FRUGAL  節省儉

MODERATE in USING MONEY AND PROPERTY.
ECONOMISESAVETHRIFTYECONOMICALCAREFULCAUTIOUSPRUDENTPROVIDENTUNWASTEFULSPARINGSCRIMPINGABSTEMIOUSABSTINENTAUSTERESELF-DENYINGASCETICMONKISHSPARTANPARSIMONIOUSMISERLYNIGGARDLYCHEESEPARINGPENNY-PINCHINGCLOSE-FISTEDINFORMAL TIGHTFISTEDTIGHTSTINGY
Antonym
  • EXTRAVAGANTWASTE:wasteful so as to OFTEN EXCESSIVELY USE PROPERTY OR MONEY FOR AMUSEMENT.
    • GENEROUSHABITUALLY GIVE of one's WEALTH to THOSE WHO NEED it.
      Hypernym
      • MODERATIONCULTIVATE ONESELF so as to cause oneself to BE ENDURINGLY RESTRAINED.
        • RESTRAINHINDER from being UNRESTRAINED.
          • HINDERSTOP from ACT:doing what someone or something INTENDS to ACT:do.
            • STOPACT so as NOT to CONTINUE NOW:present ACTION....
      See also
      • CHEAPPRICE MORE SMALL THAN IMAGINED.
        Hyponym
        • STINGY　EXCESSIVELY FRUGAL.
          Old Chinese Criteria
          1. The current general word for the virtue of parsimony is jiǎn 儉 (ant. shē 奢 "extravagant in the use of resources").

          2. Jié 節 (ant. chǐ 侈 "lavish use of resources") refers to the virtue of moderation in the use of things as it applies to specified areas and does not function an abstract philosophical concept of parsimony.

          3. The negative quality of stinginess is lìn 吝 (ant. POST-BUDDHIST kāng kǎi 慷慨 "generous (with friends)", and in pre-Buddhist times the less exact huì 惠 "generous (to inferiors)").

          4. The neutral terms for thrift are shěng 省 (ant. fèi 費 "spend freely"), jiǎn 簡, and yuē 約.

          5. Xí 惜 (ant. tài 泰 / 汰 "use up resources thoughtlessly") refers to the reluctance to let go of something or to use it up.

          Modern Chinese Criteria
          節省

          節約

          撙節

          克己 is a periphrastic way of referring to frugal restraint.

          愛惜 is to be sparing in the use of something so as to take good care of it.

          珍惜 is to be careful in the use of something because one regards it as precious.

          撙

          節

          省

          節約的

          節約

          朴素的

          節省的

          濟

          儉

          rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／

          • A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages ( BUCK 1988) p. 11.54

          • A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages ( BUCK 1988) p. 11.55

          • 韓非子同義詞研究 ( HANFEI TONGYI 2004) p. 294

          • Anthologia sive Florilegium rerum et materiarum selectarum ( LANGIUS 1631) p.

            FRUGALITAS

            PARSIMONIA

          • Woerterbuch der Philosophie. Neue Beitraege zu einer Kritik der Sprache ( MAUTHNER WP 1924) p. III.212

          • Historisches Woerterbuch der Philosophie ( RITTER 1971-2007) p. 9.1300

            SPARSAMKEITSPRINZIP (MARGINAL, OF COURSE, BUT INTERESTING TO TAKE INTO ACCOUNT)

          • 現代漢語同義詞詞典 ( LIU SHUXIN 1987) p. 2

          • SYNONYMES FRANÇOIS, LEURS DIFFÉRENTES SIGNIFICATIONS, ET LE CHOIX QU'IL EN FAUT FAIRE Pour parler avec justesse ( GIRARD 1769) p. 1.156.116

            MENAGE.MENAGEMENT.EPARGNE

          • () p.

          Words

          儉  jiǎn OC: ɡromʔ MC: giɛm 25 AttributionsWD

          The current general word for the virtue of parsimony is jiǎn 儉 (ant. shē 奢 "extravagant in the use of resources").

            Word relations
          • Ant: 費/WASTE Fèi 費 (ant. jié 節 "be economical in the use of resources") refers specifically to single acts of wastefulness.
          • Ant: 侈/EXTRAVAGANT Chǐ 侈 (ant. jié 節 "moderate in the use of resources") always refers to manifestly reprehensible extravagance with no connotation of laudable generosity.
          • Ant: 奢/EXTRAVAGANT Shē 奢 (ant. jiǎn 儉 "parsimonious") is excessive conspicuous consumption or use of money for one's private purposes, with or without demonstrative large scale extravagance, and the word is not necessarily pejorative.
          • Ant: 奢/EXTRAVAGANT Shē 奢 (ant. jiǎn 儉 "parsimonious") is excessive conspicuous consumption or use of money for one's private purposes, with or without demonstrative large scale extravagance, and the word is not necessarily pejorative.
          • Assoc: 節/FRUGAL Jié 節 (ant. chǐ 侈"lavish use of resources") refers to the virtue of moderation in the use of things as it applies to specified areas and does not function an abstract philosophical concept of parsimony.

            Syntactic words
          • nabactfrugality, economic use of resources
          • nabpsycheconomy in the use of one's intellectual and moral resources
          • v[adN]nonreferentialthose who are frugal
          • vadVparsimoniously, frugally
          • viactbe frugal, parsimonoius; be modest in the use of resources 愈儉
          • vigradedbe too economical, be stingy with one's expenses
          • vtoNbe parsimonious (in one's use of resources)
          節  jié OC: tsiiɡ MC: tset 13 AttributionsWD

          Jié 節 (ant. chǐ 侈"lavish use of resources") refers to the virtue of moderation in the use of things as it applies to specified areas and does not function an abstract philosophical concept of parsimony.

