BLACK    黑色黑

INTENSELY DARK COLOUR of THINGS LACKING LIGHT.
DARKPITCH-BLACKJET-BLACKCOAL-BLACKEBONYSABLEINKY
Old Chinese Criteria
[[COMMON/RARE]] [DRAMATIC/UNDRAMATIC] [ELEVATED/FAMILIAR] [+FIG/LITERAL] [GENERAL/SPECIFIC] [IDIOMATIC/NON-IDIOMATIC] [POETIC/PROSAIC] 1.The standard word is hēi 黑 (ant. bái 白 "white") which refers to anything very dark. [GENERAL], [LITERAL], [PROSAIC]; [[COMMON]] 2. Xuán 玄 (ant. sù 素 "pristine unadorned white") refers to a redish mystifying black. SW: 黑而有赤色者 [ELEVATED], [+FIG], [POETIC!] 3. Àn 黯 (ant. hào 昊 "shining bright (of sky)") is rare and poetic, and the word refers to the threatening darkness of clouds in a thunderstorm. [DRAMATIC], [ELEVATED], [LITERAL], [POETIC]; [[RARE]] 4. Zī 淄／緇 (ant. sù 素 "plain white") refers to the glossy greyish black appearance of dark silk, like the colour of dark earth, and this word seems limited to the description of clothes. [ELEVATED], [LITERAL], [SPECIFIC] 5. Dài 黛 (ant. hào 皓 "shining whie") refers specifically to the dust-glossy black of make-up. [ELEVATED], [LITERAL], [POETIC], [SPECIFIC]; [[RARE]] 6. Lí 黎 / 黧 (ant. sù 素 "pristine white and un-suntanned") refers to the dark sunburnt complexion of those who work in the open for long periods. [IDIOMATIC], [LITERAL], [PROSAIC], [SPECIFIC] 7. Qián 黔 refers to the dark sunburnt complexion of those who work in the open for long periods, especially in qián mín 黔民 "the common people". [IDIOMATIC], [LITERAL], [PROSAIC], [SPECIFIC] 8. Méi 黴 refers to the facial complexion darkened either by exposure to the sun or by sorrow. [ELEVATED], [+FIG], [IDIOMATIC], [POETIC!]; [[RARE]] 9. Zào 皂 (sù 素 "plain undyed white") is also very rare and refers to the appearance of coarse dyed black non-silken textiles, the original reference of the word being to the plant used to produce the black effect. [LITERAL], [PROSAIC] 10. Mò 墨 is basically ink, and by extension the word can come to refer to a dark black colour.
黄金貴：古漢語同義詞辨釋詞典
HUANG JINGUI 2006 ART 13. 黑，火熏之色，黑色的總稱。 皂，皂斗，可提取黑色染料；多用來形容布帛及其製品。 玄，黑中帶赤，經由六遍漬染而成；泛指黑色。 緇，經由七遍漬染而成，主要指稱布帛及其製品；黑色深於涅。 涅，黑泥，又指黑礬石，可染黑；黑色次於緇。 烏，烏鴉；以羽毛喻稱黑色。 驪，深黑色馬，多形容馬黑色。 墨，書寫所用之石墨、松煙墨；黑色最深。 黎，黑中帶黃，多形容膚色、面色。 黔，多用於 “ 黔首 ” 一詞，指代平民百姓。
Modern Chinese Criteria
黑色 黑 黑乎乎 黔 烏 黝黑 refers to a very dark blackish colour of skin, and is marginal. rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／
Antonym
  • WHITECOLOUR RESEMBLING COLOUR of FRESH SNOW.
    See also
    • DARKCOLOUR LACKING BRIGHTNESS.
    Hypernym
    • COLOUR　APPEARANCE of SURFACES which REFLECT OR ISSUE LIGHT, PERCEIVED USING the EYES. (anc: 5/0, child: 8)
    • APPEARANCE　CLEAR:visible BUT SUBJECTIVELY PERCEIVED FEATURES. (anc: 4/0, child: 6)
    • FEATURE　ABSTRACT OBJECT a THING is SAID to BE OR to HAVE. (anc: 3/0, child: 19)
  • A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages ( BUCK 1988) p. 15.65

  • Lateinische Synonyme und Etymologien ( DOEDERLEIN 1840) p.

