: if anyone by any chance)
    若或  ruò huò OC: njaɡ ɡʷɯɯɡ MC: ȵi̯ɐk ɦək 0 Attributions

    If by any chance

      Syntactic words
    即  jí OC: tsɯɡ MC: tsɨk 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    今且  jīn qiě OC: krɯm MC: kim tshɣɛ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • PPSuppose now
    既若  jì ruò OC: kɯds njaɡ MC: kɨi ȵi̯ɐk 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • PPadS1.adS2if indeed
    • PPadV{PRED}.postN{SUBJ}if N really V-s, then
    方  fāng OC: paŋ MC: pi̯ɐŋ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    即使  jí shǐ OC: tsɯɡ srɯʔ MC: tsɨk ʂɨ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    今有  jīn yǒu OC: krɯm ɢʷɯʔ MC: kim ɦɨu 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPtoNmathematical termCHEMLA 2003:
    • VPtoSCHEMLA 2003: