CATEGORY 類
ABSTRACT CONCEPT REFERRING TYPICALLY to MANY THINGS with RESEMBLING FEATURES.
CLASSCLASSIFICATIONGROUPGROUPINGBRACKETHEADINGSETTYPESORTKINDVARIETYSPECIESBREEDBRANDMAKEMODELGRADEORDERRANKPIGEONHOLE
Hypernym
- CONCEPTABSTRACT DEFINED IDEA of OBJECTS of THOUGHT.
See also
- FEATUREABSTRACT OBJECT a THING is SAID to BE OR to HAVE.
Hyponym
- GROUP CATEGORY of PEOPLE OR THINGS which COOPERATE, MUTUALLY RESEMBLE OR are TOGETHER IN ONE PLACE.
- ARMY BIG GROUP of SOLDIERS TYPICALLY CONTROLLED by a RULER OR GOVERNMENT.
- FAMILY GROUP of PERSONS with the SAME ANCESTORS, OR WITH the SAME GRANDFATHER OR GREAT GRANDFATHER.
- FACTION GROUP of PERSONS HAVING the SAME ASPIRATIONS AND OFTEN:typically VOLUNTARILY ESTABLISHED FOR INFLUENCING a GOVERNMENT OR INSTITUTION.
- PEOPLE GROUP of HUMANS LIVING in a STATE OR TERRITORY.[[VOLK]]NOTE: For this section I have found it instructive to collect a large number of post-Buddhist binomes....
- CONSTELLATION GROUP of STARS BELIEVED to be PARTS of ONE WHOLE.
- SOCIETY GROUP OF HUMANS AND THE SYSTEM of ROLES AND RELATIONS BETWEEN THESE HUMANS in a DEFINITE TERRITORY.
- CROWD LARGE GROUP of PEOPLE IN ONE PLACE.
- TRIBE GROUP of HUMANS which HAS COMMON ANCESTORS AND a COMMON CULTURE.
- LINEAGE GROUP of PEOPLE HAVING the SAME ANCESTORS.
- HERD GROUP of COOPERATING ANIMALS.
- MIDDLE CLASSES GROUP of HUMANS who are NOT ARISTOCRATS BUT SUFFICIENTLY RICH in a STATE.[[MITTELSTAND]]
- INSTITUTION BUREAUCRATIC GROUP of OFFICES LEGITIMATELY ESTABLISHED, CONTROLLED OR PERMITTED by the GOVERNMENT....
- MAJORITY MOST BIG GROUP of HUMANS in a MORE BIG GROUP of HUMANS than the first GROUP.
- CLASS GROUP of HUMANS HAVING RESEMBLING STATUS AND INTERESTS.
- ASSOCIATION GROUP of HUMANS LEGITIMATELY AND VOLUNTARILY ESTABLISHED by its SELF:own MEMBERS.[[VEREINIGUNG]]
- POLITICAL REPRESENTATION SMALL GROUP REPLACING a GROUP so as to EXPRESS the NEEDS AND DESIRES of that GROUP in GOVERNMENT.
- COLLECTIVE GROUP VOLUNTARILY WORKING TOGETHER FOR COMMON PROFIT.
- ELITE GROUP of MOST EXCELLENT HUMANS IN a SOCIETY.
- SERIES SERIES ORDERED AS TO WHAT PRECEDES WHAT.
- LITERARY GENRE CATEGORY of LITERATURE.
- NATURAL KIND NATURAL CATEGORY of CREATURES OR THINGS.[THIS IS NOT GOOD ENOUGH AS IT STANDS... I'M JUST FIXING A PLACE IN WHICH TO DISCUSS THIS CRUCIAL NOTION.CH]
Old Chinese Criteria
1. The general current word for the abstract notion of a category of any kind is lèi 類.
2. Shǔ 屬 construes a category as something that concrete things belong to or belong under, and the term is not abstract in force.
3. Zhǒng 種 "kind" emphasises the common origin and derives from the biological notion of a species, and the term often refers specifically to the kinds of grain.
4. Chóu 疇 "natural group a thing belongs to" is not really a logical term of classification but essentially a term belonging to the sociology of animals.
2. Shǔ 屬 construes a category as something that concrete things belong to or belong under, and the term is not abstract in force.
3. Zhǒng 種 "kind" emphasises the common origin and derives from the biological notion of a species, and the term often refers specifically to the kinds of grain.
4. Chóu 疇 "natural group a thing belongs to" is not really a logical term of classification but essentially a term belonging to the sociology of animals.
Modern Chinese Criteria
種類 is the most general current word for a category.
類 is a current slightly more colloquial word for a category.
