Hypernym

• SPEAKACT so as to USE WORDS FOR SHOWING MEANING.*Speech by speaker X, directed towards audience Y, in order to communicate message Z.
  • ACTMOVE OR NOT MOVE CONFORMING to one's SELF:own DECIDE:decision.
    • MOVECHANGE PLACE OR SITUATION.
      • CHANGEEVENT involving two MOMENTS t1 and t2, such that a THING at the MOMENT t1 is DIFFERENT FROM that THING at the MOMENT t2....

Hyponym

• COMMAND　ADDRESS someone, USING AUTHORITY, INTENDING to CAUSE that person to ACT RESEMBLE:as one INTENDS him to ACT.
  • DECREE　PUBLIC COMMAND ISSUED by the RULER OR by HIGH AUTHORITY.
  • DEPLOY　COMMAND an ARMY to ACT:engage in WARFARE.
  • EMPLOY　COMMAND to ACT:do PAID WORK FOR ONESELF.
  • LAW　GROUP of ENDURING PUBLIC COMMANDS SHOULD:obligatory FOR ALL MEMBERS of a STATE....
  • SUMMON　COMMAND to COME to a SUPERIOR, OFTEN TOGETHER with OTHERS.
  • FORBID　COMMAND NOT to ACT:do something.
  • SEND　COMMAND OR CAUSE something OR someone to MOVE OR BE MOVED to a PLACE....
  • DON'T　COMMAND that one SHOULD NOT to ACT in a DEFINED way.
• CONGRATULATE　ADDRESS someone who is CELEBRATING SOMETHING so as to RITUALLY COMMUNICATE one's GOOD WISHES FOR him/her at THIS TIME.
• CONSOLE　ADDRESS someone OR INTERACT with someone who is SUFFERING so as to COMMUNICATE one's SYMPATHY with him, and so as to HELP him.
• DIALOGUE　MUTUAL ADDRESSING EXCHANGED between those who MUTUALLY LISTEN.
  • ARGUE　DIALOGUE in which one COMPETES in EXPLAINing something USING REASONS to CONVINCE OTHERS that what one SAYS is TRUE.  
  • CONVERSATION　FREE AND NOT OFFICIAL DIALOGUE AMONG FRIENDS, TYPICALLY ABOUT IMORTANT QUESTIONS OF COMMON INTEREST.
  • SOLILOQUY　DIALOGUE of a PERSON WITH SELF:him/herself
  • NECROMANCY　DIALOGUE WITH THE DEAD IN ORDER TO PREDICT FUTURE.
• DEMAND　ADDRESS someone so as to COMMAND that that person ACT:do something.
• FAREWELL　ADDRESS someone to REPORT that one is FUTURE:about-to LEAVE, OFTEN:typically COMMUNICATING one's GOOD WISHES FOR him.
  • GOOD-BYE　Performative form of words used on occasions of FAREWELL.
• PERMIT　ADDRESS someone with AUTHORITY so as to SAY that one does NOT FORBID what s/he is HOPING to ACT:do.
  • RELEASE　PERMIT to LEAVE OR to MOVE FREELY.
• PRAY　ADDRESS DEITIES OFTEN:typically with RITUAL REQUESTS.
  • EXORCISE　PRAY so as to TRY to REMOVE WICKED SUPERNATURAL FORCES.
• PROMISE　ADDRESS ANOTHER SAYING that one FUTURE:will CERTAINLY DO something DESIRED by him/her.
  • CONTRACT　MUTUALLY PROMISE, TYPICALLY USING WRITING, TO ACT in a certain way.[[VERTRAG]]...
  • FORGIVE　PROMISE someone one ASSUMES to be GUILTY of a CRIME OR MISTAKE which OFFENDS ONE so as to SAY that one WILL NOT HATE THAT PERSON BECAUSE of that CRIME OR MISTAKE.
  • GUARANTEE　PROMISE TO CAUSE SOMETHING TO be ACHIEVED.
  • BETROTHAL　PROMISE TO MARRY
• ANSWER　ADDRESS someone who has ADDRESSED one REQUESTING such an ADDRESS as a REACTION.
• REPORT　ADDRESS others so as to CAUSE them to BECOME AWARE of a FACT.
  • PUBLICISE　REPORT to ALL....
  • PREDICT　REPORT one's GUESSING about the FUTURE.
  • STORY　REPORT of a SEQUENCE of REAL OR FICTIONAL EVENTS....
  • ANNUNCIATION　REPORT TO MARY THAT SHE IS PREGNANT WITH JESUS
• REQUEST　To ADDRESS someone so as to TRY TO CAUSE him/her TO ACT in a certain way.
  • ASK　REQUEST an ANSWER....
  • BEG　REQUEST INTENSELY HUMBLY FOR A GIFT.
  • INVITE　RITUALLY REQUEST someone to JOIN one in an ACT:activity one ASSUMES to be MUTALLY PLEASANT.
• TEACH　ADDRESS OTHERS so as to TRY to CAUSE them to HAVE SKILLS OR TALENTS.*Teaching by the teacher X, to learner Y, of content Z.
  • EDUCATE　SYSTEMATIC TEACHING FOR TRANSMISSION of MORALITY, CULTURE AND SKILLS.
  • REVELATION　NEW TRANSCENDENT TEACHING
• THANK　ADDRESS someone so as to SHOW GRATEFUL:gratitude, USING WORDS.
  • THANK YOU　I hereby THANK YOU.
• WARN　ADDRESS someone so as to CAUSE him to UNDERSTAND what one BELIEVES to be DANGEROUS FOR him.
• OATH　ADDRESS someone DECLARING INTENSELY that what one is SAYING is TRUE, and in so doing REFERRING to DEITIES as WITNESSES.
  • PERJURY　OATH in which one LIES.
• COMMUNICATE　MUTUALLY ADDRESS so as to CAUSE an IDEA to be UNDERSTOOD.
• ADVISE　ADDRESS someone INTENDing to HELP  his/her PLANing. 
  • ENCOURAGE　ADVISE someone IN ORDER TO TRY to PERSUADE that HUMAN to ACT in a way one BELIEVES to be PROFITABLE FOR THAT HUMAN. 
  • PERSUADE　ADVISE so as to CAUSE someone to CHANGE his/her BELIEF OR TO DECIDE to ACT.
• CHALLENGE　ADDRESS someone so as DEMAND to FIGHT WITH him, OR so as to DEMAND another COURAGEOUS REACTION.
• PREACH　ADDRESS OTHERS in EXPLAINING SUPERNATURAL TRUTHS.
• GREET　ADDRESS someone one is MEETING NOW COMMUNICATING one's GOOD WISHES FOR her/him.
  • BOW DOWN　GREET so as to BEND one's BODY DOWN as a POLITE GESTURE....
• REPROACH　ADDRESS someone so as to BLAME him/her.
• INSULT　ADDRESS SOMEONE SO AS TO CAUSE HIM TO BECOME ANGRY

