YOU 你
HUMAN ADDRESSED. [GRAMMAR]
Old Chinese Criteria
1. The current general second person pronouns are rǔ 汝 in informal contexts, and in polite contexts zǐ 子.
2. The current informal pronoun is rǔ 汝, and this word is commonly used in imperatives.
<div>3. Ěr 爾 is another informal second person pronoun, and the word is not generally used in imperatives.</div><div><br></div><div>4. Ruò 若 is a poetic/archaising second person pronoun that went out of current use in Tang (待考）times. </div><div><br></div><div>5. Jūn 君 addresses superiors as well as equals formally, and politely.</div><div><br></div><div>6. Qīng 卿 is probably stylistically colloquial and addresses inferiors informally.</div><div><br></div><div>7. Dà wáng 大王 is the polite formal address to any king, small or powerful. </div><div><br></div><div>8. Wú zǐ 吾子, extremely common in the Zuozhuan, is respectful and honorific, but in a communicativ and sometimes even intimate mode: ·鄭玄注："吾子，相貌之辞。<br></div><br>
2. The current informal pronoun is rǔ 汝, and this word is commonly used in imperatives.
<div>3. Ěr 爾 is another informal second person pronoun, and the word is not generally used in imperatives.</div><div><br></div><div>4. Ruò 若 is a poetic/archaising second person pronoun that went out of current use in Tang (待考）times. </div><div><br></div><div>5. Jūn 君 addresses superiors as well as equals formally, and politely.</div><div><br></div><div>6. Qīng 卿 is probably stylistically colloquial and addresses inferiors informally.</div><div><br></div><div>7. Dà wáng 大王 is the polite formal address to any king, small or powerful. </div><div><br></div><div>8. Wú zǐ 吾子, extremely common in the Zuozhuan, is respectful and honorific, but in a communicativ and sometimes even intimate mode: ·鄭玄注："吾子，相貌之辞。<br></div><br>
黄金貴：古漢語同義詞辨釋詞典
HUANG JINGUI 2006
HUMAN AFFAIRS 37. MALE ADULT POLITE REFERENCE TERME 男性尊稱。
公，位於姓氏後或用於面稱。
子，特指業師；一般用於敘稱或面稱，亦可位於姓氏後。
君，位於姓氏或封號之後、人名之前；面稱時可用於上對下或下對上。
卿，有親昵色彩。位於姓氏後，可用於敘稱或面稱；獨用時用於上對下面稱。
HUMAN AFFAIRS 37. MALE ADULT POLITE REFERENCE TERME 男性尊稱。
公，位於姓氏後或用於面稱。
子，特指業師；一般用於敘稱或面稱，亦可位於姓氏後。
君，位於姓氏或封號之後、人名之前；面稱時可用於上對下或下對上。
卿，有親昵色彩。位於姓氏後，可用於敘稱或面稱；獨用時用於上對下面稱。
Modern Chinese Criteria
你
您
恁
儂
而
爾
汝
若
乃
卿
君
公
老兄
吾兄
尊兄
俊兄
仁兄
世兄
兄長
大哥
老弟
賢弟
仁弟
俊弟
大弟
兄弟
大嫂
大姐
兄台 (lit) is a ceremonial traditionalist address to a spiritual brother.
閣下
足下
台端
鈞座
大駕
尊駕
駕
同志
陛下
主公
大王
萬歲
你們
汝等
汝輩
爾等
爾輩
爾曹
汝曹
公等
諸位
各位
列位
諸公
同志們
rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／
您
恁
儂
而
爾
汝
若
乃
卿
君
公
老兄
吾兄
尊兄
俊兄
仁兄
世兄
兄長
大哥
老弟
賢弟
仁弟
俊弟
大弟
兄弟
大嫂
大姐
兄台 (lit) is a ceremonial traditionalist address to a spiritual brother.
閣下
足下
台端
鈞座
大駕
尊駕
駕
同志
陛下
主公
大王
萬歲
你們
汝等
汝輩
爾等
爾輩
爾曹
汝曹
公等
諸位
各位
列位
諸公
同志們
rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／
- Studies in the Language of Zu-tang Ji 祖堂集
(
ANDERL 2004C)
p.
172-174,186-189 - Terms of Address: Problems of Patterns and Usage in Various Languages and Cultures ( BRAUN 1988) p.
- Bibliographisches Handbuch zur Sprachinhaltsforschung. Teil II. Systematischer Teil. B. Ordnung nach Sinnbezirken (mit einem alphabetischen Begriffsschluessel): Der Mensch und seine Welt im Spiegel der Sprachforschung
(
FRANKE 1989)
p.
2 PERSONENBEZEICHNUNGEN
- Tolkovo-kombinatornyj slovar' sovremmenogo russkogo jazyka. Explanatory Combinatorial Dictionary of Modern Russian
(
Mel'cuk 1984)
p.
222ff - Tolkovo-kombinatornyj slovar' sovremmenogo russkogo jazyka. Explanatory Combinatorial Dictionary of Modern Russian
(
Mel'cuk 1984)
p.