類別 focusses on the distinguishing function of classification.
品類 refers to a man-made category or class.
類型 prototypically focusses on the shared form of what belongs to one category.
門類 emphasises the man-made nature of the category.
部類 is a literary technical term for a category of things in a major scheme of classification.
項目 refers to categories of activities within a project.
品種 refers technically to a variety of goods for sale.
花色 refers idiomatically to a variety of goods for sale.
rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／
類 is a current slightly more colloquial word for a category.
類別 focusses on the distinguishing function of classification.
品類 refers to a man-made category or class.
類型 prototypically focusses on the shared form of what belongs to one category.
門類 emphasises the man-made nature of the category.
部類 is a literary technical term for a category of things in a major scheme of classification.
項目 refers to categories of activities within a project.
品種 refers technically to a variety of goods for sale.
花色 refers idiomatically to a variety of goods for sale.
rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／
Old Chinese Contrasts
LEIBNIZ 6.4 P. 31: G e n u s est cujus nomen ad pauciora restringi potest.
S p e c i e s est quod alterius restrictione intelligitur.
S p e c i e s est quod alterius restrictione intelligitur.
- Vocabulaire européen des philosophies. Dictionnaire des intraduisibles
(
CASSIN 2004)
p.
1199 - Language and Logic Science and Civilisation in China ( HARBSMEIER 1998) p.
- 論衡同義詞研究
(
LUNHENG TONGYI 2004)
p.
111 - Woerterbuch der Philosophie. Neue Beitraege zu einer Kritik der Sprache
(
MAUTHNER WP 1924)
p.
I.77 - Dictionnaire culturel en langue francaise
(
REY 2005)
p.
2.1317 - Historisches Woerterbuch der Philosophie
(
RITTER 1971-2007)
p.
4.714 - Historisches Woerterbuch der Philosophie
(
RITTER 1971-2007)
p.
4.776 - The Encyclopedia of Philosophy ( BORCHERT 2005) p.
- The Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(
BORCHERT 2005)
p.
NATURAL KINDS, SYNTACTIC AND SEMANTICAL CATEGORIES
- Quiddities. An Intermittently Philosophical Dictionary
(
QUINE 1987)
p.
22 CLASSES VERSUS PROPERTIES
Words
類 lèi OC: ruds MC: li 45 AttributionsWD
The general current word for the abstract notion of a category of any kind is lèi 類.
- Word relations
- Assoc: 醜/CATEGORY
- Syntactic words
- nabproper categories, appropriate system of categorisationLZ
- nab.post-V{NUM}conceptnatural kind, kind, class
- nab.t:post.-N+zhithe category of items like N
- nabconceptthe proper category, the right category
- nabmathematical termCHEMLA 2003:
- nabpluraldifferent categories, different species
- nabpredicate類也: be of the same category; belong to the same class of things
- nabsingularcategoryLZ
- nab{PRED}.post-Nbe of the N categoryCH
- npost-Nnonreferentialpeople or things of the N kind
- ntpost-Nmembersmembers of the category
- vtoNbelong to the same category as NLZ
屬 shǔ OC: djoɡ MC: dʑi̯ok 15 AttributionsWD
Shǔ 屬 construes a category as something that concrete things belong to or belong under, and the term is not abstract in force.
- Syntactic words
- nab.t:post.-N+zhithe category of items like N
- ntpost-Nsubjectwhat belongs to a certain category; the likes of 有血氣之屬
- vtoNbelong under, belong to; pertain to; belong to the category of
- vttoN1.+N2to classify N1 as N2, to subsume N1 under N2LZ
種 zhǒng OC: tjoŋʔ MC: tɕi̯oŋ 15 AttributionsWD
Zhǒng 種"kind" emphasises the common origin and derives from the biological notion of a species, and the term often refers specifically to the kinds of grain.
- Syntactic words
- nab.post-Nthe category of NCH
- nab.post-V{NUM}kind of thing
- nab.post-V{NUM}figurativekind, type, category
- nabsocial(BUDDH:) social class in India: caste (sometimes also: clan, family lineage; see 種姓)
- nab{PRED}belong to natural categories or kindsCH
- ncpost-V{NUM}.+Nkinds of 五種人"five kinds of people"
- npost-Nthe N-breed
般 bān OC: paan MC: pʷɑn 11 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- nabcategory, class, sort
- nab.post-V{NUM}figurativecategory
- npost-V{INDEF-ARTICLE}.adNcategory
- npost-V{NUM}.adNx kinds/sorts of N
- vadNsort of, kind of
科 kē OC: khool MC: khʷɑ 9 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- ncategory; legal subcategory>paragraph; order of magnitude
徒 tú OC: daa MC: duo̝ 7 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- nab.t:post.-N+zhithe category of people of the category N
- npost-Nnonreferentialkind of person GUAN: 行食之徒 people who wander about in search of something to eat; HSWZ 詐勝之徒 SHIJI 74 NN NN NN 之徒"people like NN"
倫 lún OC: ɡ-run MC: lʷin 4 AttributionsWD
- Word relations
- Assoc: 等/RANK
The most general term for relative rank of any kind in any walk of life is děng 等 .
