SERVANT 僕人臣
HUMBLE ASSISTANT in a HOME or OFFICE.
ATTENDANTRETAINERDOMESTIC (WORKER)(HIRED) HELPCLEANERLACKEYFLUNKYMINIONMAIDHOUSEMAIDFOOTMANPAGE (BOY)VALETBUTLERMANSERVANTHOUSEKEEPERSTEWARDDRUDGEMENIALSLAVEWATER BOYARCHAIC SCULLION
Hypernym
- ASSISTANTOFFICIAL who is EMPLOYED TO SERVE OR HELP ANOTHER MORE SENIOR OFFICIAL.
See also
- ARTISANWORKER who WORKS on CONCRETE THINGS he is EDUCATED FOR.
- WORKERADULT EMPLOYED by the GOVERNMENT OR by ENTREPRENEURS to WORK FOR them.[[ARBEITER]]
- LABOURFORCED WORK that CAUSES one to BECOME TIRED.[[ARBEIT]]
Hyponym
Old Chinese Criteria
1. The general word for a servant is chén 臣. But the meaning of this term is typically general. See SUBJECT.
2. Shì 仕 is a permanent employee of some status, normally a literate person.
3. Lì 吏 is an executive official.
4. Huàn 宦 refers at an early stage to the person in charge of the servant corps in a household; in imperial times the word came to refer to the head of the imperial household. In later Han times the word came to refer to eunuchs.
5. Zǎi 宰 refers to the position of the head of a senior household in early times, in charge of the various huàn 宦. The title was also used in the imperial hierarchy as a vague bureaucratic title, translatable perhaps as "political secretary".
2. Shì 仕 is a permanent employee of some status, normally a literate person.
3. Lì 吏 is an executive official.
4. Huàn 宦 refers at an early stage to the person in charge of the servant corps in a household; in imperial times the word came to refer to the head of the imperial household. In later Han times the word came to refer to eunuchs.
5. Zǎi 宰 refers to the position of the head of a senior household in early times, in charge of the various huàn 宦. The title was also used in the imperial hierarchy as a vague bureaucratic title, translatable perhaps as "political secretary".
黄金貴：古漢語同義詞辨釋詞典
HUANG JINGUI 2006
HUMAN AFFAIRS 49. 奴僕。
役，在外當差的家奴或官奴，地位稍高。
廝，砍柴養馬的男奴，泛指服賤役的男奴，賤稱。
牧，放養牲畜的奴僕總稱。
圉，養馬奴隸。
皂，養馬奴隸的頭目。
養，負責烹炊者。
台，傳送主人命令者。
童，罪犯所充任的男奴，特指未成年的奴僕。
豎，在宮中充當小臣的童僕。
走，主人的聽差，用作語素，常表自謙。
HUMAN AFFAIRS 49. 奴僕。
役，在外當差的家奴或官奴，地位稍高。
廝，砍柴養馬的男奴，泛指服賤役的男奴，賤稱。
牧，放養牲畜的奴僕總稱。
圉，養馬奴隸。
皂，養馬奴隸的頭目。
養，負責烹炊者。
台，傳送主人命令者。
童，罪犯所充任的男奴，特指未成年的奴僕。
豎，在宮中充當小臣的童僕。
走，主人的聽差，用作語素，常表自謙。
Modern Chinese Criteria
僕人
佣人
下人
奴僕
奴婢
底下
僕隸
僕役
家丁
家僕
家奴
當差
差役
廝役
廝徒
廝養
家僮
庸保
佣保
雇工
佣工
客作兒
男僕
蒼頭
童僕
家童
書童
小廝
小郎
小使
豎子
僮豎
女僕
僕婦
女佣
女佣人
老媽子
媽
保姆
娘姨
阿姨
養娘
女奴
女廝
婢女
婢僕
婢子
小婢
婢
丫鬟
丫頭
鴉頭
使女
青衣
侍女
女侍
下女
侍兒
雙鬟
侍婢
妮子
梅香
小大姐
龜奴 refers to a servant in a brothel.
rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／
佣人
下人
奴僕
奴婢
底下
僕隸
僕役
家丁
家僕
家奴
當差
差役
廝役
廝徒
廝養
家僮
庸保
佣保
雇工
佣工
客作兒
男僕
蒼頭
童僕
家童
書童
小廝
小郎
小使
豎子
僮豎
女僕
僕婦
女佣
女佣人
老媽子
媽
保姆
娘姨
阿姨
養娘
女奴
女廝
婢女
婢僕
婢子
小婢
婢
丫鬟
丫頭
鴉頭
使女
青衣
侍女
女侍
下女
侍兒
雙鬟
侍婢
妮子
梅香
小大姐
龜奴 refers to a servant in a brothel.
rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／
- A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages
(
BUCK 1988)
p.
19.43 - De differentiis
(
DIFFERENTIAE I)
p.
339 SERVUS.FAMULUS
525. Etymolog. lib. VIII, cap. 4.
]
525. Inter Servum et famulum. Servi sunt in bello capti, quasi servati; sicut mancipium ab hostibus, quasi manu captum. Famuli autem ex propriis familiis orti.