890 - 中國文化史三百題
(
SANBAITI 1987)
p.
336 - 漢語稱謂詞典 Hanyu chengwei cidian ( WANG HUO 1988) p.
- 許世瑛先生論文集（二）
(
XU SHIYING 1974)
p.
808ff - 古人稱謂 Guren chengwei ( YUAN TINGDONG 1994) p.
- 祖堂集 Sodōshū (Zǔtáng jí) Zengaku sōsho 禪學叢書 ( ZTJ/YANAGIDA) p.
- 中國文化背景八千詞 Zhongguo wenhua beijing ba qian ci
(
WU SANXING 2008)
p.
129ff - 古漢語常用詞同義詞詞典
(
HONG CHENGYU 2009)
p.
585 - Bibliographisches Handbuch zur Sprachinhaltsforschung. Teil II. Systematischer Teil. B. Ordnung nach Sinnbezirken (mit einem alphabetischen Begriffsschluessel): Der Mensch und seine Welt im Spiegel der Sprachforschung
(
FRANKE 1989)
p.
80A - Bibliographisches Handbuch zur Sprachinhaltsforschung. Teil II. Systematischer Teil. B. Ordnung nach Sinnbezirken (mit einem alphabetischen Begriffsschluessel): Der Mensch und seine Welt im Spiegel der Sprachforschung
(
FRANKE 1989)
p.
80B - Begruessung und Abschied bei Homer (Dissertation) ( ELMIGER 1935) p.
Words
汝 rǔ OC: njaʔ MC: ȵi̯ɤ
女 rǔ MC: -- OC: -- 116 AttributionsWD
The current general second person pronouns are rǔ 汝 and in polite contexts zǐ 子.
- Word relations
- Synon: 子/YOU
The current general second person pronouns are rǔ 汝 and in polite contexts zǐ 子. - Oppos: 吾 / 䱷/EGO
The umarked current first person pronoun most current by Warring States times is wú 吾. This word does not normally occur in object position and is highly idiomatic in a possessive pre-nominal position. Significantly, this pronoun can never be used emphatically or contrastively. NB: The word also serves as an impersonal pronoun meaning "one", German man, French on. - Oppos: 我/EGO
Wǒ 我 is contrastive and emphatic by Warring States times (in OBI it was not yet in opposition to wú 吾 and was the standard unmarked pronoun during earlier stages of the language). The word freely occurs in subject, mofifying, and object position and often has an idiomatic meaning like "I for my part" and the formal slightly depersonalised "our party". NB: The word also serves as an impersonal pronoun meaning "one", German man, French on.
- Syntactic words
- nproquasi-reader: you, as if the reader of the text (which was, however, taken over from a spoken setting)LZ
- npro+Vtobjectpreposed object: you
- npro.adNfamiliar possessive your
- npro.adNassociated withyourCH
- npro.adNN=nonhuyour
- npro.postVtobject pronoun: you
- npro.postVtreference=emperoryou (referring to emperor!)
- npro.postVtreference=nonhuyou (referring to a non-human - sometimes even abstract - object)
- npro2. person singulare.g. 汝"you (my son), familiar, informal you
- npro=Nyou (personal first person plural pronoun being followed by N in apposition which specifies the scope of the plural) 汝四子 you the four children
- npro=Nprvocativearchaic: You Npr!
- nproimperativeyou (in imperative sentences)
- npronon-humanyou (addressed to a non-human sometimes even inanimate object)CH
- nproreference=readeryou, my reader
- nprreflexive.self-referential-汝you! (addressing oneself)
君 jūn OC: klun MC: ki̯un 98 AttributionsWD
- Word relations
- Oppos: 臣/EGO
- Oppos: 我/EGO
Wǒ 我 is contrastive and emphatic by Warring States times (in OBI it was not yet in opposition to wú 吾 and was the standard unmarked pronoun during earlier stages of the language). The word freely occurs in subject, mofifying, and object position and often has an idiomatic meaning like "I for my part" and the formal slightly depersonalised "our party". NB: The word also serves as an impersonal pronoun meaning "one", German man, French on.
- Syntactic words
- n[post-npro1.][post=npro2]you, my ruler; your lordship; you, my master
- n[post-npro_1.][post=npro_2:]adNyour
- n[post-npro_1.][post=npro_2:]adNhonorificyour, my lord, your lordship's
子 zǐ OC: sklɯʔ MC: tsɨ 84 AttributionsWD
The current general second person pronouns are rǔ 汝 and in polite contexts zǐ 子.
- Word relations
- Synon: 汝 / 女/YOU
The current general second person pronouns are rǔ 汝 and in polite contexts zǐ 子. - Oppos: 吾 / 䱷/EGO
The umarked current first person pronoun most current by Warring States times is wú 吾. This word does not normally occur in object position and is highly idiomatic in a possessive pre-nominal position. Significantly, this pronoun can never be used emphatically or contrastively. NB: The word also serves as an impersonal pronoun meaning "one", German man, French on. - Oppos: 我/EGO
Wǒ 我 is contrastive and emphatic by Warring States times (in OBI it was not yet in opposition to wú 吾 and was the standard unmarked pronoun during earlier stages of the language). The word freely occurs in subject, mofifying, and object position and often has an idiomatic meaning like "I for my part" and the formal slightly depersonalised "our party". NB: The word also serves as an impersonal pronoun meaning "one", German man, French on.