- Syntactic words
- nab.post-Ncategory, sortLZ
- nab.post-Nlogicalcategory, sortCH
- nabmetaphysicalclass, category
物 wù OC: mɯd MC: mi̯ut 4 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- nabmetaphysicalcategory ZHOULI 道馬一物，田馬一物; relative rank; GUOYU: 草木之產各以其物
剎利王種 chà lì wáng zhǒng OC: tshraad rids ɢʷaŋ tjoŋʔ MC: ʈʂhɣat li ɦi̯ɐŋ tɕi̯oŋ 4 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NPabbuddhist(BUDDH:) one of the four castes in India: royal kṣatriya caste (see 種姓)
婆羅門種 pó luó mén zhǒng OC: baal b-raal mɯɯn tjoŋʔ MC: bʷɑ lɑ muo̝n tɕi̯oŋ 3 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NPabcolloquial(BUDDH:) one of the four castes in ancient India, the Brahman caste (see 種姓)
品 pǐn OC: phrɯmʔ MC: phim 2 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- nclasses of things (e.g. delicacies)
- nabmathematical termCHEMLA 2003:
著 zhuó OC: k-laɡ MC: ʈi̯ɐk 2 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- vtoNfigurativebelong to, be attached to, pertain to; be openly present in
部 bù OC: bɯʔ MC: buo̝ 2 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- nab.post-V{NUM}post-Han: category of books in library science
- nablogicalestablished categories; predetermined kinds (as opposed natural given kinds)CH
- npost-V{NUM}.postadNcategory, division, subcategory, part
黨 dǎng OC: taaŋʔ MC: tɑŋ 2 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- nabmetaphysicalkind of animal; kind of creature one is (also of humans)
條 tiáo MC: dew OC: ɡ-lɯɯwCH 2 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- nabfeaturecategory of itemsCH
域 yù OC: ɢʷrɯɡ MC: ɦɨk 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- nabmetaphysicalcategory
姓 xìng OC: seŋs MC: siɛŋ 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- nabsocial(BUDDH:) social class/caste in Ancient India; short for zhǒngxìng 種姓
疇 chóu OC: du MC: ɖɨu 1 AttributionWD
Chóu 疇 "natural group a thing belongs to" is not really a logical term of classification but essentially a term belonging to the sociology of animals.
- Syntactic words
- nabmetaphysicalnatural group; (ERYA: classificatory category) ZGC 夫物各有疇 "all things belong to groups"
輩 bèi OC: pɯɯls MC: puo̝i 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- nabhumancategory > sort of person
- ncpost-V{NUM}.+Nclassifiercategories 四輩弟子
伴輩 bàn bèi OC: baanʔ pɯɯls MC: bʷɑn puo̝i 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- NPsort, kind of person
六類 liù lèi OC: ɡ-ruɡ ruds MC: luk li 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- NPbuddhistBUDDH: six types of existence (this is a very rare term for liùdào 六道 'Six Destinies');
模樣 mú yàng OC: maa k-laŋs MC: muo̝ ji̯ɐŋ 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- NPabcategory
- NPabfigurativecategory > unusual behaviour; (act in) a special manner (compare GERMAN "Allueren")
種姓 zhǒng xìng OC: tjoŋʔ seŋs MC: tɕi̯oŋ siɛŋ 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- NPabsocial(BUDDH:) the (four) castes in Ancient India; skr. gotra (the four castes are usually referred to as sìxìng 四姓, skr. catvāro varṇāḥ; pali cattāra vaṇṇā; alternative terms are xīyù sìxìng 西域四姓, sì zhǒngxìng 四種姓, sì xìngzhǒng 四姓種, sìpǐn rén 四品人. This refers to the four classes/castes in ancient India: (1) the póluómén 婆羅門 caste; skr. Brāhmaṇa; this refers to the highest class comprising priests and scholar-officials. (2) chàdìlì 剎帝利, skr. Kṣtriya, is the second highest caste and refers to land lords (owners). This is the caste of royals (therefore referred to as wángzhǒng 王種 'royal caste'. Members of this caste managed political and military affairs. (3) The third class is referred to as fèishě 吠舍, or píshě(luó) 毘舍(羅); skr. Vaiśya; other terms include jūshì 居士, shāngjià 商賈, tiánjiā 田家, gōngshī 工師. The class refers to peasants, craftsmen, and merchants. (4) shǒutuóluó 首陀羅, skr. Śūdra, also referred to as shūtuóluó 輸陀羅, shǒutuó 首陀, shùdáluó 戍達羅, shùtuoluó 戍陀羅, shāshēng zhǒng 殺生種 ('the caste which kills life'), èzhǒng 惡種 ('the evil caste'). These terms refer to the very lowest caste, including slaves, butchers, etc. This class did not have the right to make offerings or engage in rituals. After death, members of the first three classes were supposed to be reborn as sentient beings whereas members of the fourth class were regarded as being incapable of being reincarnated (therefore the name yīshēng zǔ 一生祖 'one-life class'.)