- Lateinische Synonyme und Etymologien
(
DOEDERLEIN 1840)
p.
SERVANT
servus refers to a slave, in a political and juridical sense, as in a state of subjugation.
famulus refers to slave in a patriarchal sense, as belonging to and being part of the family.
mancipium refers to the slave as a possession and as a marketable commodity.
serva refers to a femals slave, with special reference to her lgal condition.
ancilla refers to a female slave in ordinary life, as the feminie of servus.
satelles refesrs to an attendant or a hired servant.
stipator refers to a hired servant who serves as a guard.
verna refers to a home-born slave.
- 論衡同義詞研究
(
LUNHENG TONGYI 2004)
p.
78 -
()
p.
204 - Democritus Ridens
(
WEBER 1857)
p.
11.276 - SYNONYMES FRANÇOIS, LEURS DIFFÉRENTES SIGNIFICATIONS, ET LE CHOIX QU'IL EN FAUT FAIRE Pour parler avec justesse
(
GIRARD 1769)
p.
1.396.355 VALET.LAQUAIS
- Handbook of Greek Synonymes, from the French of M. Alex. Pillon, Librarian of the Bibliothèque Royale , at Paris, and one of the editors of the new edition of Plaché's Dictionnaire Grec-Français, edited, with notes, by the Rev. Thomas Kerchever Arnold, M.A. Rector of Lyndon, and late fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge
(
PILLON 1850)
p.
no.188/9 - Handbook of Greek Synonymes, from the French of M. Alex. Pillon, Librarian of the Bibliothèque Royale , at Paris, and one of the editors of the new edition of Plaché's Dictionnaire Grec-Français, edited, with notes, by the Rev. Thomas Kerchever Arnold, M.A. Rector of Lyndon, and late fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge
(
PILLON 1850)
p.
no.256
Words
僕 pú OC: booɡ MC: buk 13 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- n(post-N)the servant of the contextually determinate N
- nadNhumble-servant-likeCH
- npost-Nhumble servant; also specifically: servant of a lowly servant
- vt(oN)act as a servant (to a contextually determinate person)
婢 bì OC: beʔ MC: biɛ 10 AttributionsWD
- Word relations
- Assoc: 妾/CONCUBINE
Qiè 妾 (ant. fū 夫 "husband") refers to the concubine.
- Syntactic words
- nLIJI: enslaved female> maid, maidservant
- nadNfemale servant'sDS
郎中 láng zhōng OC: ɡ-raaŋ krluŋ MC: lɑŋ ʈuŋ 9 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NPcourt officials, courtiers
舍人 shè rén OC: lʰas njin MC: ɕɣɛ ȵin 8 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NPhousehold retainer; servant of the household; retainer of the clan
- NP(post-N)the retainers or domestics of the contextually determinate NCH
- NPpost-Npluralretainers of NCH
侍者 shì zhě OC: ɡljɯs kljaʔ MC: dʑɨ tɕɣɛ 7 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NP(post-N)servant in attendance
- NPpost=Nprtitleservant N
介 jiè OC: kreeds MC: kɣɛi 6 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- nattendant; butler (whose task it is to act as middleman between visitors and host)
臣妾 chén qiè OC: ɡjiŋ skheb MC: dʑin tshiɛp 5 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NP{N1&N2}nonreferentialservants and cocubines
隸 lì OC: ɡ-rɯɯds MC: lei 4 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- nservant (non-eslaved)
僕夫 pú fū OC: booɡ pa MC: buk pi̯o 4 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NPa servant; servants
廝役 sī yì OC: sqe ɢʷleɡ MC: siɛ jiɛk 4 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NPpluraldomestic employees; minion
僕人 pú rén OC: booɡ njin MC: buk ȵin 3 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NPservant
堂下 táng xià OC: daaŋ ɢraaʔ MC: dɑŋ ɦɣɛ 3 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NPpluralservants, minions
謁者 yè zhě OC: qad kljaʔ MC: ʔi̯ɐt tɕɣɛ 3 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NP[PERSON WHO ANNOUNCES VISITORS>] butler
人徒 rén tú MC: nyin du OC: njin daaLZ 3 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NP[post-N]the sum of one's servants; entourageLZ
吏 lì OC: rɯs MC: lɨ 2 AttributionsWD
Lì 吏 is an executive official.
- Syntactic words
- ndomestic servant, servant, underling, minion
妾 qiè OC: skheb MC: tshiɛp 2 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- nfemale slave
宦 huàn OC: ɢʷraans MC: ɦɣan 2 AttributionsWD
Huàn 宦 refers at an early stage to the person in charge of the servant corps in a household; in imperial times the word came to refer to the head of the imperial household. In later Han times the word came to refer to eunuchs.
- Syntactic words
- nlowly official (often fugitive from another country); apprentice for an official career; eunuch; general: public servant
- nadNmenial
- viinchoativecome to serve as an official, get to fill an official post
老 lǎo OC: ɡ-ruuʔ MC: lɑu 2 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- nserior servant; butlerservant
臣 chén OC: ɡjiŋ MC: dʑin 2 AttributionsWD
The general word for a servant is chén 臣. But the meaning of this term is typically general. See SUBJECT.
- Word relations
- Oppos: 官/OFFICIAL
Guān 官 refers quite generally to the persons in charge of an office.
- Syntactic words
- nservant, employee 家臣
- n(post-N)the contextually determinate N's servantVK
- n[post-N](one's) servant, (another's) servantVK
- nadVanalogylike a servant, as a servant
豎 shù OC: djoʔ MC: dʑi̯o 2 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- n+prtitleservant boy
輿 yú OC: k-la MC: ji̯ɤ 2 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- nunderling (in charge of helping with transport)
廝兒 sī ér OC: sqe ŋje MC: siɛ ȵiɛ 2 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NPservant-boy, servant
私屬 sī shǔ OC: sil djoɡ MC: si dʑi̯ok 2 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NPpluralpersonal servants; personal entourage
豎子 shù zǐ MC: dzyuX tsiX OC: djoʔ sklɯʔCH 2 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NP(post-N)N's servant boy (of the contextually determinate N)CH
僚 liáo OC: ɡ-reew MC: leu 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- nlabourer, inferior servant
廝 sī OC: sqe MC: siɛ 1 AttributionWD
- Word relations
- Assoc: 役/WORKER
The general term for a corvee labourer or a conscript soldier of any kind is yì 役.
- Syntactic words
- viactserve
徭 yáo OC: k-lew MC: jiɛu 1 AttributionWD
- Word relations
- Assoc: 役/WORKER
The general term for a corvee labourer or a conscript soldier of any kind is yì 役.
- Syntactic words
- nHUAINAN: corvee labourer (often displaced from his native place); corvee labour
胥 xǔ OC: sqaʔ MC: si̯ɤ 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- n(post-Han???) minor official
臺 tái OC: dɯɯ MC: dəi 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- nlowest rank servant
侍人 shì rén OC: ɡljɯs njin MC: dʑɨ ȵin 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- NPthe people in attendence
使候 shǐ hòu OC: srɯʔ ɡoos MC: ʂɨ ɦu 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- NPemployee
典謁 diǎn yè OC: tɯɯnʔ qad MC: ten ʔi̯ɐt 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- VP[adN]butler
外臣 wài chén OC: ŋoods ɡjiŋ MC: ŋɑi dʑin 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- NPpost-Nnon-domestic servant; outside servant; external servant
室婦 shì fù OC: qhljiɡ buʔ MC: ɕit bɨu 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- NPchambermaid; charwoman
家人 jiā rén OC: kraa njin MC: kɣɛ ȵin 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- NPservants; employees of the household
家室 jiā shì OC: kraa qhljiɡ MC: kɣɛ ɕit 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- NPpluralservants of the household
家臣 jiā chén OC: kraa ɡjiŋ MC: kɣɛ dʑin 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- NPdomestic servant; family servant
徒人 tú rén OC: daa njin MC: duo̝ ȵin 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- NP=Nprtitleattendant Npr
御人 yù rén OC: ŋas njin MC: ŋi̯ɤ ȵin 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- NPattendant
私人 sī rén OC: sil njin MC: si ȵin 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- NPservant in a large household SHI
近臣 jìn chén OC: ɡɯns ɡjiŋ MC: gɨn dʑin 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- ncourtier
遽人 jù rén OC: ɡlas njin MC: gi̯ɤ ȵin 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- NPrunner; urgent messenger GY
阜隸 fù lì OC: buʔ ɡ-rɯɯds MC: bɨu lei 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- NPmenial servants (slaves?????)
將命者 jiāng mìng zhě OC: skaŋ mɢreŋs kljaʔ MC: tsi̯ɐŋ mɣaŋ tɕɣɛ 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- NPbutler, purveyor of messages in an ordinary household
扈 hù OC: ɡlaaʔ MC: ɦuo̝ 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- ngroom, retainer
掖 yè OC: k-laɡ MC: jiɛk
腋 yè OC: k-laɡ MC: jiɛk 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- nclose like the armpit > entourage (of the ruler)???????
走 zǒu OC: tsooʔ MC: tsu 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- nplurthe runners, humble employees
外僕 wài pú OC: ŋoods booɡ MC: ŋɑi buk 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NPtravel assistant; attendant on travel
女謁 nǚ yè OC: naʔ qad MC: ɳi̯ɤ ʔi̯ɐt 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- npersonal maid to a ruler
奴下 nú xià OC: naa ɢraaʔ MC: nuo̝ ɦɣɛ 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NP{N1adN2}slavish people
封泥 fēng ní OC: poŋ niil MC: pi̯oŋ nei 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
小臣 xiǎo chén OC: smewʔ ɡjiŋ MC: siɛu dʑin 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NPpluraljiagu: the royal retainers; Keightley: junior servitor
輿臺 yú tái OC: k-la dɯɯ MC: ji̯ɤ dəi 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NPpluralservants of the lowest of ten ranks
門人 mén rén OC: mɯɯn njin MC: muo̝n ȵin 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NPservant
Existing SW for
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