SERVANT    僕人臣

HUMBLE ASSISTANT in a HOME or OFFICE.
ATTENDANTRETAINERDOMESTIC (WORKER)(HIRED) HELPCLEANERLACKEYFLUNKYMINIONMAIDHOUSEMAIDFOOTMANPAGE (BOY)VALETBUTLERMANSERVANTHOUSEKEEPERSTEWARDDRUDGEMENIALSLAVEWATER BOYARCHAIC SCULLION
Old Chinese Criteria
1. The general word for a servant is chén 臣. But the meaning of this term is typically general. See SUBJECT. 2. Shì 仕 is a permanent employee of some status, normally a literate person. 3. Lì 吏 is an executive official. 4. Huàn 宦 refers at an early stage to the person in charge of the servant corps in a household; in imperial times the word came to refer to the head of the imperial household. In later Han times the word came to refer to eunuchs. 5. Zǎi 宰 refers to the position of the head of a senior household in early times, in charge of the various huàn 宦. The title was also used in the imperial hierarchy as a vague bureaucratic title, translatable perhaps as "political secretary".
黄金貴：古漢語同義詞辨釋詞典
HUANG JINGUI 2006 HUMAN AFFAIRS 49. 奴僕。 役，在外當差的家奴或官奴，地位稍高。 廝，砍柴養馬的男奴，泛指服賤役的男奴，賤稱。 牧，放養牲畜的奴僕總稱。 圉，養馬奴隸。 皂，養馬奴隸的頭目。 養，負責烹炊者。 台，傳送主人命令者。 童，罪犯所充任的男奴，特指未成年的奴僕。 豎，在宮中充當小臣的童僕。 走，主人的聽差，用作語素，常表自謙。
Modern Chinese Criteria
僕人 佣人 下人 奴僕 奴婢 底下 僕隸 僕役 家丁 家僕 家奴 當差 差役 廝役 廝徒 廝養 家僮 庸保 佣保 雇工 佣工 客作兒 男僕 蒼頭 童僕 家童 書童 小廝 小郎 小使 豎子 僮豎 女僕 僕婦 女佣 女佣人 老媽子 媽 保姆 娘姨 阿姨 養娘 女奴 女廝 婢女 婢僕 婢子 小婢 婢 丫鬟 丫頭 鴉頭 使女 青衣 侍女 女侍 下女 侍兒 雙鬟 侍婢 妮子 梅香 小大姐 龜奴 refers to a servant in a brothel. rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／
Hyponym
  • SLAVE　INTENSELY HUMBLE SERVANT POSSESSED by a HOST. (anc: 11/0, child: 0)
  • SAILOR　SERVANT who WORKS on SHIPS. (anc: 11/0, child: 0)
  • RETAINER　SERVANT who is PAID FOR SUPPORTING HIS EMPLOYER AND DWELLING NEAR HIS EMPLOYER. (anc: 11/0, child: 0)
See also
  • ARTISANWORKER who WORKS on CONCRETE THINGS he is EDUCATED FOR.
  • WORKERADULT EMPLOYED by the GOVERNMENT OR by ENTREPRENEURS to WORK FOR them.[[ARBEITER]]
  • LABOURFORCED WORK that CAUSES one to BECOME TIRED.[[ARBEIT]]
Hypernym
  • ASSISTANT　OFFICIAL who is EMPLOYED TO SERVE OR HELP ANOTHER MORE SENIOR OFFICIAL. (anc: 9/0, child: 1)
  • OFFICIAL　ADULT who WORKS IN a PUBLIC OFFICE OR IN A PUBLIC FUNCTION. (anc: 8/0, child: 12)
  • ADULT　HUMAN who is SUFFICIENTLY OLD to ESTABLISH his/her SEPARATE HOME. (anc: 7/0, child: 20)
  • A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages ( BUCK 1988) p. 19.43

  • De differentiis ( DIFFERENTIAE I) p. 339

    SERVUS.FAMULUS

    525. Etymolog. lib. VIII, cap. 4.

    ]

    525. Inter Servum et famulum. Servi sunt in bello capti, quasi servati; sicut mancipium ab hostibus, quasi manu captum. Famuli autem ex propriis familiis orti.

  • Lateinische Synonyme und Etymologien ( DOEDERLEIN 1840) p.

    SERVANT

    servus refers to a slave, in a political and juridical sense, as in a state of subjugation.

    famulus refers to slave in a patriarchal sense, as belonging to and being part of the family.

    mancipium refers to the slave as a possession and as a marketable commodity.

    serva refers to a femals slave, with special reference to her lgal condition.

    ancilla refers to a female slave in ordinary life, as the feminie of servus.

    satelles refesrs to an attendant or a hired servant.

    stipator refers to a hired servant who serves as a guard.

    verna refers to a home-born slave.