剎利種 chà lì zhǒng OC: tshraad rids tjoŋʔ MC: ʈʂhɣat li tɕi̯oŋ 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- NPcolloquial(BUDDH:) the second highest caste in Ancient India (see 種姓); skr. kṣatriya
首陀種 shǒu tuó zhǒng OC: qhljuʔ laal tjoŋʔ MC: ɕɨu dɑ tɕi̯oŋ 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- NPabcolloquial(BUDDH:) the lowest caste in Ancient India; shǒutuóluó 首陀羅, skr. Śūdra, also referred to as shūtuóluó 輸陀羅, shǒutuó 首陀, shùdáluó 戍達羅, shùtuoluó 戍陀羅, shāshēng zhǒng 殺生種 ('the caste which kills life'), èzhǒng 惡種 ('the evil caste'). These terms refer to the very lowest caste, including slaves, butchers, etc. This class did not have the right to make offerings or engage in rituals. After death, members of the first three classes were supposed to be reborn as sentient beings whereas members of the fourth class were regarded as being incapable of being reincarnated (therefore the name yīshēng zǔ 一生祖 'one-life class'). (see also 種姓)
剎利帝種 chà lì dì zhǒng OC: tshraad rids k-leeɡs tjoŋʔ MC: ʈʂhɣat li tei tɕi̯oŋ 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- NPabcolloquial(BUDDH:) skr. Kṣatriya, the second highest caste and refers to land lords (owners). This is the caste of royals (therefore referred to as wángzhǒng 王種 'royal caste'. Members of this caste managed political and military affairs (see 種姓)
毗舍羅種 pí shě luó zhǒng OC: bi lʰaʔ b-raal tjoŋʔ MC: bi ɕɣɛ lɑ tɕi̯oŋ 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- NPabcolloquial(BUDDH:) The third caste in Ancient India is also referred to as fèishě 吠舍, or píshě(luó) 毘舍(羅); skr. Vaiśya; other terms include jūshì 居士, shāngjià 商賈, tiánjiā 田家, gōngshī 工師. The class refers to peasants, craftsmen, and merchants (see 種姓)
流 liú MC: ljuw OC: ruCH 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- nabcategoryCH
萬類 wàn lèi MC: -- lwijH OC: mblans rudsCH 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- NPabpluralthe myriad categories; all natural kindsCH
論 lún MC: lwin OC: ɡ-runLZ 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- npost-N(= lún 倫) the category/categories of NLZ
等 děng MC: tojX OC: k-lɯɯŋʔLZ 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- npost-V{NUM}category, type of approachLZ
品類 pǐn lèi MC: phimX lwijH OC: phrɯmʔ rudsDS 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- NPpluralcategories of thingsDS
儔 chóu OC: du MC: ɖɨu 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- nabmetaphysicalcategory
族 zú OC: sɡooɡ MC: dzuk 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- nabmetaphysicalSHU: categories; kind
樣 yàng OC: k-laŋs MC: ji̯ɐŋ 0 AttributionsWD
yàng
- Syntactic words
- ncpost-V{NUM}.+Nx sorts/categories/types of N
醜 chǒu OC: khljuʔ MC: tɕhɨu 0 AttributionsWD
- Word relations
- Assoc: 類/CATEGORY
The general current word for the abstract notion of a category of any kind is lèi 類.
- Syntactic words
- nabconceptcategory
門 mén OC: mɯɯn MC: muo̝n 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- nabsemanticsection; category 分門別類
色 sè OC: sqrɯɡ MC: ʂɨk 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- nablogicalBuddh: category of physical objects in this world
Click here to add pinyin MC: OC: CH 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- nabcategoryCH
余一 yú yī yí，yì MC: yo 'jit OC: la qliɡCH 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NPproICH
Existing SW for
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