Old Chinese Criteria

Modern Chinese Criteria

• Chinese terms of address Language ( CHAO YUEN REN 1956) p.

• Lateinische Synonyme und Etymologien ( DOEDERLEIN 1840) p.

  ADDRESS

  alloqui is to adress a person who is a stranger with a greeting.

  appelare is to address someone so as to draw him or her into a serious conversation.

  affari is to turn to someone emotionally by addressing him or her.

  LW

  appello, appellare, appellavi, appellatus V 1 1 TRANS [XXXAO]

  call (upon); address; dun; solicit; appeal (to); bring to court; accuse; name;

  adpello, adpellare, adpellavi, adpellatus V 1 1 TRANS [XXXAO]

  call (upon); address; dun; solicit; appeal (to); bring to court; accuse; name;

  adeo, adire, adivi(ii), aditus V 6 1 [XXXAO]

  approach; attack; visit, address; undertake; take possession (inheritance);

  destino, destinare, destinavi, destinatus V 1 1 TRANS [XXXAO]

  |determine/intend; settle on, arrange; design; send, address, dedicate (Bee);

  conpello, conpellare, conpellavi, conpellatus V 1 1 TRANS [XXXBO]

  address, accost, speak to, call upon; appeal to; challenge; chide/rebuke; accuse

  compello, compellare, compellavi, compellatus V 1 1 TRANS [XXXBO]

  address, accost, speak to, call upon; appeal to; challenge; chide/rebuke; accuse

  *

• Traite elementaire des synonymes grecques ( DUFOUR 1910) p. 35

• 論衡同義詞研究 ( LUNHENG TONGYI 2004) p. 48

• Historisches Woerterbuch der Philosophie ( RITTER 1971-2007) p. 4.893

  KOMMUNIKATION

• 王力古漢語字典 ( WANG LI 2000) p. 1289

  謂，曰

  1. WL claims that we4i 謂 does not introduce direct speech by itself and is always followed by yue1 曰 when introducing speech. In fact, the situation is much more complicated, and we4i 謂 does introduce direct speech by itself without yue1 曰 many times even in LY, the special nuance being brought out in the translations below:

  子謂子賤〔KZJY adds: 曰〕:君子哉若人!魯無君子者,斯焉取斯?

  "The Master said of Z”jia4n: 'What a gentleman, this kind of person! If there were no gentlemen in Lu3, how could he have acquired his qualities?" LY 5.3

  One sees easily why the Jia1yu3 家語 added the yue1 曰: "What a gentleman, this kind of person" is unmistakably direct speech in the classical Chinese as in English. And the fact is there is no yue1 曰 in the LY text. Neither is there in the following:

  子謂公冶長可妻也。雖在縲絏之中,非其罪也。以其子妻之。

  "The Master said about Go1ngye3 Cha2ng: 'He is a suitable person to give someone to in marriage. Although he is in fetters, it is not his crime.' He married him off to his daughter." LY 5.1

  The Lu4nhe2ng 論衡 does not recognise this construction and quotes our passage with yue1 曰 for we4i 謂 which certainly makes for easier reading.

  子謂南容邦有道不廢。邦無道免於刑戮。以其兄之子妻之。

  "The Master said about Na2n Ro2ng: 'When the Way prevailed in the state he was not cast aside. When the Way did not prevail in the state he avoided punishment and execution.' And he gave him his elder brother's daughter in marriage." LY 5.2

  子謂子產有君子之道四焉:其行己也恭,其事上也敬,其養民也惠,其使民也義。

  "The Master said about Z”cha3n: 'He has four Ways of the gentleman: in his actions he is diligent; in his service for superiors he is respectful; in caring for the people he is generous; in deploying the people he is just." LY 18.8

  One can see why one would want to avoid a form like z” we4i Z”cha3n yue1 子謂子產曰 to mean "The Master commented on Z”cha3n saying:'...'". This is simply because such a form would be obviously bound to be misunderstood to mean "Confucius told Z”cha3n: '...'".

  子謂衛公子荊善居室。始有曰:苟合矣。少有曰:苟完矣。富有曰:苟美矣。

  "The Master said about Prince J•ng: 'He was good at living in houses. When he first had one he said: "It will do for the time being." When he had a somewhat larger one he said: "It has everything for the time being." When he had a sumptuous place he said: "It is beautiful for the time being."'" LY 13.8. Compare also LY 5.16 and 18.8 for the same construction.

  Couvreur p. 213 indulges in a beautifully complex pattern of direct speech within indirect speech in his Latin paraphrase: "Magister aiebat Wei regni magnum praefectum Koung Tzeu king bene contentum esse domo sua;quum doeperit possidere aliquantulum, dixisse, 'Paululum comparavi;' quum aliquantulam copiam habuerit, dixisse, 'Fere completa est [opulentia mea];' quum abunde habuerit, dixisse, 'Fere splendidum est'." The question is precisely whether this way of construing the Chinese does or does not have any soundbasis in classical Chinese grammar. The answer is that traditional Chinese commentators have been consistently indifferent to our distinction.33 D.C. Lau 1983, p. 123 renders this indifference towards the problem of direct/indirect speech well in his translation, but he does not maintain that studied indifference in the punctuation of the Chinese text.

• Bibliographisches Handbuch zur Sprachinhaltsforschung. Teil II. Systematischer Teil. B. Ordnung nach Sinnbezirken (mit einem alphabetischen Begriffsschluessel): Der Mensch und seine Welt im Spiegel der Sprachforschung ( FRANKE 1989) p. 2B

  PERSONENBEZEICHNUNGEN

• Bibliographisches Handbuch zur Sprachinhaltsforschung. Teil II. Systematischer Teil. B. Ordnung nach Sinnbezirken (mit einem alphabetischen Begriffsschluessel): Der Mensch und seine Welt im Spiegel der Sprachforschung ( FRANKE 1989) p. 80A

• Begruessung und Abschied bei Homer (Dissertation) ( ELMIGER 1935) p.