- Syntactic words
- npro(.adN)your contextually determinate NCH
- npro.adNhonorific: your 子之足
- npro.adNhonorific en-famille(of wife to her husband, as it used to be in French and in German, etc) youCH
- npro2. person singulargenerally honorific pron: you; plural: you gentlemen
- npro2. person singularyou, sir; you, madam
- nprofeminineyou (my lady)
- npronon-honorificyou (my daughter etc)
- nproreference=unspecifiedyou (the reference being poetically unspecified in context)
- nprovocative, exlamatoryOh you, Sir!CH
- npro{PRED}(predicative) is you
- npro{PRED}identicalbe identical with youCH
爾 ěr OC: mljelʔ MC: ȵiɛ
爾儞 Click here to add pinyin OC: MC: 76 AttributionsWD
- Word relations
- Synon: 而/YOU
- Oppos: 我/EGO
Wǒ 我 is contrastive and emphatic by Warring States times (in OBI it was not yet in opposition to wú 吾 and was the standard unmarked pronoun during earlier stages of the language). The word freely occurs in subject, mofifying, and object position and often has an idiomatic meaning like "I for my part" and the formal slightly depersonalised "our party". NB: The word also serves as an impersonal pronoun meaning "one", German man, French on.
- Syntactic words
- npro.adNfamiliar: your
- npro.postVt2. person singularyou (can also refer occasionally to the deceased, in prayers)
- npro2. person singularfamiliar: you
- npro2. person singularyou
- npro=Nappositionyou N
- npro=Nvocative爾眾"you my many servitors": youCH
- nprovocativeYou!
- npro{OBJ}+Vtyou
公 gōng OC: klooŋ MC: kuŋ 50 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- n[post-npro1.][post=npro2]pronominalYou (the duke); later: colloquial in informal conversation: you
- n[post-npro2.][post=npro1:]adNyour
- npro{OBJ}+Vtyou, sir
王 wáng OC: ɢʷaŋ MC: ɦi̯ɐŋ 50 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- n[post-npro1.][post=npro2]vocativeYour Majesty! (new subject....)
- n[post-npro1.post=npro2]pronominalyour majesty
- nadN2. person singularyour majesty's
而 ér OC: njɯ MC: ȵɨ 42 AttributionsWD
- Word relations
- Synon: 爾 / 爾儞/YOU
- Syntactic words
- nproyou
- npro.adNyour
夫子 fū zǐ OC: pa sklɯʔ MC: pi̯o tsɨ 35 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NP[post-npro1.][post=npro2:]adNyour, my master; yours, officers
- NP[post-npro1.][post=npro2:]postVtyou, my master
- NP[post-npro_1.][post=npro_2]you, my master (and husband)
- NP[post-npro_1.][post=npro_2]respectfulyou, Sir
- NP[post-npro_1.][post=npro_2]vocativeplural: You, my heroes
先生 xiān shēng OC: sɯɯn sraaŋ MC: sen ʂɣaŋ 33 AttributionsWD
- Word relations
- Oppos: 吾 / 䱷/EGO
The umarked current first person pronoun most current by Warring States times is wú 吾. This word does not normally occur in object position and is highly idiomatic in a possessive pre-nominal position. Significantly, this pronoun can never be used emphatically or contrastively. NB: The word also serves as an impersonal pronoun meaning "one", German man, French on.
- Syntactic words
- NP[post-npro_1.][post=npro_2]you, master
大王 dà wáng OC: daads ɢʷaŋ MC: dɑi ɦi̯ɐŋ 26 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NP[post-npro1.][post=npro2:]adNYour Great Majesty's
- NP[post-npro1.][post=npro2:]postVtyou (as OBJECT)
- NP[post-npro1.][post=npro2]pronominalYour Great Majesty
道流 dào liú OC: ɡ-luuʔ ru MC: dɑu lɨu 26 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NP[adN]you, followers of the Way
- NPadNpluralof you, followers of the Way
和尚 hé shàng OC: ɡool djaŋs MC: ɦʷɑ dʑi̯ɐŋ 24 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NPadNhonorificBUDDH: your, the Preceptor's
- NPhonorificBUDDH: you, the Preceptor
- NPpostVthonorificBUDDH: you, the Preceptor
- NPvocativeyou, monk
若 ruò OC: njaɡ MC: ȵi̯ɐk 23 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- npro.adN2. person singularyour (informal)
- npro.postVtsingularyou (the object)
- nprosubjectyou
- nprovocativeyou!