    BLACK

    ater refers to black as the absence of any visible colour.

    niger refers to black as being itself a characteristic colour.

    pullus refers to the dirty black colour of dirt.

    fuscus refers to browning black.

  • Lateinische Synonymik ( MENGE) p. 346

  • Dictionnaire culturel en langue francaise ( REY 2005) p. 3.973

  • Handbuch der lateinischen und griechischen Synonymik ( SCHMIDT 1889) p. 48

  • Kleine Schriften Deutsche Ostasienstudien ( UNGER 2009) p. 1-9

  • 語言學論集 ( ZHANG YONGYAN 1992) p. 100-135

    Zhang lists 98 terms and compares adjacent languages.

  • Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the Other Italic Languages ( DE VAAN 2008) p.

    ater, -tra, -trum 'black' [adj. o/a] (P1.+)

    Derivatives: atrium (P1.+) 'first main room in a Roman-style house'.

  • 古漢語常用詞同義詞詞典 ( HONG CHENGYU 2009) p. 203

    • Words (30 items)

    黑  hēi OC: hmɯɯɡ MC: hək 25 Attributions

    The standard word is hēi 黑 (ant. bái 白 "white") which refers to anything very dark. [LITERAL], [PROSAIC]; [[COMMON]]

      Word relations
    • Ant: 白/WHITE The dominant word for whiteness is bái 白 (ant. hēi 黑 "black").

      Syntactic words
    • nabfeatureblack
    • nsubjectwhat is black> black things
    • vadNblack; blackened
    • vibe black
    • viinchoativeturn black
    • viinchoativeturn black; turn dark in colourCH
    玄  xuán OC: ɡʷeen MC: ɦen 18 Attributions

    Xuán 玄 (ant. sù 素 "pristine unadorned white") refers to a redish mystifying black. SW: 黑而有赤色者 [ELEVATED], [+FIG], [POETIC]

      Syntactic words
    • nsubjecta reddish black object
    • vadNreddish dark; generally: dark
    • vibe reddish dark; generally: dark
    • vtoNcausativemake black
    緇  zī OC: tsrɯ MC: ʈʂɨ
    淄  zī OC: tsrɯ MC: ʈʂɨ
    緇淄玆  Click here to add pinyin OC:  MC: 9 Attributions

    Zī 淄／緇 (ant. sù 素 "plain white") refers to the glossy greyish black appearance of dark silk, like the colour of dark earth, and this word seems limited to the description of clothes. [ELEVATED], [LITERAL], [SPECIFIC]

      Syntactic words
    • vadNblack
    • vidark as black silk, generally: dark and black
    • vichangeturn black
    • vtoNcausativecause to be black; make black; dye black
    墨  mò OC: mɯɯɡ MC: mək 5 Attributions

    Mò 墨 is basically ink, and by extension the word can come to refer to a dark black colour.

      Syntactic words
    • nadNink black
    • vigradedbe dark in complexion; be black 深墨
    • vtoNcausativemake black, dye black
    黧黑  lí hēi OC: riil hmɯɯɡ MC: lei hək 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPistativebe dark and sunburnt
    黔  qián OC: ɡram MC: giɛm 2 Attributions

    Qián 黔 typically refers to the dark sunburnt complexion of those who work in the open for long periods, especially in qián mín 黔民 "the common people". [IDIOMATIC], [LITERAL], [PROSAIC], [SPECIFIC]

      Word relations
    • Epithet: 首/HEAD The standard word for the head is shǒu 首.

      Syntactic words
    • v[adN]what is black; the black things
    • vadNblack or brownish-black 黔首"black heads, i.e. the common people"
    • vibe black
    • vtoNcausativecause (oneself) to become black; make (oneself) black
    黧  lí OC: riil MC: lei 2 Attributions

    Lí 黎/黧 (ant. sù 素 "pristine white and un-suntanned") refers to the dark sunburnt complexion of those who work in the open for long periods. [IDIOMATIC], [LITERAL], [PROSAIC], [SPECIFIC]