            Word relations
          • Ant: 侈/EXTRAVAGANT Chǐ 侈 (ant. jié 節 "moderate in the use of resources") always refers to manifestly reprehensible extravagance with no connotation of laudable generosity.
          • Object: 用/EXPENSE Yòng 用 refers generally to the expenses one incurs, particularly in connection with state or family economy.
          • Assoc: 儉/FRUGAL The current general word for the virtue of parsimony is jiǎn 儉 (ant. shē 奢 "extravagant in the use of resources").

            Syntactic words
          • vadVfrugally, moderatelyCH
          • viactshow moderation
          • visubj=nonhuman(e.g. 用節) economical, moderate (e.g. of expenses)LZ
          • vtoNbe moderate in the use of (commodities); show moderation in the exercise of virtues or other practices
          節用  jié yòng OC: tsiiɡ k-loŋs MC: tset ji̯oŋ 7 AttributionsWD

          be frugal with respect to one's expenses> be non-extravagant

            Syntactic words
          • NPabconceptfrugality, the theory one shoold be frugal with expendituresLZ
          • VPibe frugal with expendituresLZ
          嗇  sè OC: srɯɡ MC: ʂɨk 6 AttributionsWD

          Sè 嗇 (ant. POST-BUDDHIST kāng kǎi 慷慨 "generous (with friends)" refers to commendable thrift.

            Word relations
          • Ant: 侈/EXTRAVAGANT Chǐ 侈 (ant. jié 節 "moderate in the use of resources") always refers to manifestly reprehensible extravagance with no connotation of laudable generosity.

            Syntactic words
          • nabdispositionparsimony, economy in the use of resources
          • viactbe sparing and stingy (with what one has)
          • vifigurativebe sparing (the use or exercise of something)
          • vtoNbe sparing with
          省  shěng OC: sraaŋʔ MC: ʂɣaŋ 5 AttributionsWD

          The neutral terms for thrift are shěng 省 (ant. fèi 費 "spend freely"), jiǎn 簡, and yuē 約.

            Word relations
          • Ant: 費/WASTE Fèi 費 (ant. jié 節 "be economical in the use of resources") refers specifically to single acts of wastefulness.
          • Contrast: 薄/SLIGHTLY Báo 薄 (ant. hòu 厚 "intensely") focusses on something happening to a lesser degree than a conventional standard would indicate or prescribe.

            Syntactic words
          • viactZUO: be sparing in the use of resources, save; HF 6.4.14: (of laws) be sparse, be few in number
          • vichangebecome more economical
          • vimathematical termCHEMLA 2003:
          • VP(adN.)=Nprbe sparing with, be frugal with
          • vtoNbe sparing in the use of
          • vtoNpassivecause to be sparse and economical
          惜  xī OC: sqaɡ MC: siɛk 4 AttributionsWD

          Xí 惜 (ant. tài 泰/汰 "use up resources thoughtlessly") refers to the reluctance to let go of something or to use it up.

            Syntactic words
          • vadNstingy
          • vtoNbe reluctant to let go of, be stingy with
          • vtoNfigurativefail to make a proper effort on
          • vtoNpsychbe frugal in the use of (oneself)
          簡  jiǎn OC: kreenʔ MC: kɣɛn 2 AttributionsWD

          The neutral terms for thrift are shěng 省 (ant. fèi 費 "spend freely"), jiǎn 簡, and yuē 約.

            Syntactic words
          • vtoNbe sparing and economical (in the use of something)
          慳惜  qiān xī OC: khriin sqaɡ MC: khɣɛn siɛk 2 AttributionsWD
            Syntactic words
          • VP[adN]nonreferentialthose who are stingy > misers (GERMAN: Geizkragen)
          • VPadNstingy
          • VPibe stingy
          儉約  jiǎn yuē MC: gjemX 'jak OC: ɡromʔ qplewɡLZ 2 AttributionsWD
            Syntactic words
          • NPabfrugalityLZ
          • VPtoNreflexive.自constrain and restrain oneselfCH
          約  yuē OC: qplewɡ MC: ʔi̯ɐk 1 AttributionWD

          The neutral terms for thrift are shěng 省 (ant. fèi 費 "spend freely"), jiǎn 簡, and yuē 約.

            Syntactic words
          • vibe thrifty, stewardly, be parsimonious
          • vi(of expenses:) be moderate, be limited, be non-excessiveCH
          • vifigurativeeconomical, sparse
          • vtoNbe stingy in one's treatment of
          恭儉  gōng jiǎn OC: koŋ ɡromʔ MC: ki̯oŋ giɛm 1 AttributionWD
            Syntactic words
          • VPiactbe respectfully frugal and constrained; be properly restrained in one's expenditures
          水飲  shuǐ yǐn MC: sywijX 'imX OC: qhjulʔ --CH 1 AttributionWD
            Syntactic words
          • VPiactlive frugally; live a simple lifeCH
          局  jú OC: ɡoɡ MC: gi̯ok 0 AttributionsWD
            Syntactic words
          • viactGUAN exercise tight control in the use of ressources (ant.寬)
          慳  qiān OC: khriin MC: khɣɛn 0 AttributionsWD

            Word relations
          • Ant: 捨 / 舍/DISCARD Shě 捨/舍 (ant. qǔ 取 "pick out and choose") refers to letting go of or rejecting something that one might have chosen to retain or use.

            Syntactic words
          • vadNstingy
          穡  sè OC: srɯɡ MC: ʂɨk 0 AttributionsWD

          frugality

            Syntactic words
          • nabactfrugality

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