- npro{OBJ}+VtobjectyouDS
吾子 wú zǐ OC: ŋaa sklɯʔ MC: ŋuo̝ tsɨ 23 AttributionsWD
- Word relations
- Oppos: 我/EGO
Wǒ 我 is contrastive and emphatic by Warring States times (in OBI it was not yet in opposition to wú 吾 and was the standard unmarked pronoun during earlier stages of the language). The word freely occurs in subject, mofifying, and object position and often has an idiomatic meaning like "I for my part" and the formal slightly depersonalised "our party". NB: The word also serves as an impersonal pronoun meaning "one", German man, French on.
- Syntactic words
- NP[post=npro_2]you
- NPpro.adNyour
- NPpro.postVtyou
世尊 shì zūn OC: lʰebs tsuun MC: ɕiɛi tsuo̝n 17 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- VP[adN.][post=npro2]BUDDH: you, the World-honoured One
之 zhī OC: kljɯ MC: tɕɨ 16 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- npro.postVt2. person singularyou
卿 qīng OC: khraŋ MC: khɣaŋ 11 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- nproinformal: you
- npro.adNyourDS
其 qí OC: ɡɯ MC: gɨ 10 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- npro.adNyour; your own
大 dà OC: daads MC: dɑi 10 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- vadN[.post-npro2]your distinguished 大國
身 shēn OC: qhjin MC: ɕin 10 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- npronominalyou yourself; your person???
君子 jūn zǐ OC: klun sklɯʔ MC: ki̯un tsɨ 10 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NPpronominalyou, sir, of noble character
將軍 jiāng jūn OC: skaŋ kun MC: tsi̯ɐŋ ki̯un 10 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NP[post=npro_2]you, general; mon general!, generalissimo;
大夫 dà fū OC: daads pa MC: dɑi pi̯o 9 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NP[post=npro_2]you, distinguished sir
大師 dà shī OC: daads sril MC: dɑi ʂi 9 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NP[post-npro_1.][post=npro_2]you, the Grand master
天師 tiān shī OC: lʰiin sril MC: then ʂi 9 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NP[post=npro2]You, Heavenly Master
- npro.adNyourCH
陛下 bì xià OC: biiʔ ɢraaʔ MC: bei ɦɣɛ 9 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NP[adN]N=humanYour Majesty
真人 zhēn rén OC: tjin njin MC: tɕin ȵin 8 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NP[post=npro2][you,] a perfected
- NPadNyourCH
這 Click here to add pinyin OC: MC: 7 AttributionsWD
zhè
- Syntactic words
- npro.adNderogatorycolloquial: this N > you N (used in derogatory and insulting expressions when the speaker avoids to address the dialogue partner directly)
主君 zhǔ jūn OC: tjoʔ klun MC: tɕi̯o ki̯un 7 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NP[post-npro_1.][post=npro_2]you mylord
大德 dà dé OC: daads tɯɯɡ MC: dɑi tək 7 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NP[adN.][post=npro_2]you, person of great virtue
- NPvocativeyou, of great virtue!
你 nǐ OC: m-lɯʔ MC: ɳɨ 6 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- npro.adNabyour
- nprosingularyou
足下 zú xià OC: tsoɡ ɢraaʔ MC: tsi̯ok ɦɣɛ 6 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NP[post=npro2.][adN]your excellency
闍梨 shé lí OC: ɡlja ril MC: dʑɣɛ li 6 AttributionsWD
- Studies in the Language of Zǔtáng jí 祖堂集
(
ANDERL 2004B)
p.
187 This semi-pronoun has a frequency of ca. 100 occurrences in ZTJ. It is actually not clear whether it should be regarded as honorific semi-pronoun since it is usually used by the master when addressing a disciple, often in a mocking or even derogatory tone.
- Syntactic words
- NPhonorificBUDDH: you, the teacher SANSKRIT ācārya
- NPpro.adNBUDDH: of you, the teacher
孺子 rú zǐ OC: njos sklɯʔ MC: ȵi̯o tsɨ 5 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NP[post=npro_2]you, my child; you, young man!