      Syntactic words
    • vadNblack and sunburnt
    • vibe black and sunburnt; have a dark complexion
    玈  lú OC: raa MC: luo̝ 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vadNlacquered black
    苴  jū OC: ska MC: tsi̯ɤ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • nadNdark-colored; black (LIJI)
    驪  lí OC: b-rel MC: liɛ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vadNblackCH
    • vibe black
    黝  yǒu OC: qriwʔ MC: ʔi̯u 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vadNLUNHENG: greenish black
    紺青  gàn qīng OC: kooms tsheeŋ MC: kəm tsheŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPadNglazed black; glazed very dark
    黎黑  lí hēi OC: riil hmɯɯɡ MC: lei hək 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • viresultativebe suntanned to the point of being black> be all blackened
    • VPichangeturn all dark
    黛黛  dài dài OC: lɯɯɡs lɯɯs MC: dəi dəi 1 Attribution

    Dài 黛 (ant. hào 皓 "shining whie") refers specifically to the dust-glossy black of make-up. [ELEVATED], [LITERAL], [POETIC], [SPECIFIC]; [[RARE]]

      Syntactic words
    • nmblack make-up
    • vibe dark like eye-brow makeup, greenish/grey dark
    黯黑  àn hēi OC: qrɯɯmʔ hmɯɯɡ MC: ʔɣɛm hək 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPiintensitivebe all dark
    青黑  qīng hēi OC: tsheeŋ hmɯɯɡ MC: tsheŋ hək 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPibe greenish-black
    盧  lú OC: ɡ-raa MC: luo̝ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vadNblack
    • vibe black
    虔  qián OC: ɡren MC: giɛn 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vibe black (unattested in primary sources, only in a personal name, according to ZHANG YONGYAN 1992: 101)
    袨  xuàn OC: ɡʷeens MC: ɦen 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • viblack (of garmnts) 玉篇
    𩰤  Click here to add pinyin OC:  MC: 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nmblack (of grain)
    鸝  lí OC: b-rel MC: liɛ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vibe black
    黎  lí OC: riil MC: lei 0 Attributions

    Lí 黎/黧 (ant. sù 素 "pristine white and un-suntanned") refers to the dark sunburnt complexion of those who work in the open for long periods. [IDIOMATIC], [LITERAL], [PROSAIC], [SPECIFIC]

      Word relations
    • Epithet: 民/PEOPLE The dominant current general word for the people is mín 民 (ant. jūn 君 "ruler"), and this term refers to the people particularly insofar as they are ruled by a ruler or belong to a state.

      Syntactic words
    • vadNof the dark complexion of humans who have been exposed over long time to wind and sun (thus giving rise to the expression lí mín 黎民 for the common people)
    黯  àn OC: qrɯɯmʔ MC: ʔɣɛm 0 Attributions

    Àn 黯 (ant. hào 昊"shining bright (of sky)") is rare and poetic, and the word refers to the threatening darkness of clouds in a thunderstorm. [DRAMATIC], [ELEVATED], [LITERAL], [POETIC]; [[RARE]]

      Syntactic words
    • viCai Yong, 述行賦: be deep black (as threatening clouds in a thunderstorm)
    黴  méi OC: mrɯl MC: mi 0 Attributions

    Qián 黔 refers to the dark sunburnt complexion of those who work in the open for long periods, especially in qián mín 黔民 "the common people". [IDIOMATIC], [LITERAL], [PROSAIC], [SPECIFIC]

      Syntactic words
    • vibe of dark, ruddy complexion; have an ashen, dark complexion, as in HN méi hēi 黴黑 have the ruddy appearance of a common person: 舜黴黑
    涅  niè OC: m-liiɡ MC: net 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vibe black
    淄  zī OC: tsrɯ MC: ʈʂɨ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vadNblack
    犁  lí OC: riil MC: lei 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    玆  xuán OC: gʷeen MC: ɦen 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    皂  zào OC: dzuuʔ MC: dzɑu 0 Attributions

    Zào 皂 (sù 素 "plain undyed white") is also very rare and refers to the appearance of coarse dyed black non-silken textiles, the original reference of the word being to the plant used to produce the black effect. [LITERAL], [PROSAIC]

      Syntactic words
    • nadNSHIJI: died black (of coarse, non silken clothes)
    • nmblack dye; mostly used in connection with clothing and other textiles; NB: the generalised meaning "black" is postHan (There are Sanguo examples of 皂白 )
    秬  jù OC: ɡaʔ MC: gi̯ɤ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vibe black ZUO, SHI