  • 論衡同義詞研究 ( LUNHENG TONGYI 2004) p. 78

  • () p. 204

  • Democritus Ridens ( WEBER 1857) p. 11.276

  • SYNONYMES FRANÇOIS, LEURS DIFFÉRENTES SIGNIFICATIONS, ET LE CHOIX QU'IL EN FAUT FAIRE Pour parler avec justesse ( GIRARD 1769) p. 1.396.355

    VALET.LAQUAIS

  • Handbook of Greek Synonymes, from the French of M. Alex. Pillon, Librarian of the Bibliothèque Royale , at Paris, and one of the editors of the new edition of Plaché's Dictionnaire Grec-Français, edited, with notes, by the Rev. Thomas Kerchever Arnold, M.A. Rector of Lyndon, and late fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge ( PILLON 1850) p. no.188/9

  • Handbook of Greek Synonymes, from the French of M. Alex. Pillon, Librarian of the Bibliothèque Royale , at Paris, and one of the editors of the new edition of Plaché's Dictionnaire Grec-Français, edited, with notes, by the Rev. Thomas Kerchever Arnold, M.A. Rector of Lyndon, and late fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge ( PILLON 1850) p. no.256

    • Words (54 items)

    僕  pú OC: booɡ MC: buk 13 Attributions

      Syntactic words
    • n(post-N)the servant of the contextually determinate N
    • nadNhumble-servant-likeCH
    • npost-Nhumble servant; also specifically: servant of a lowly servant
    • vt(oN)act as a servant (to a contextually determinate person)
    婢  bì OC: beʔ MC: biɛ 10 Attributions

      Word relations
    • Assoc: 妾/CONCUBINE Qiè 妾 (ant. fū 夫 "husband") refers to the concubine.

      Syntactic words
    • nLIJI: enslaved female> maid, maidservant
    • nadNfemale servant'sDS
    郎中  láng zhōng OC: ɡ-raaŋ krluŋ MC: lɑŋ ʈuŋ 9 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPcourt officials, courtiers
    舍人  shè rén OC: lʰas njin MC: ɕɣɛ ȵin 8 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPhousehold retainer; servant of the household; retainer of the clan
    • NP(post-N)the retainers or domestics of the contextually determinate NCH
    • NPpost-Npluralretainers of NCH
    侍者  shì zhě OC: ɡljɯs kljaʔ MC: dʑɨ tɕɣɛ 7 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NP(post-N)servant in attendance
    • NPpost=Nprtitleservant N
    介  jiè OC: kreeds MC: kɣɛi 6 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nattendant; butler (whose task it is to act as middleman between visitors and host)
    臣妾  chén qiè OC: ɡjiŋ skheb MC: dʑin tshiɛp 5 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NP{N1&N2}nonreferentialservants and cocubines
    隸  lì OC: ɡ-rɯɯds MC: lei 4 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nservant (non-eslaved)
    僕夫  pú fū OC: booɡ pa MC: buk pi̯o 4 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPa servant; servants
    廝役  sī yì OC: sqe ɢʷleɡ MC: siɛ jiɛk 4 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPpluraldomestic employees; minion
    人徒  rén tú MC: nyin du OC: njin daa 4 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post-N]the sum of one's servants; entourageLZ
    僕人  pú rén OC: booɡ njin MC: buk ȵin 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPservant
    謁者  yè zhě OC: qad kljaʔ MC: ʔi̯ɐt tɕɣɛ 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NP[PERSON WHO ANNOUNCES VISITORS>] butler
    堂下  táng xià OC: daaŋ ɢraaʔ MC: dɑŋ ɦɣɛ 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPpluralservants, minions
    老  lǎo OC: ɡ-ruuʔ MC: lɑu 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nserior servant; butlerservant
    臣  chén OC: ɡjiŋ MC: dʑin 2 Attributions

    The general word for a servant is chén 臣. But the meaning of this term is typically general. See SUBJECT.

      Word relations
    • Oppos: 官/OFFICIAL Guān 官 refers quite generally to the persons in charge of an office.

      Syntactic words
    • nservant, employee 家臣
    • n(post-N)the contextually determinate N's servantVK
    • n[post-N](one's) servant, (another's) servantVK
    • nadVanalogylike a servant, as a servant
    豎  shù OC: djoʔ MC: dʑi̯o 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • n+prtitleservant boy
    輿  yú OC: k-la MC: ji̯ɤ 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nunderling (in charge of helping with transport)
    私屬  sī shǔ OC: sil djoɡ MC: si dʑi̯ok 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPpluralpersonal servants; personal entourage
    廝兒  sī ér OC: sqe ŋje MC: siɛ ȵiɛ 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPservant-boy, servant
    吏  lì OC: rɯs MC: lɨ 2 Attributions

    Lì 吏 is an executive official.