乃 nǎi OC: nɯɯʔ MC: nəi
迺 nǎi OC: nɯɯʔ MC: nəi 4 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- npro.adNpluralyour
- npro.adNsingularyour (archaic)LZ
- npro=Nyou NCH
相 xiāng OC: sqaŋ MC: si̯ɐŋ 4 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- npro{OBJ}+Vtyou (preposed object)
太子 tài zǐ OC: thaads sklɯʔ MC: thɑi tsɨ 4 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NP[post=npro2.]adNyour
- NP[post=npro_2]you, the heir apparent
尊者 zūn zhě OC: tsuun kljaʔ MC: tsuo̝n tɕɣɛ 4 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NP[post=npro_2]BUDDH:?? you, Venerable
師兄 shī xiōng OC: sril qhʷraŋ MC: ʂi hɣaŋ 4 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NP[post-npro_1.][post=npro_2]BUDDH: master older brother > you, the senior fellow monk; you, the senior fellow apprentice (the semi-pronoun is occasionally contrasted with the humble first person pronoun 專甲 in ZTJ)
- NPpost=NprbuddhistBUDDH: senior fellow monk N
聖人 shèng rén OC: qhljeŋs njin MC: ɕiɛŋ ȵin 4 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NP[post=npro_2]honorific: you, a sage
主 zhǔ OC: tjoʔ MC: tɕi̯o 3 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- npronominalyou, my lord; you, my lord and father ZUO
君王 jūn wáng OC: klun ɢʷaŋ MC: ki̯un ɦi̯ɐŋ 3 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NP[post-npro_1.][post=npro_2]Your Majesty (ZUO)
天子 tiān zǐ OC: lʰiin sklɯʔ MC: then tsɨ 3 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NP[post=npro_2]Your Heavenly Majesty
是你 shì nǐ OC: ɡljeʔ m-lɯʔ MC: dʑiɛ ɳɨ 3 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NPpro=Nemphaticemphatic second person pronoun (followed by a quantifying apposition)
- NPproemphaticemphatic second person pronoun
汝身 rǔ shēn OC: njaʔ qhjin MC: ȵi̯ɤ ɕin 3 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NPpronominalyour person> you
禪師 chán shī OC: djan sril MC: dʑiɛn ʂi 3 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NP[post=npro2.]postVtBUDDH: you, the Chán/Zen master
- NP[post=npro_2]you, Zen master
老和尚 lǎo hé shàng OC: ɡ-ruuʔ ɡool djaŋs MC: lɑu ɦʷɑ dʑi̯ɐŋ 3 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NP[post=npro_2]you, the old monk / Reverend
伯 bó OC: praaɡ MC: pɣɛk 2 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- n[post-npro1.][post=npro2]you, my uncle
佛 fó OC: bɯd MC: bi̯ut 2 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- nadNpronominalyour, the Buddha's
- npr[post=npro2]you, Buddha
厥 jué OC: kod MC: ki̯ɐt 2 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- npro.adNarchaic: your, sir; your distinguished
叟 sǒu OC: sooʔ MC: su 2 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- n[post=npro]you, venerable Sir
客 kè OC: khraaɡ MC: khɣɛk 2 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- n[post=npro2]you, our guest; your, foreigner
師 shī OC: sril MC: ʂi 2 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- n[post-npro1.][post=npro2]you, the master
貴 guì OC: kluds MC: kɨi 2 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- vadN[.post-npro2]your precious, your distinguished
上座 shàng zuò OC: ɡljaŋs sɡools MC: dʑi̯ɐŋ dzʷɑ 2 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NP[adN.][post=npro_2]you, monk on the upper seat; you, monk sitting on the seat of honour
丈人 zhàng rén OC: daŋʔ njin MC: ɖi̯ɐŋ ȵin 2 AttributionsWD
you SSXY
- Syntactic words
- NP[post=npro_2]you
主人 zhǔ rén OC: tjoʔ njin MC: tɕi̯o ȵin 2 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NP[post-npro_1.][post=npro_2]you, my host
伯父 bó fǔ OC: praaɡ paʔ MC: pɣɛk pi̯o 2 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NP[post-npro_1.][post=npro_2]you, uncle ZUO
叔父 shū fù OC: qhljɯwɡ baʔ MC: ɕuk bi̯o 2 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NP[post-npro_1.][post=npro_2]you, my uncle (literally: the younge brother of my father), traditional address of the Son of Heaven to any of the feudal lords with the same family name
執事 zhí shì OC: tjib dzrɯs MC: tɕip ɖʐɨ 2 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- VP[adN.][post=npro2]you, the person in charge
大君 dà jūn OC: daads klun MC: dɑi ki̯un 2 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NP[post-npro_1.][post=npro_2]Your Great Excellence
大國 dà guó OC: daads kʷɯɯɡ MC: dɑi kək 2 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NP[post=npro2]you, being a big state; you on behalf of your stateDS
- NPpronominalyou (on behalf of your state)
山人 shān rén OC: sreen njin MC: ʂɣɛn ȵin 2 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NP[post=npro_2]you, the mountain-dweller; you, the recluse (Tang)
檀越 tán yuè OC: daan ɢʷad MC: dɑn ɦi̯ɐt 2 AttributionsWD
- Studies in the Language of Zǔtáng jí 祖堂集
(
ANDERL 2004B)
p.
188 This is a polite term used by a monk when addressing a lay-supporter of Buddhism. Typically, the address is directed towards persons of often considerable influence and wealth (e.g. the emperor) who actively support the monasteries with money or material goods.
- Syntactic words
- NP[post=npro_2]BUDDH: you, the lay-supporter; you the Dānapati (this semi-pronoun is typically used by monks when addressing influential and wealthy lay Buddhists who support monasteries and monks with material goods or money)
童子 tóng zǐ OC: dooŋ sklɯʔ MC: duŋ tsɨ 2 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NP[post=npro_2]you, little boy
老兄 lǎo xiōng OC: ɡ-ruuʔ qhʷraŋ MC: lɑu hɣaŋ 2 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NP[post=npro2.]postVtBUDDH: you, (older brother>) senior monk
- NP[post=npro_2]BUDDH: elder brother > you, the senior monk
漢 hàn OC: qhlaans MC: hɑn 2 AttributionsWD
zhè hàn
- Syntactic words
- NPderogatorycolloquial and derogatory: you, this fellow
汝君子 rǔ jūn zǐ MC: nyoX kjun tsiX OC: njaʔ klun sklɯʔCH 2 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NPpluralapposition: you gentlemenCH
子大夫 zǐ dà dài fū MC: tsiX dajH pju OC: sklɯʔ daads paCH 2 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NPproYou, grandeeCH
吾君 wú jūn MC: ngu kjun OC: ŋaa klunCH 2 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NPproyou, my rulerCH
父母 fǔ mǔ MC: pjuX muwX OC: paʔ mɯʔDS 2 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NP[post-npro1.][post=npro2]dualisyou, my parentsDS
帝 dì OC: k-leeɡs MC: tei 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- n[post=npro2]you, our emperor
母 mǔ OC: mɯʔ MC: mu 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- n[post-npro1.][post=npro2]you, my husband's mother; you my mother
躬 gōng OC: kʷɯŋ MC: kuŋ 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- npronominalyou (physically); your body
醫 yī OC: qɯ MC: ʔɨ 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- npronominalDoctor, you
主上 zhǔ shàng OC: tjoʔ ɡljaŋs MC: tɕi̯o dʑi̯ɐŋ 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- NP[post-npro_1.][post=npro_2]Your Majesty
仁者 rén zhě OC: njin kljaʔ MC: ȵin tɕɣɛ 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- NPpronominalyou, the benevolent one
侍者 shì zhě OC: ɡljɯs kljaʔ MC: dʑɨ tɕɣɛ 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- NP[post-npro_1.][post=npro_2]you, the attendent
公子 gōng zǐ OC: klooŋ sklɯʔ MC: kuŋ tsɨ 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- NP[post=npro_2]you, the prince (not necessarily of the same country)
司馬 sī mǎ OC: sqlɯ mraaʔ MC: sɨ mɣɛ 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- NPproyou, my Marshal; you the Marshal
天尊 tiān zūn OC: lʰiin tsuun MC: then tsuo̝n 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- VP{PASS}[adN.][post=npro2]You, the Heaven-honoured
天王 tiān wáng OC: lʰiin ɢʷaŋ MC: then ɦi̯ɐŋ 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- NP[post=npro_2]Your Heavenly Majesty
太師 tài shī OC: thaads sril MC: thɑi ʂi 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- NP[post=npro_2]you, Grand Music Master
子身 zǐ shēn OC: sklɯʔ qhjin MC: tsɨ ɕin 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- NPpronominalyourself
尊人 zūn rén OC: tsuun njin MC: tsuo̝n ȵin 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- NP[post=npro_2]you, the honoured person
小人 xiǎo rén OC: smewʔ njin MC: siɛu ȵin 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- NP[post=npro_2]you
小子 xiǎo zǐ OC: smewʔ sklɯʔ MC: siɛu tsɨ 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- NP[post=npro_2]you little one
- NP[post=npro_2]vocativeYou little man!
- NPpronominalyou
師弟 shī dì OC: sril liilʔ MC: ʂi dei 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- NP[post-npro_1.][post=npro_2]BUDDH: master younger brother > you, the junior fellow monk (master); compare 師兄
廷尉 tíng wèi OC: deeŋ quds MC: deŋ ʔɨi 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- NP[post=npro_2]you, commandant of justice
從者 cóng zhě OC: dzoŋ kljaʔ MC: dzi̯oŋ tɕɣɛ 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- NP[post-npro_1.][post=npro_2]you, my followers
比丘 bǐ qiū OC: piʔ khɯ MC: pi khɨu 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- NP[post=npro_2]vocativeyou, monk!
法公 fǎ gōng OC: pab klooŋ MC: pi̯ɐp kuŋ 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- NP[post=npro_2]BUDDH: Mister Dharma > you the person involved in the Dharma, you, the monk
爾身 ěr shēn OC: mljelʔ qhjin MC: ȵiɛ ɕin 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- NPdefiniteyou
甲子 jiǎ zǐ OC: kraab sklɯʔ MC: kɣap tsɨ 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- NP[post=npro_2]you
祖師 zǔ shī OC: skaaʔ sril MC: tsuo̝ ʂi 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- NP[post-npro_1.][post=npro_2]BUDDH: you, the Patriarch
老宿 lǎo sù OC: ɡ-ruuʔ suɡ MC: lɑu suk 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- NP[post=npro_2]BUDDH: you, the old recluse, you the venerable hermit
老漢 lǎo hàn OC: ɡ-ruuʔ qhlaans MC: lɑu hɑn 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- NP[post=npro_2]you, old monk
而身 ér shēn OC: njɯ qhjin MC: ȵɨ ɕin 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- NPproyour person> you
聖王 shèng wáng OC: qhljeŋs ɢʷaŋ MC: ɕiɛŋ ɦi̯ɐŋ 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- NPpronominalYour Majesty
菩薩 pú sà OC: bɯ saad MC: buo̝ sɑt 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- NPpr[.post=npro2]BUDDH: you, the Bodhisattva
處女 chǔ nǚ OC: khljaʔ naʔ MC: tɕhi̯ɤ ɳi̯ɤ 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- NP[post=npro_2]you
道俗 dào sú OC: ɡ-luuʔ sɢloɡ MC: dɑu zi̯ok 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- NP[adN.][post=npro_2]you people, monks and laymen alike
長老 zhǎng lǎo OC: krlaŋʔ ɡ-ruuʔ MC: ʈi̯ɐŋ lɑu 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- NPbuddhistyou, emminent monk; you, senior monk
阿師 ā shī OC: qlaal sril MC: ʔɑ ʂi 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- NPderogatoryBUDDH: this is a derogatory expression for monks: you, the monk
出家兒 chū jiā ér OC: khljud kraa ŋje MC: tɕhʷit kɣɛ ȵiɛ 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- NP[post=npro_2]you, who renounced home; you monks
善男子 shàn nán zǐ OC: ɡjenʔ noom sklɯʔ MC: dʑiɛn nəm tsɨ 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- NP[post=npro_2]you (coming from a good family), you sons of good families; you gentlemen (originally used by Buddha when addressing his disciples)
善知識 shàn zhī shí OC: ɡjenʔ te qhljɯɡ MC: dʑiɛn ʈiɛ ɕɨk 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- NP[post=npro_2]you, my dear friend and teacher
子之身 zǐ zhī shēn OC: sklɯʔ kljɯ qhjin MC: tsɨ tɕɨ ɕin 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- NPpronominalyou yourself
者畜生 zhě chù shēng OC: kljaʔ khrluɡs sraaŋ MC: tɕɣɛ ʈhɨu ʂɣaŋ 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- NP[post=npro_2]colloquial and derogatory: you, this domestic animal
眇小山僧 miǎo xiǎo shān sēng OC: mewʔ smewʔ sreen sɯɯŋ MC: miɛu siɛu ʂɣɛn səŋ 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- NP[post=npro_2]BUDDH: you, the unimportant/insignicant mountain recluse
伊 yī MC: 'jij OC: qlilCH 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- npro(medieval) youCH
陛下 bì xià MC: bejX haeX OC: biiʔ ɢraaʔCH 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- NPpro.adNYour Majesty'sCH
婦人 fù rén MC: bjuwX nyin OC: buʔ njinCH 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- NPproyou, my wifeCH
焉 yān MC: hjen OC: ɢanDS 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- vi{vt npro}.postadVto you; from you; than you etc.DS
后 hòu MC: huwX OC: ɡooʔCH 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- nprosubjectdialect: you, my lordCH
后 hòu MC: huwX OC: ɡooʔCH 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- nprosubjectdialect: you, my lordCH
婦 fù MC: bjuwX OC: buʔDS 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- n[post-npro1.post=npro2]you[, my daughter-in-law] DS
二三大夫 èr sān dà fú MC: nyijH sam dajH bju OC: njis saam daads baCH 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- NPpropluralyou dignitariesCH
兄 xiōng OC: qhʷraŋ MC: hɣaŋ 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- n[post-npro1.][post=npro2]BUDDH: you, the senior fellow monk; you my elder brother
- n[post-npro_1.][post=npro_2:]adNyour, my elder brother
官 guān OC: koon MC: kʷɑn 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- n[post=npro2]you, official SSXY 若蒙官; also: you, my father-in-law; you, esteemed person
尊 zūn OC: tsuun MC: tsuo̝n 0 AttributionsWD
you SSXY
- Syntactic words
- npostVtpronominalyour honour
- vadN[.post-npro2]your
戎 róng OC: njuŋ MC: ȵuŋ 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- npro2. person singularyou
皇 huáng OC: ɡʷaaŋ MC: ɦɑŋ 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- n[post=npro2]you, the emperor
賢 xián OC: ɡiin MC: ɦen 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- npronominalpost-v (SONG): you
上人 shàng rén OC: ɡljaŋs njin MC: dʑi̯ɐŋ ȵin 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NP[post=npro_2]you my superior> (honorific) you
亡君 wáng jūn OC: maŋ klun MC: mi̯ɐŋ ki̯un 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NP[post-npro_1.][post=npro_2]you
伯氏 bó shì OC: praaɡ ɡjeʔ MC: pɣɛk dʑiɛ 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NP[post-npro_1.][post=npro_2]you, uncle
伯舅 bó jiù OC: praaɡ ɡuʔ MC: pɣɛk gɨu 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NP[post-npro_1.][post=npro_2]you, uncle ZUO
使君 shǐ jūn OC: srɯʔ klun MC: ʂɨ ki̯un 0 AttributionsWD
you, sir SSXY
- Syntactic words
- NP[post=npro_2]you, sir
兄弟 xiōng dì OC: qhʷraŋ liilʔ MC: hɣaŋ dei 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NP[post-npro_1.][post=npro_2]you, my brother
公孫 gōng sūn OC: klooŋ sluun MC: kuŋ suo̝n 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NP[post-npro_1.][post=npro_2]you distinguished gentlemen (RULINWAISHI)
叔氏 shū shì OC: qhljɯwɡ ɡjeʔ MC: ɕuk dʑiɛ 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NP[post-npro_1.][post=npro_2]you, my uncle
君主 jūn zhǔ OC: klun tjoʔ MC: ki̯un tɕi̯o 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
君侯 jūn hóu OC: klun ɡoo MC: ki̯un ɦu 0 AttributionsWD
your honour SSXY
- Syntactic words
- NP[post=npro_2]your honour SSXY
君父 jūn fù OC: klun baʔ MC: ki̯un bi̯o 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NP[post-npro_1.][post=npro_2]you, venerable sir
奴 nú OC: naa MC: nuo̝ 0 AttributionsWD
you SSXY
- Syntactic words
- NP[post=npro_2]you, slave
執政 zhí zhèng OC: tjib tjeŋs MC: tɕip tɕiɛŋ 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- VP[adN.][post=npro2]you, ruler ZUO
大主 dà zhǔ OC: daads tjoʔ MC: dɑi tɕi̯o 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NP[post-npro1.][post=npro2]you, my great lord
大家 dà jiā OC: daads kraa MC: dɑi kɣɛ 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NP[post=npro_2]you, sir
大聖 dà shèng OC: daads qhljeŋs MC: dɑi ɕiɛŋ 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NP[post=npro_2]you, the great sage
- NPpronominalOur great sage!
太后 tài hòu OC: thaads ɡoos MC: thɑi ɦu 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NP[post=npro_2]your royal majesty
如來 rú lái OC: nja m-rɯɯ MC: ȵi̯ɤ ləi 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NPpr[.post=npro2]you, the Tathāgata
官守 guān shǒu OC: koon qhjuʔ MC: kʷɑn ɕɨu 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NP[post=npro_2]you
宰旅 zǎi lǚ OC: tsɯɯʔ raʔ MC: tsəi li̯ɤ 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NP[post=npro_2]you
尊侯 zūn hóu OC: tsuun ɡoo MC: tsuo̝n ɦu 0 AttributionsWD
you, mylord SSXY
- Syntactic words
- NP[post=npro_2]you, mylord SSXY
小姑 xiǎo gū OC: smewʔ kaa MC: siɛu kuo̝ 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NP[post-npro_1.][post=npro_2]you, little sister of my husband
府君 fǔ jūn OC: poʔ klun MC: pi̯o ki̯un 0 AttributionsWD
you, lord of the house SSXY
- Syntactic words
- NP[post=npro_2]you, lord of the house
明公 míng gōng OC: mraŋ klooŋ MC: mɣaŋ kuŋ 0 AttributionsWD
your distinguished person SSXY
- Syntactic words
- NP[post=npro_2]your distinguished person
明府 míng fǔ OC: mraŋ poʔ MC: mɣaŋ pi̯o 0 AttributionsWD
your honour SSXY
- Syntactic words
- NP[post=npro_2]your honour
王孫 wáng sūn OC: ɢʷaŋ sluun MC: ɦi̯ɐŋ suo̝n 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NP[post=npro_2]you ZUO
老師 lǎo shī OC: ɡ-ruuʔ sril MC: lɑu ʂi 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NP[post-npro_1.][post=npro_2]BUDDH: ?? you, the teacher; you, the master
老賊 lǎo zéi OC: ɡ-ruuʔ sɡɯɯɡ MC: lɑu dzək 0 AttributionsWD
you SSXY
- Syntactic words
- NP[post=npro_2]you scoundrel SSXY
舅氏 jiù shì OC: ɡuʔ ɡjeʔ MC: gɨu dʑiɛ 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NP[post-npro_1.][post=npro_2]you, my uncle
老大人 lǎo dà rén OC: ɡ-ruuʔ daads njin MC: lɑu dɑi ȵin 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NP[post=npro_2]you, the great and accomplished person
老漢 lǎo hàn OC: ɡ-ruuʔ qhlaans MC: lɑu hɑn 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NP[post=npro_2](Read: zhèi..., a pronunciation still not recognised in 廣韻 because that book is concerned with readings in literary texts only and does not have such readings as hái for 還 although the word was current in Sòng times.)(You) this old fellow (derogatory)
兄弟甥舅 xiōng dì shēng jiù OC: qhʷraŋ liilʔ sraaŋ ɡuʔ MC: hɣaŋ dei ʂɣaŋ gɨu 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NP[post-npro_1.][post=npro_2]you, my brothers and uncles
外 wài OC: ŋoods MC: ŋɑi 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- v[adN]N=humanpost-Buddhist colloquial: you, my husband
玉 yù OC: ŋɡoɡ MC: ŋi̯ok 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- nadNpolite possessive pronoun: your (beautiful)
Click here to add pinyin MC: OC: CH 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NPproYou, grandeeCH
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