      Syntactic words
    • ndomestic servant, servant, underling, minion
    豎子  shù zǐ MC: dzyuX tsiX OC: djoʔ sklɯʔ 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NP(post-N)N's servant boy (of the contextually determinate N)CH
    妾  qiè OC: skheb MC: tshiɛp 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nfemale slave
    宦  huàn OC: ɢʷraans MC: ɦɣan 2 Attributions

    Huàn 宦 refers at an early stage to the person in charge of the servant corps in a household; in imperial times the word came to refer to the head of the imperial household. In later Han times the word came to refer to eunuchs.

      Syntactic words
    • nlowly official (often fugitive from another country); apprentice for an official career; eunuch; general: public servant
    • nadNmenial
    • viinchoativecome to serve as an official, get to fill an official post
    胥  xǔ OC: sqaʔ MC: si̯ɤ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • n(post-Han???) minor official
    臺  tái OC: dɯɯ MC: dəi 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • nlowest rank servant
    私人  sī rén OC: sil njin MC: si ȵin 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPservant in a large household SHI
    家臣  jiā chén OC: kraa ɡjiŋ MC: kɣɛ dʑin 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPdomestic servant; family servant
    將命者  jiāng mìng zhě OC: skaŋ mɢreŋs kljaʔ MC: tsi̯ɐŋ mɣaŋ tɕɣɛ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPbutler, purveyor of messages in an ordinary household
    阜隸  fù lì OC: buʔ ɡ-rɯɯds MC: bɨu lei 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPmenial servants (slaves?????)
    外臣  wài chén OC: ŋoods ɡjiŋ MC: ŋɑi dʑin 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPpost-Nnon-domestic servant; outside servant; external servant
    遽人  jù rén OC: ɡlas njin MC: gi̯ɤ ȵin 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPrunner; urgent messenger GY
    僚  liáo OC: ɡ-reew MC: leu 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • nlabourer, inferior servant
    廝  sī OC: sqe MC: siɛ 1 Attribution

      Word relations
    • Assoc: 役/WORKER The general term for a corvee labourer or a conscript soldier of any kind is yì 役.

      Syntactic words
    • viactserve
    徭  yáo OC: k-lew MC: jiɛu 1 Attribution

      Word relations
    • Assoc: 役/WORKER The general term for a corvee labourer or a conscript soldier of any kind is yì 役.

      Syntactic words
    • nHUAINAN: corvee labourer (often displaced from his native place); corvee labour
    徒人  tú rén OC: daa njin MC: duo̝ ȵin 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NP=Nprtitleattendant Npr
    御人  yù rén OC: ŋas njin MC: ŋi̯ɤ ȵin 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPattendant
    典謁  diǎn yè OC: tɯɯnʔ qad MC: ten ʔi̯ɐt 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VP[adN]butler
    家人  jiā rén OC: kraa njin MC: kɣɛ ȵin 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPservants; employees of the household
    近臣  jìn chén OC: ɡɯns ɡjiŋ MC: gɨn dʑin 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • ncourtier
    使候  shǐ hòu OC: srɯʔ ɡoos MC: ʂɨ ɦu 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPemployee
    侍人  shì rén OC: ɡljɯs njin MC: dʑɨ ȵin 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPthe people in attendence
    室婦  shì fù OC: qhljiɡ buʔ MC: ɕit bɨu 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPchambermaid; charwoman
    家室  jiā shì OC: kraa qhljiɡ MC: kɣɛ ɕit 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPpluralservants of the household
    走  zǒu OC: tsooʔ MC: tsu 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nplurthe runners, humble employees
    封泥  fēng ní OC: poŋ niil MC: pi̯oŋ nei 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    外僕  wài pú OC: ŋoods booɡ MC: ŋɑi buk 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPtravel assistant; attendant on travel
    奴下  nú xià OC: naa ɢraaʔ MC: nuo̝ ɦɣɛ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NP{N1adN2}slavish people
    小臣  xiǎo chén OC: smewʔ ɡjiŋ MC: siɛu dʑin 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPpluraljiagu: the royal retainers; Keightley: junior servitor
    輿臺  yú tái OC: k-la dɯɯ MC: ji̯ɤ dəi 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPpluralservants of the lowest of ten ranks
    女謁  nǚ yè OC: naʔ qad MC: ɳi̯ɤ ʔi̯ɐt 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • npersonal maid to a ruler
    扈  hù OC: ɡlaaʔ MC: ɦuo̝ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • ngroom, retainer
    掖  yè OC: k-laɡ MC: jiɛk
    腋  yè OC: k-laɡ MC: jiɛk 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nclose like the armpit > entourage (of the ruler)???????
    門人  mén rén OC: mɯɯn njin MC: muo̝n ȵin 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPservant